共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
王家坪古杯礁丘是由不规则古杯和蓝绿藻Renalcis、Epiphyton、Cirvanella等组成的障积礁丘。可分为:孤立小型古杯泥丘和由丘状藻-古杯粘结岩叠置而成的点礁。以Renalcis为主的藻-古杯粘结岩与孤立小型古杯泥丘一样形成于风暴浪基面之下的低能陆架。以Epiphyton为主的藻-古杯粘结岩形成于较动荡的中-高能陆架浅滩。除造礁生物的沉积作用外,早期海底胶结作用和充填固化作用对古杯礁丘的形成亦起了十分重要的作用。 相似文献
2.
Carbonate buildups in the Flinders Ranges of mid-Early Cambrian age grew during a period of high archaeocyath diversity and are of two types: (1) low-energy, archaeocyath-sponge-spicule mud mounds, and (2) high-energy, archaeocyath-calcimicrobe (calcified microbial microfossil) bioherms. Mud mounds are composed of red carbonate mudstone and sparse to abundant archaeocyath floatstone, have a fenestral fabric, display distinct stromatactis, contain abundant sponge spicules and form structures up to 150m wide and 80 m thick. Bioherms are either red or dark grey limestone and occur as isolated small structures 2–20 m in size surrounded by cross-bedded calcarenites and calcirudites or as complexes of mounds and carbonate sands several hundreds of metres across. Red bioherms comprise masses of white Epiphyton with scattered archaeocyaths and intervening areas of archaeocyath-rich lime mudstone. Grey bioherms are complex intergrowths of archaeocyaths, encrusting dark grey Renalcis and thick rinds of fibrous calcite cement. The bioherms were prone to synsedimentary fracturing and exhibit large irregular cavities, up to 1.5 m across, lined with fibrous calcite. The buildups are isolated or in contiguous vertical succession. Mud mounds occur alone in low-energy, frequently nodular, limestone facies. Individual bioherms and bioherm complexes occur in high-energy on-shelf and shelf-margin facies. The two types also form large-scale, shallowing-upward sequences composed of basal (deep water) mud mounds grading upward into archaeocyath-calcimicrobe bioherm complexes and bioherms in cross-bedded carbonate sands. The uppermost sequence is capped by ooid grainstone and/ or fenestral to stromatolitic mudstone. The calcimicrobe and metazoan associations form the two major biotic elements which were to dominate reefs throughout much of subsequent Phanerozoic time. 相似文献
3.
The Shackleton Limestone formed a carbonate platform that bordered part of the Greater Antarctic craton in middle and late Early Cambrian time. In the Holyoake Range of the central Transantarctic Mountains, this unit records deposition on a stable shelf on which flourished ecological reefs composed of microorganisms and archaeocyathans. Burrow-mottled lime mudstone, wackestone and packstone with patch reefs represent accumulation in shelf areas of relatively low to moderate energy. Thick ooidal grainstone units reflect deposition in higher energy shoals and as sand sheets that were associated with extensive reef complexes. The framework of these reefs was principally the product of micro-organisms, by inference mostly cyanobacteria. Archaeocyathans constitute as much as 30% of some reefs, but commonly they form less than 10% and are absent from some. On the basis of microbial composition, three reef types are recognized. The first type is a Renalcis boundstone that lacks archaeocyathans. Within these, abundant upward-directed thalii of Renalcis formed a framework that trapped fine-grained sediment. The second type, which forms the core of some larger reefs, is composed of stromatactis-bearing, microbial boundstone. The third, yet most common, reef type is variable in composition. It is characterized by the presence of abundant Epiphyton, but may include archaeocyathans, and the microbial microfossils Girvanella and Renalcis as well as cryptomicrobial clotted micrite. In this type of reef, frame-building organisms typically constructed highly porous structures that had small interparticle and fenestral pores and large growth-framework cavities, as well as rare metre-sized caverns. Within these spaces, Epiphyton and, less commonly Renalcis, encrusted framework elements, fine-grained sediments accumulated, and pervasive sea-floor cements were precipitated. Boundstone fabrics in the Shackleton Limestone are highly complex, with fabrics analogous to younger, more metazoan-rich reefs, as well as deep-water stromatactis-bearing mud-mounds. The Epiphyton-Girvanella-archaeocyathan frameworks and stromatactis-bearing boundstones, both of which seemingly first appeared in the middle Early Cambrian, are regarded as the precursors, in structure, composition, and preferred hydrologic setting, of the more extensive reefs and complex framework styles of later Phanerozoic time. 相似文献
4.
四川盆地南北缘志留纪生物礁成岩作用及储层特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
四川盆地南北缘志留纪生物礁发育、类型多样,有点礁、灰泥丘、层状礁等。它们曾经历了多种成岩作用,其中主要有胶结作用、溶蚀作用、硅化作用以及白云化作用。由于构造运动简单,本区生物礁的成岩作用演化过程是从早期的海底成岩作用,经短时的大气淡水作用就进入埋藏成岩作用阶段,最后达表生暴露阶段。生物礁的原生孔隙以格架孔、体腔孔为主,并发育有不规则窗格孔、粒间孔及晶间孔等,次生孔隙为后期溶孔及溶缝。由于胶结作用发育,使本区生物礁的储集意义减小。 相似文献
5.
Cryptalgal-metazoan bioherms of early Ordovician age in the St George Group, western Newfoundland 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Bioherms are common in the St George Group, a sequence of shallow-water carbonate rocks deposited on the western continental shelf of Iapetus Ocean. They range from small heads and metre-sized mounds to extensive banks and complexes many metres thick and hundreds of metres in lateral extent. The cores of these bioherms are principally composed of thrombolites (unlaminated, branching, columnar stromatolites), structures quite distinct from laminated stromatolites which are common in intertidal beds. Associated with thrombolites is a diverse fauna of burrowing invertebrates, trilobites, nautiloids, pelmatozoans, brachiopods, gastropods, rostroconchs and archaeoscyphiid sponges. On the basis of framework-building components, three main bioherm types are distinguished: (1) thrombolite mounds, (2) thrombolite-Lichenaria or -sponge mounds and (3) thrombolite-Lichenaria-Renalcis reef complexes. The framework of the last is the most complex, with abundant cavities and a demonstrably uneven growth surface of thrombolites, corals and free-standing Renalcis heads, walls and roofs. Some cavities were active sediment conduits while others were protected, their roofs draped with Renalcis and their walls coated by cryptalgal laminites. These bioherms possess the attributes of shallow-water ecologic reefs. They span a critical time gap in the development of reefs, the transition period from algal-dominated bioherms of the Precambrian and Cambrian to the metazoan-dominated bioherms of the Middle Ordovician and remaining Phanerozoic. 相似文献
6.
J. JAVIER ÁLVARO† SÉBASTIEN CLAUSEN† ABDERRAZZAK EL ALBANI‡ EL HASSANE CHELLAI§ 《Sedimentology》2006,53(1):35-53
Marine microbial communities recorded in the Moroccan Anti‐Atlas were unaffected across the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian transition. A stromatolite‐dominated consortium was replaced at the beginning of the Atdabanian (ca 20 Myr after the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian boundary) by shelly metazoan and thromboid consortia, which contain the oldest biostratigraphically significant fossils of the Moroccan Cambrian. The associated collapse of microbial mat (stromatolitic) growth appears to coincide with a change from pre‐Atdabanian shallow‐water restricted conditions into Atdabanian deeper, open‐sea conditions. It is postulated that this environmental change led to an episode of improved water circulation over carbonate platform interiors, promoting shelly metazoan immigration into the region. The Tiout/Amouslek lithostratigraphic contact in the early Atdabanian marks the end of an episodically unstable seafloor as suggested by the abundance of slumping and sliding structures, and synsedimentary microfaults and cracks recorded in the underlying Tiout Member. Concurrent with the transition is the occurrence of a network of cryptic fissures and cavities that provided habitats for a coelobiontic chemosynthetic–heterotrophic microbial community composed of stromatolitic crusts, Renalcis–Epiphyton–Girvanella intergrowths, and Kundatia thalli. In the overlying Amouslek Formation, archaeocyathan–thromboid reefs were constrained by substrate stability, water depth and subsidence rate. Four reef geometries are distinguished: (i) patch reefs surrounded by shales, (ii) bioherms in which flank beds intercalate laterally with carbonate and shale inter‐reef sediments, (iii) biostromes or low‐relief structures formed as a result of lateral accretion of patch reefs, and (iv) kalyptrate complexes that nucleated because of a marked tendency for aggregation, and in which patch reefs and bioherms occur stacked together bounded by clay–marl–silt seams. 相似文献
7.
8.
A. Aranburu P. A. Fernández-Mendiola† M. A. López-Horgue†‡ J. García-Mondéjar† 《Sedimentology》2002,49(4):875-890
ABSTRACT A calcite mass more than 1·5 km long and 20 m wide crops outs along the faulted margin of the Albian carbonate platform of Jorrios in northern Spain. The mass contains abundant dissolution cavities up to 7 m long and 1 m high, filled with cross‐stratified quartz sandstone and alternating sandstone–calcite laminae. Similar cavities are also present in a 50‐m‐wide zone of platform limestones adjacent to the calcite mass that are filled with limestone breccias and sandstone. The calcite mass has mean δ18O values of 19·6‰ (SMOW), whereas platform limestones have mean δ18O values of 24·4‰ (SMOW). Synsedimentary faulting of the carbonate margin and circulation of heated fault‐related waters resulted in replacement of a band of limestone by calcite. Soon after this replacement, dissolution by undersaturated fluids affected both the calcite mass and the adjacent limestones. Percolating marine quartz sand filled all dissolution cavities, sometimes alternating with precipitating calcite. The resulting cavities and fills, which recall products of meteoric diagenesis, are attributed to a hydrothermal origin based on their geometry, occurrence along the profile and synsedimentary tectonic relationships. The early faulting and diagenesis are related to local extensional tectonism in a large‐scale strike‐slip setting. Movements occurred during the early dispar/appenninica zone of the Late Albian. 相似文献
9.
LEE Jeong-Hyun HONG Jongsun WOO Jusun OH Jae-Ryong LEE Dong-Jin CHOH Suk-Joo 《《地质学报》英文版》2016,90(1):352-367
Various early Paleozoic (Cambrian Series 3–Middle Ordovician) reefs are found in the Taebaek Group, eastern Korea, located in the eastern margin of the Sino-Korean Block. They occur in every carbonate-dominant lithostratigraphic unit of the group, but their morphology and composition differ markedly. The Daegi Formation (middle Cambrian: Cambrian Series 3) contains siliceous sponge-Epiphyton reefs formed in a shallow subtidal environment, which is one of the earliest metazoan-bearing microbial reefs after the archaeocyath extinction. The Hwajeol Formation (upper Cambrian: Furongian) encloses sporadic dendrolites consisting of Angulocellularia, which developed in a relatively deep subtidal environment, representing a rare deeper water example. The onset of the Ordovician radiation resulted in the formation of microbialite–Archaeoscyphia–calathiid patch reefs in shallow subtidal deposits of the Lower Ordovician Dumugol Formation. Subsequent late Early Ordovician relative sea-level fall established extensive peritidal environments, forming microbial mats and stromatolites of the Lower–Middle Ordovician Makgol Formation. Ensuing Ordovician radiation resulted in one of the earliest metazoan skeletal reefs of the Middle Ordovician Duwibong Formation, constructed by stromatoporoid Cystostroma and bryozoan Nicholsonella, and developed around shallow shoals. These reefs reflect ongoing evolution and sea-level change during the early Paleozoic, and exemplify a rare glimpse of peri-Gondwanan records of reef evolution, which warrant detailed investigations and comparison with their counterparts in other regions. 相似文献
10.
The Upper Ludlow Douro Formation contains the first reported Silurian sponge reefs. These relatively small (5–35 m diameter), mound-shaped structures contain, on average, 35% lithistid demosponges. Reefs are surrounded by irregular haloes of crinoid debris; abundance and diversity of all fossil groups decreases away from the reefs. Each reef is underlain by a lens of crinoid wackestone to grainstone rich in crinoid holdfasts; trepostomate bryozoans, solenoporacean algae and rhynchonellid brachiopods are locally common. The bulk of each reef consists of lime mudstone with abundant lithistid sponges. This is capped by a thin layer of wackestone with abundant tabulate and rugose corals and fewer lithistid sponges, calcareous algae, trepostomate bryozoans and stromatoporoids. This zonation, in which a sponge colonization community was replaced by a coral diversification community, is similar to that reported from some Middle Ordovician, Upper Jurassic and Holocene sponge reefs. The Douro sponge reefs were relatively low structures, with about 3 m maximum topographic relief. They grew on a broad carbonate platform, probably in warm, tranquil, turbid waters of normal or near-normal marine salinity. Periodic influxes of terrigenous mud adversely affected reef size, and caused biotic changes. Some of the reef lime mud was derived from non-reef sources, but significant quantities were also produced on the reefs. Reefs underwent synsedimentary lithification, bioerosion and minor storm erosion. Fabrics and compositions of sparry calcite in cavities record three generations of meteoric cementation. Originally siliceous spicules of the lithistid sponges were dissolved and the moulds later filled with sparry calcite. Early dissolution of siliceous spicules is common in reef environments, and may have caused fossil sponges to be under-represented in ancient reefs. 相似文献
11.
Mineralogical, petrological and geochemical analyses of corals and associated skeletal limestones taken from three transects across the Late Quaternary raised coral reefs of the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea, show that tectonic uplift can be related to the degree of subaerial diagenesis of the reefs. Where the uplift rate is high, Pleistocene corals frequently retain their aragonite mineralogy, even though the annual rainfall is relatively high. In contrast, similar age corals from low‐uplift areas are consistently altered neomorphically to calcite. The transformation of reef skeletal limestones shows a similar, but less pronounced, trend to the corals. Chemical analysis shows that the neomorphic calcite crystals of coral skeletons from the low‐uplift areas have relatively higher Sr and Mg concentrations, compared with those in high‐uplift areas. This may indicate that neomorphism of corals in the low‐uplift terraces takes place at a relatively higher rate and an earlier stage than that in the high‐uplift areas. The pattern of diagenesis of the Huon reefs can be explained by the effects of tectonic uplift on the regional hydrological regime. First, lower uplift rates allow a raised reef or any part of it to remain in the meteoric phreatic zone for a relatively long time. Second, river gorge slopes from low‐uplift regions have lower gradients and reef terraces in these areas have more extensive raised lagoon depressions than in high‐uplift areas. Thus, there is less runoff and consequently more extensive vadose percolation in the former areas. Third, the resulting low‐relief topography in low‐uplift areas prompts formation of soils on the terraces, and further increases the ability of interaction between coral reefs and formation water. 相似文献
12.
在我国西南南盘江地区广泛分布着二叠系生物礁。可分为两种类型:1)堤礁;2)孤立礁。前者一般沿碳酸盐台地的边缘分布,后者发育于盆地内孤立碳酸盐台地的边缘。广南生物礁的礁后灰岩由浅灰色块状骨架岩组成。造架生物以串管海绵、纤维海绵、tabulozoans等为主,往往有蓝绿藻包覆。骨架生物之间有极为发育的纤状方解石胶结物。本文共描述了串管海绵8属12种,它们是Waagenella salinaria irregalaris Zhang,Waagenella sp., Rhabdactinita of columnaria Yabe and Sugiyama, Rhabdactinia sp., Intrasporeocoelia hubeiensis Fan and Zhang,Intrasporeocoelia sp., Uvanella guangnanensis sp. nov., Girtycoelia sp., Colospongia of dubia Laube, Colospongta sp., Verticillites sp.,Lichuanospongta typica Zhang. 相似文献
13.
塔塔楞环斑花岗岩是柴达木盆地北缘一个古生代复式岩体。该环斑花岗岩在主量元素上, 具有富SiO2、K2O和FeO*, 高K2O/Na2O和FeO*/MgO的特点, 其平均值分别为72.86％、5.17％和3.35％,2.22和10.73;∑REE在279.1×10－6～300.3×10－之间,（La/Lu）N为11.32～13.14,δEu在0.28～0.38之间;Ba、Rb、Pb、Th等元素的含量高,而Sr、Cr、Ni、V等元素的含量低。与经典环斑花岗岩相比,二者在岩相学上相同,在地球化学上也有相似之处,即该岩体也表现为高钾、富铁和LREE,Eu亏损的特征,但部分微量元素与典型环斑花岗岩有一定差异。岩体的形成时代和区域构造背景的综合分析显示,该岩体可能是早古生代后碰撞或后造山伸展构造环境下的产物。 相似文献
14.
西沙海域西琛1井生物礁主要是由红藻门壳状珊瑚藻、有节珊瑚藻和绿藻门仙掌藻等钙藻组成的植物礁,其次为珊瑚礁。礁相类型主要有礁核相和礁后泻湖相。岩石矿物成分单一,以碳酸盐矿物为主,包括低镁方解石和铁白云石;结构组分有生物骨架、粒屑、泥晶和亮晶;结构类型有生物格架结构、生物障积结构、生物节片结构、生物捆扎结构和生物粘结结构。岩石类型包括骨架石灰岩/白云岩、粘结石灰岩/白云岩、粒屑石灰岩/白云岩。储集空间类型有粒间孔、生物体腔孔和藻架孔等原生孔隙和铸模孔、裂缝、颗粒内溶蚀孔、藻类溶孔和扩大的粒间溶孔等次生孔隙。孔隙组合类型以粒间孔＋溶孔＋晶间孔最为发育,储集性能较好。 相似文献
15.
CAMPBELL S. NELSON 《Sedimentology》1978,25(6):737-771
Shelf limestones are widely distributed in New Zealand Cenozoic sequences and are especially well developed in the Oligocene. Detailed field and laboratory work on several Oligocene occurrences, and reconnaissance field-work at most other sections have elucidated the major characteristics of the environment, texture, composition and diagenesis of these sediments. Several generalizations emerge which contrast with the commonly accepted characteristics of shallow marine carbonate sedimentation established from studies of tropical and subtropical deposits. The limestones are either calcarenites or, less commonly, calcilutites and, in general, these two lithologies are mutually exclusive, both in time and space. The allochems and interparticle carbonate mud (where developed) in calcarenitic limestones consist almost exclusively of fragmented skeletal material derived primarily from bryozoan, echinodermal, benthic foraminiferal, barnacle, brachiopod, bivalve and coralline red algal tests. The calcilutitic limestones consist mainly of whole and disintegrated tests of pelagic foraminifers and coccolithophorids. Non-skeletal carbonate components such as ooids, pellets and aggregates are conspicuously absent from both lithologies. Reefal structures are also absent or rare and are mainly oyster reefs. The limestones commonly contain a significant content of terrigenous material and/or glauconite and at the stratigraphic level the limestones are intimately associated with terrigenous formations. The distribution of the carbonate sediments has been governed mainly by rate of supply of river-derived terrigenous material, by subsequent dispersal patterns of this material over the shelf, and by current sorting. As a consequence of selective grain transport, bedding in the limestones is often defined by the cyclic alternation on a wide range of scales of carbonate units that are relatively enriched and relatively impoverished in terrigenous material. The primary (carbonate) mineralogy of the carbonate sediments was completely dominated by magnesium calcite and/or calcite with only small amounts of aragonite and no dolomite or associated evaporite minerals. The metastable magnesium calcite and aragonite grains were probably altered on, or close below, the shallow sea-floor. Among other factors, transformation was encouraged by the absorption of magnesium in pore waters by montmorillonitic clays and by the complete oxidation of all organic matter in the bottom sediments. Magnesium calcite grains were stabilized by texturally non-destructive incongruent dissolution, but aragonite was often dissolved without trace from the sediment, especially in grainstones. Thus submarine diagenesis has been characterized by selective dissolution phenomena. Cementation by granular and syntaxial rim orthosparite of calcite and/or ferroan calcite composition occurred mainly during shallow subsurface burial and was associated with the intergranular solution of calcitic skeletal fragments, especially at those levels in the sediment relatively enriched in terrigenous material. This lithification process has worked to accentuate and modify original litho-logic differences and sedimentary structures in the primary sediments and has produced a kind of rhythmic vertical alternation of less well cemented, microstylolitized, impure limestone beds (‘cement-donor’ beds) and well cemented, more open textured, purer limestone beds (‘cement-receptor’ beds). The New Zealand limestones formed between latitudes 60° S and 35° S under generally cool temperate to warm temperate climate conditions. Oxygen isotopes suggest that surface waters were mainly significantly cooler than 20°C, so that shelf waters may have experienced extended periods of undersaturation with respect to calcium carbonate. Generally open circulation patterns maintained near normal salinity values over the entire shelf platform. Calculated sedimentation rates for the New Zealand carbonate sediments are generally very low (< 5 cm/1000 years). Periods of more active deposition commonly alternated with longer periods of non-deposition and by-passing or erosion. It is concluded that many characteristics of the New Zealand shelf limestone occurrences are explained best by a temperate latitude model of shallow marine carbonate sedimentation. 相似文献
16.
浙江桐庐二叠纪海绵生物丘的沉积环境和成岩环境 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
浙江桐庐二叠纪茅口期海绵丘发育于碎屑陆棚上，呈透镜状，无礁前和礁后相。由于当时相对频繁的海进海退，使该丘在生长过程中出现三次成礁期，海进成礁，海退消亡。其主要的礁岩类型为海绵（或水螅）障积岩，在上部出现纹层藻和古石孔藻粘结岩，最后为潮坪相叠层石灰泥岩所覆盖。该丘经历了早期海底、海水潜流带、混合水和大气淡水成岩环境。早期成岩作用以灰泥淀积作用为主，大部分孔隙都为灰泥所充填，少量残余孔隙中可见形成于早期海底成岩环境的纤状和针状方解石胶结物。 相似文献
17.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2015,56(6):919-931
Based on the correlation between Lower Cambrian sections of deep wells on the left bank of the Yenisei River and outcrops in the westernmost Yenisei Ridge, the sedimentologic characteristics of the Usolka Formation and coeval deposits are compared. Three paleogeographic regions (subbasins) are distinguished in the Cis-Yenisei basin in Usolka time. The leading role in the sediment genesis was played by the region of barrier reefs stretching northwestward and northward as a ~ 70 km wide band to their joint with the reefs of the Igarka-Noril’sk facies region in the north. The salt basin east of the barrier reef ridge was a bay of the East Siberian salt basin, separated from the latter by the Yenisei paleoislands (at the place of the Yenisei Ridge). Sedimentation in that basin was controlled by evaporite processes, the supply of terrigenous material from the islands and carbonate debris from the opposite side (barrier reef), and the predominance of storm processes. The subbasin west of the barrier reefs evolved under different scenario. Since the Early Cambrian, a trough has been forming here, which was initially characterized by a regime of starvation and the first appearance of carbonaceous rocks (Lower Churbiga Subformation), regarded as Domanic oil source rocks, in the general Cambrian section. On the estimation of the prospects for the distribution of reservoirs whose origin depends on the facies regularities, the leading role is played by the barrier reef region. Importantly, the Lower Cambrian section of the Cis-Yenisei basin contains two large adjacent paleogeomorphologic structures and the corresponding facies zones of a starved prereef depression with the Domanic oil source rocks of the Lower Churbiga Subformation at the early stage of evolution and a potentially productive barrier reef system with a steep slope toward the basin. The favorable combination of these factors suggests that the Cis-Yenisei basin has a high petroleum potential. 相似文献
18.
GREGORY E. WEBB 《Sedimentology》1996,43(6):947-971
Throughout most of the Phanerozoic, reef rigidity resulted as much, or more, from early lithification by microbial carbonates and biologically induced cements (non-enzymatic carbonates) than from biological encrustation of, or by, large, enzymatically secreted metazoan skeletons. Reef framework is divided into four categories: (1) skeletal metazoan; (2) non-skeletal microbialite (stromatolite and thrombolite); (3) calcimicrobe; and (4) biocementstone, in which small or delicate organisms serve as scaffolds for rigid cement crusts. The last three categories are dominated by non-enzymatic carbonates. Skeletal framework and non-skeletal microbialite framework were the most abundant framework types through the Phanerozoic. The composition and abundance of skeletal framework was controlled largely by mass extinction events, but most reefs consisted of both microbialite and skeletal organisms in a mutually beneficial relationship. Microbialite framework was abundant throughout the Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic, but declined after the Jurassic. Calcimicrobe framework was important during the Cambrian-Early Ordovician and Devonian and biocementstone framework was important from the late Mississippian to the Late Triassic. The Phanerozoic history of reefs does not correlate well with the stratigraphic distribution of large, skeletal ‘reef builders’, or with a variety of physicochemical parameters, including sea-level history, Wilson Cycle or global climate cycles. Because non-enzymatic carbonates result from induction by non-obligate calcifiers, and not enzymatic precipitation by obligate calcifiers, the distribution of these carbonates was controlled to a larger extent by temporal changes in physicochemical parameters affecting the saturation state of sea water with respect to carbonate minerals. Changes in pCO2, Ca/Mg ratios, cation concentrations and temperature may have affected the abundance of non-enzymatic carbonates and, hence, reefs, independently from the effects of these same parameters and mass extinction events on skeletal reef biota. The decline in abundance of reefal microbialite and absence of calcimicrobe and biocementstone reef framework after the Jurassic may be a result of relatively low saturation states of sea water owing to increased removal and sequestration of finite marine carbonate resources by calcareous plankton since the Jurassic. Reef history is difficult to correlate with temporal changes in specific global parameters because these parameters affect skeletal biota and biologically induced carbonate precipitation independently. Hence, reef history was regulated not just by skeletal reef biota, but by parameters governing non-enzymatic carbonates. 相似文献
19.
《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2008,50(2-4):79-87
Carbonate strata containing abundant euhedral feldspar, usually considered as authigenic, are characteristic of some lower Cambrian exposures in the Atlas Mountains, Morocco. Impure limestones are abundant in the Issendalenian Amouslek Formation of the western Anti-Atlas, and in the Banian Lemdad Formation of the southern High Atlas. Some of their limestone beds contain up to 40% acid insoluble residue, of which feldspar comprises as much as 65% in some samples, the remainder consisting of detrital and authigenic quartz, apatite, pyrite, and clay minerals. The host limestones are bioclastic tempestites, ooidal–oncoidal–bioclastic shoal complexes, archaeocyathan-microbial peri-reef settings (mainly flanks but not reef cores), and microbial reefs. A volcanic origin is adopted for the feldspars based on: (i) fluctuations in feldspar concentration paralleling bedding, but unrelated to host-facies (except for the aforementioned archaeocyathan-microbial reef cores that were controlled by turbidity); (ii) the local association with glassy fragments (with feldspars embedded in glass shards); and (iii) the scattered occurrence of gradational lithofacies from silty tuff to tuffitic limestone.The mineral and chemical composition of the host-rock and diagenetic fluids was the determining factor for the kind of feldspar preservation. Although the primary type of K–feldspar replacement is albitization, secondary albite subsequently suffered from illitization, chloritization, and/or replacement by calcite. A direct implication of this work is the possible geochronological dating of both volcanic eruptions and archaeocyath- and trilobite-bearing host-rocks based on radiometric analyses within unaltered K–feldspar pyroclasts extracted after etching. 相似文献
20.
华北地台上寒武统崮山组出现了大量的竹叶状灰岩。通过对山东唐王寨剖面崮山组的系统研究,识别出页岩、疙瘩状泥晶灰岩、泥质条带泥晶灰岩、薄层状泥晶灰岩、生物扰动泥晶灰岩、颗粒质（生物碎屑）泥岩-泥质颗粒岩、含交错层理鲕粒灰岩及竹叶状灰岩8种岩石类型,这些岩石类型组成了页岩盆地、深潮下带及浅潮下带岩石组合。竹叶状灰岩中砾屑和基质的特征及其沉积序列,表明砾屑和基质的来源多样并且在不同的沉积环境中其成因具有多样性。据此总结出崮山组竹叶状灰岩具有4种可能的成因类型：1）竹叶状灰岩中砾屑和基质可能均为原地形成或者仅有短距离的搬运过程;2）竹叶状灰岩中砾屑和基质可能均为近岸形成并经历了长距离的搬运过程,或者竹叶状灰岩的沉积环境经历了海平面的突然升高;3）竹叶状灰岩中基质可能来源于近岸未固结的鲕粒和生物碎屑及原地的灰泥,与原地破碎生成的砾屑和灰泥等混合沉积;4）竹叶状灰岩中砾屑可能来源于远岸的固结的泥晶灰岩,并经搬运作用与原地未固结的灰泥及骨架颗粒等基质混合沉积。 相似文献