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1.
外来入侵植物分布格局及与环境和人为因子的关系——以五个自然保护区为例(英文) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以5个保护区为例来探究外来入侵植物与环境及人为因子间的关系。利用CCA分析了环境变量与外来入侵植物丰度的关系,采用了多元回归得出了与外来入侵植物最为相关的环境与人为因子。结果显示,从泰山自然保护区到丰林自然保护区,外来入侵植物分别为25种、12种、13种、5种、5种,沿着包括纬度、最高温度,最低温度、最高降雨量等环境因子强度的降低而下滑。而同时,外来入侵植物的数量随着人为活动的干扰度增强而增加。从起源上来看,热带成分从31%降至0,而北美起源的植物则逐渐增加。从科的组成上看,五个自然保护区中均有菊科分布,所占比例分别为15%、33%、36%、 40% 和20%,显示了其世界广布的特性,而其他科属入侵植物的分布并不均衡。从生活型上看,一年生或多年生草本植物为主要成分。外来入侵植物的传入途径在很大程度上受人类活动及利用喜好的驱动。 相似文献
2.
本文报道 1 999年 7月至 8月我国首次北极科学考察期间“雪龙”号破冰船在楚科奇海采集的浮游水螅水母类及其分布。分析鉴定了 8种水螅水母 ,其中 4种属于花水母目 ,2种属于软水母目 ,1种属于硬水母目 ,1种属于筐水母目。短新塔水母在楚科奇海是首次记录。简要记述了这些种类的形态特征并附图。楚科奇海这 8种水螅水母都是冷水种 ,其中 6种为近岸性的 ,2种是大洋性的。根据其地理分布可分为北极种、北极 -北方种和北方寒温带种等 3个类型 ,从动物地理观点看 ,楚科奇海的水螅水母类应属于北极区系。楚科奇海水螅水母类的丰度一般较低 ,其平均丰度为 1 0 8个 /1 0 0 m3,水平分布状况主要由优势种所左右 ,八斑腕唇水母和指腺华丽水母为优势种。垂直分层采样结果表明 ,指腺华丽水母分布于 0～ 30 0 m,其中以 50～ 1 0 0 m居多 相似文献
3.
河西走廊园林绿化树种选择及综合性能数量化评价 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
树种选取是城镇实现"绿化、美化、净化、香化、彩化"和持续发展的前提, 对于干旱沙区的城镇更为重要。现依据"适地适树、结构自然、突出特色、丰富多彩、功能优化"的原则, 采用层次分析法综合评判和选择确定甘肃河西城镇绿化的基调树种12种、骨干树种41种、一般树种54种、边缘树种47种。基调树种中有常绿乔木2种、落叶乔木7种、落叶灌木1种, 属于乡土树种的7种, 外来树种近占一半; 骨干树种中有常绿树种3种(乔木1种)、落叶乔木24种、落叶灌木14种, 属于乡土树种的14种, 外引树种占其3/4。 相似文献
4.
漫溢补水干扰后的天然胡杨群落波动特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林中的胡杨群落为研究对象,以群落结构特征、物种多样性和优势种为群落波动的表征值,采用固定样地法对漫溢补水干扰下胡杨群落的波动响应特点进行了研究。结果表明:①干扰后胡杨群落物种组成变化明显,群落中物种数和层次呈现增加趋势,群落结构由简单向复杂转化,群落趋于稳定;②干扰前后胡杨群落物种多样性指数波动性较大,群落物种丰富度和多样性都呈增加趋势,而物种分布均匀度略有下降趋势;③漫溢补水干扰下群落中优势种的数量及种类发生改变,其中胡杨的优势度明显增大了。综上可知,地表漫溢补水植被修复措施使流域内的胡杨群落结构趋于复杂、群落层次增加,群落多样性增加,优势种及其优势度增加,总体上胡杨群落的波动为正向波动。 相似文献
5.
中国猪毛菜属(Salsola L.)植物的地理分布特点 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
对中国猪毛菜属7组37种的地理分布的分析结果表明：亚洲荒漠植物亚区以种类的绝对优势及具有不同演化阶段的组成为中国猪毛菜属的分布中心,该区中以新疆为中心由西向东种类多样性递减：中闽猪毛菜属生境主要为旱生、盐生环境(占总种数的92％),分布海拔可从平原地区的260m上升到高山地带3500m,一些种成为群落中的建群种及优势种：中国猪毛菜属的地埋成分有6种类型,以伊朗．亚洲中部分布型及亚洲中部分布型为主(占总种数的78．38％),中国猪毛菜属与中亚地区的渊源关系十分密切,与东部地区的关系微弱,中国猪毛菜属种类是中亚地区的植物向东迁移形成的。 相似文献
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The Hydromedusae and its distribution in Chukchi Sea and adjacent southern edge waters of Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 The present paper is based on materials collected in Chukchi Sea and adjacent southern edge waters of Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean during the period from July to August 1999 on the icebreaker, the R/V "Xuelong", by the Chinese First Arctic Scientific Expedition. Totally, 8 species of pelagic Hydromedusae were identified, of which 4 species belonged to Anthomedusae, 2 species to Leptomedusae, 1 species to Trachymedusae and 1 species to Narcomedusae, the Neoturris breviconis is recorded for the first time in Chukchi Sea. Their principal morphological characteristics are described and illustrated. The 8 species of Hydromedusae occurring in the Chukchi Sea were all cold water species, of which 6 species belong to neritic species and 2 species to ocean species. According to the geographic distribution of species, they may be divided into three groups: Arctic species, Arctic-boreal species and Boreal-temperate species. From the view-point of zoogeography, species from these waters belong to the Arctic fauna.The abundance of Hydromedusae in Chukchi Sea was generally low, with a mean value of 108 ind.·10 -2·m -3. Rathkea octopunctata and Aglantha digitale were dominant species. From the view-point of vertical distribution Aglantha digitale is inhabiting in the depth of 0 300 m and with the maximum in the depth of 50 m to 100 m. 相似文献
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本文旨在用17年的观测数据检验三个有关草地系统演替的假设:(1)物种多样性在演替早期不断增加;(2)伴随着演替的推进,样方植物群落间的相似度逐渐增加(样方间的差异度随着演替不断降低);(3)在演替早期,植物群落的物种组成有趋同之势。包括植物群落的总体发展、Shannon多度与均度、Bray-Curtis差异度和群落周转率在内的量化统计结果显示:经过早期5年的演替,各样方的物种多样性表现出快速的趋同,多度均值逐渐由8增加至25个物种;同时,所有样方的物种总数由23增加至55个物种,标准方差由4.6降至0.3。此外,样方间的差异度逐渐降低,物种多度与组成呈明显的趋同。停止除草的一个重要效应是,人工设置的由1到16个物种的多样性梯度因物种入侵至多度较低的样地而减弱。 相似文献
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基于已有的贵州陆生贝类标本数据,结合2019年7月至2020年12月对贵阳、荔波和习水等地的调查结果,整理得出贵州陆生贝类2亚纲4目20科76属316种及亚种（含13个未定种）。从种类组成看,贵州陆生贝类以环口螺科（Cyclophoridae）种类最丰富,有16属71种;巴蜗牛科（Bradybaenidae）次之,有15属61种;树螺科（Helicinidae）和槲果螺科（Cochlicopidae）均为1属1种;优势种为洞穴恰里螺（Kaliella cavicola）、同型巴蜗牛（Bradybaena similaris）、弯倍唇螺（Diplommatina herziana）、缝合倍唇螺（Diplommatina consularis）、矮小双边凹螺（Chamalycaeus nanus）和假穴环肋螺（Plectotropis pseudopatula）。从分布上看,贵州陆生贝类以黔中中亚热带湿润溶丘山原区种类最为丰富,有17科54属170种;黔南中亚热带湿润山原斜坡中低山区和黔西南亚热带半湿润丘原中山区次之,分别有18科56属152种、17科57属150种;黔东温热湿润中低山丘陵区最少,仅有10科18属27种。贵州省不同区域物种相似性分析表明,黔南中亚热带湿润山原斜坡中低山区、黔北中亚热带湿润山原斜坡中低山区、黔西南亚热带半湿润丘原中山区陆生贝类物种组成比较相似,黔东温热湿润中低山丘陵区与其他区域种类组成相差较远。 相似文献
9.
Eleven species of tardigrades in South Georgia, of which two are new to science, were found in samples collected at fifteen localities. The highest number of species was found in moss from a scree field. Twenty species of tardigrades are presently known from South Georgia, but the island remains insufficiently investigated. The species composition is similar to that of southern South America. The high number of cosmopolitan species makes the geographical distribution pattern of the South Georgian tardigrades more similar to that of macrolichens than to that of insects and vascular plants. 相似文献
10.
为了进一步了解吉尔吉斯斯坦两栖爬行动物物种多样性特征,于2012年9月15日～26日,在对吉尔吉斯斯坦西南部不同生境两栖爬行动物物种多样性进行野外实地调查和已有文献整理的基础上,初步整理出了分布在吉尔吉斯斯坦西南部的两栖爬行动物种类,并其物种多样性进行比较分析。本次考察共采集和记录实体标本621号,经鉴定共26种（亚种）,分隶4目10科18属,其中两栖纲1目2科2属2种,爬行纲3目8科16属22种。其中新疆蟾蜍（Bufo pewzowi）、亚洲林蛙（Rana asiatica）、赛氏沙蜥（Phrynocephalus saidalievi）三个种为优势种类,占总个体数的55.23%;快步麻蜥（Eremias velox）、喜山岩蜥（Laudakia himalayana）、草原蜥（Trapelus agilis）、荒漠无脸蜥（Ablepharus deserti）、施氏石龙子（Eumeces schneideri）、叶城麻蜥（Eremias yarkandensis）、棋斑游蛇（Natrix tessellata）、白条锦蛇（Elaphe dione）、中亚眼镜蛇（Naja oxiana）、四爪陆龟指名亚种（Testudo horsfieldii horsfieldii）11种类为常见种,占总个体数的36.88%;新疆岩蜥（Laudakia stoliczkana）、敏麻蜥（Eremias arguta）、捷蜥蜴（Lacerta agilis）、红沙蠎（Eryx miliaris）、东方沙蠎（Eryx tataricus）、草原蝰（Vipera renardi）等12各种为稀有种类,占总个体数的7.89%。在不同生境间均存在物种多样性指标差异显著（p<0.05）,物种多样性在草原最高（2.029 8）,其次为山地森林（1.920 4）,而荒漠最低（0.233 8）;丰富度均在山地森林最高（3.242 51）,其次为草原（2.540 0）,而在荒漠最低（0.288 5）;由于吉尔吉斯斯坦西南部的气候属于典型的大陆性气候,两栖爬行动物物种的组成主要以适应干旱环境的耐旱种类为主,区系组成较为简单,地方种类数量较少,在物种组成及起源等方面与我国西北地区的两栖爬行动物区系有着一定的联系。 相似文献
11.
塔里木河下游绿洲荒漠过渡带群落多样性特征分析 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
结合塔里木河下游铁干里克绿洲荒漠过渡带29个植被样地的调查资料,对植物的群落结构和数量特征做了分析。结果表明:研究区群落结构较为简单,植物群落物种多样性水平较低,物种组成单一,天然植物20种,隶属12科18属。从多样性指数的数量特征来看,Simpson多样性指数的变化范围为0.517~0.830,Shannon-Wiener指数变化范围0.851~1.974;Menhinick丰富度指数的变化范围为0.977~3.784,Margalef丰富度指数的变化范围为1.517~8.496;JSW均匀度指数的变化范围为0.719~0.908,JSI指数变化范围为0.729~0.949;植被盖度的变化范围在0.035~1.001之间。 相似文献
12.
骆驼蓬属叶中氨基酸组成与抗逆性的关系 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
实验结果证明：西北地区骆驼蓬属叶中总氨基酸和游离氨基酸组成中均以天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、和脯氨酸为主要组分。其中，天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、谷氨酸、苯丙氨酸、和脯氨酸表现出种间的量值差异。不同生境下的骆驼蓬和多裂骆驼蓬均以天冬氨酸等９种氨基酸为主要组分，但因生境不同而在部分氨基酸含量上有明显差异。生于盐碱荒地的骆驼蓬，其脯氨酸含量为不同生境下同种的１１．３倍和８．８５倍。不同生境下的多裂骆驼蓬其脯氨酸含量依干旱胁迫减弱而降低。表明细胞中脯氨酸积累与植物的耐盐、抗旱性有关 相似文献
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2011年10月至2012年9月对泉州湾河口湿地红树林区鸟类多样性进行了调查,共记录到79种鸟类,隶属12目27科。其中,冬候鸟40种、留鸟31种和夏候鸟8种。红树林区古北界鸟类41种,东洋界鸟类35种,广布种3种。分析了泉州湾河口湿地红树林区鸟类分布和年变动情况,比较了福建省6个红树林区湿地鸟类季节型的组成,指出泉州湾河口湿地红树林鸟类保护存在的问题,并提出了保护建议。 相似文献
15.
Although highly branched from the base, all shrubs have short main axes linking canopies to root systems. Main axes become increasingly segmented into independent canopy/stem/root segments as aridity increases across continents. The resulting hydraulic modularity has been proposed as an adaption to low soil moisture that prevents runaway embolism and minimizes risk of hydraulic failure. Here we test the hypotheses that (1) at a regional scale, the importance of axis-splitting species in communities declines with increasing elevation, as a proxy for precipitation, and (2) that this decline is explained by lower occurrence of low-elevation dominant species. We evaluated all species for axis splitting and determined importance values in plots along an elevational transect in the Mojave Desert. As predicted, as elevation increased, the total importance of axis-splitting species declined from 100% at low-elevation sites to 75% at the highest elevation site. However, this decline was not due solely to the decline of the lower elevation dominant species. At the high elevation site, the influx of new species resulted in a six-fold increase in species richness and almost all of the new high elevation woody eudicotyledonous species exhibited axis splitting; non-splitting species were represented by other growth forms. 相似文献
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17.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(2):65-73
In a sloping hay meadow, situated on phyllitic soils in the fjord region of western Norway, shade from solitary trees in the lower meadow and from high tree cover on the upper slopes has reduced the number of indicators of traditional management, which include vulnerable hay-meadow species. However, the number of additional species, for example, forest species, was higher in shade from solitary trees than in the open; the areas under the crowns may have functioned as refuges for forest species in former days, when wooded hay meadows, comprising small woodlots, solitary trees and shrubs, were widespread in the region. Indicators of traditional management were more frequent in dry plots than in moist plots, but most species in this group occurred in moist plots too. To keep the habitat area for these species as large as possible and at the same time restore the former well-managed tree-layer of the meadow, the removal of large Fraxinus excelsior and Alnus incana specimens from the upper slopes and reduction of the crowns of solitary Taxus baccata and Prunus domesticus on the lower slopes is recommended. 相似文献
18.
Riparian plant species richness along lateral and longitudinal gradients of water stress and flood disturbance, San Pedro River, Arizona, USA 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Diversity theory predicts that species numbers should be highest at intermediate levels of both disturbance and environmental stress. We examined woody and herbaceous plant species richness and cover in the San Pedro River flood plain, along lateral gradients of water availability (ground-water depth), flood disturbance (inundation frequency), and distance from and elevation above the channel, and along longitudinal gradients of water availability (ground-water depth, surface flow permanence, and rainfall) and flood disturbance (total stream power). Herbaceous species were recorded during four sampling periods, and spatial patterns for this group were time-dependent, reflecting temporal variation in limiting factors. During the summer dry season of a dry year, when overall richness was low, richness and cover of herbaceous species declined laterally from the stream channel with increasing ground-water depth, consistent with the idea that low resource levels can limit species richness. Following the summer monsoon rains and floods, when water was less limiting and annuals were seasonally abundant, lateral patterns shifted such that herbaceous species richness and cover increased with increasing plot location above or from the channel. The relationship of herbaceous species richness with tree canopy cover also varied seasonally, shifting from positive (greater richness under canopy) in dry seasons to negative (lesser richness under canopy) in wet seasons. Longitudinally, herbaceous species richness and cover were limited primarily by stream flow and/or ground-water availability during the summer dry season of a dry year. Following the summer monsoon rains and floods, patterns were weighted by the seasonally abundant annuals, and richness increased among sites primarily with distance upstream (and related rainfall gradients). Richness and cover patterns also varied between years with different flood conditions. During the two sampling seasons in the year following a large flood, herbaceous species richness increased with flood disturbance intensity but declined at the few most intensely disturbed sites, consistent with intermediate disturbance theory.For woody species, richness within plant functional groups varied in opposing ways along the lateral gradients: hydromesic pioneer species decreased and hydromesic and xeric competitors increased with distance from or above the channel, with no overall change in species richness. Among sites, woody species richness patterns were related to water availability, but not to flood disturbance. However, richness of woody hydromesic pioneer species increased with both increasing site moisture and flood disturbance. Woody and herbaceous species richness both increased among sites as a function of increasing flood-plain width, likely due to species–area effects. Overall, results indicate that flood disturbance and water availability both influence species richness of riparian plants in the flood plain of this semi-arid region river, with the relative influence of each factor varying among plant groups and over time. 相似文献
19.
塔里木河中游天然植物群落结构与数量特征分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
运用典型样地法,对塔里木河中游30个天然植被样地的群落结构和数量特征做了调查分析。结果表明:(1)塔里木河中游沙吉力克、沙子河、乌斯满、阿其河、铁依孜五个断面的天然植物隶属11科,20属,22种。(2)塔里木河中游植物群落结构可分三层,即乔木层、灌木层与草本层,但这种乔、灌、草的三层现象不明显。生境条件差,植物对环境利用不充分。(3)荒漠植物群落物种多样性水平较低,群落结构简单,物种组成单一。从多样性指数的数量特征来看,Simpson多样性指数的变化范围为0.47~0.609,Shannon-Wiener指数变化范围0.849~1.302;Menhinick丰富度指数的变化范围为2.309~3.175,Margalef 2.731~5.461;JSW均匀度指数的变化范围为0.6~0.778,JSI指数的变化范围0.633~0.805。五个断面盖度的变化范围是0.259~0.563。 相似文献
20.
北固山湿地植物群落特征及其物种多样性研究 总被引：15，自引：4，他引：15
北固山湿地位于镇江市东北,由长江携带泥沙长期沉积形成,植被属原生裸地演替,植物种类丰富。但近年由于污染排放及渔民围网捕鱼,植被受到破坏,生态功能被削弱。采用样方法调查了镇江北固山湿地植物群落的组成,种类和外貌,并分析了其物种的多样性差异,从而为湿地的生态修复提供理论和技术依据。试验结果表明:群落物种组成较为丰富,有15科28属33种,但仅限于草本植物,生活型以地面芽植物和一年生植物占优势,物种出现频度上以D、C两个级别为主,表明群落内物种的分布较为均匀。从季相动态上看,季相明显,群落的优势种2~4月前是虉草(Phalarisarundinacea)单优种群,4~6月是虉草-芦苇(Phargnitescommunis)共优种群,6~11月是芦苇-酸模叶蓼(Polygonumlapathifolium)共优种群。随着基底高程的变化,植物呈现明显的平行于堤岸的带状分布,并形成区别明显的三个区域。其中,物种的丰度、多样性指数、群落的均匀度以及生物量均随基底高程的增加而增加,而生态优势度却随基底高程的增加减小。物种多样性指数受立地环境和人为因素的共同影响。其中,一定程度的人为干扰虽降低物种丰度,但由于其对优势种芦苇破坏较为严重,降低了群落的生态优势度而相应提高了群落的均匀度,最终对物种多样性指数有增加效应。在以上研究的基础上,提出了禁止污染排放及围网捕鱼等措施,并在裸露或物种稀少区域人工栽培土著物种以增加湿地生态系统物种的多样性和稳定性。 相似文献