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1.
《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,90(3):157-165
A study was initiated to analyse metal flows from alum shale to the environment in an area in Öland, Sweden. The study was performed by elemental analysis and leaching experiments of alum shale together with analysis of groundwater and surface water samples.The metal concentrations in non-weathered alum shale were much higher than in weathered or burnt shale, especially for cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn), indicating a loss of metals during weathering or burning of the shale. The release of metals through weathering was clearly demonstrated by the leaching tests. A 36-week leaching period of non-weathered shale resulted in a drastic drop in pH and a significant increase in metal concentrations in the leachate. The metal concentrations in groundwater were inversely related to the pH. For surface waters, the concentrations of Cd, copper (Cu), Ni and Zn were generally increased compared to background values.In conclusion, metals are released through weathering or burning of alum shale, as well as from heaps of weathered or burnt shale. The release of metals is strongly related to low pH, especially for Cd, Ni and Zn. 相似文献
2.
Subaerial exposure and oxidation of organic carbon (Corg)-rich rocks is believed to be a key mechanism for the recycling of buried C and S back to Earth's surface. Importantly, processes coupled to microbial Corg oxidation are expected to shift new biomass δ13Corg composition towards more negative values relative to source. However, there is scarcity of information directly relating rock chemistry to oxidative weathering and shifting δ13Corg at the rock-atmosphere interface. This is particularly pertinent to the sulfidic, Corg-rich alum shale units of the Baltoscandian Basin believed to constitute a strong source of metal contaminants to the natural environment, following subaerial exposure and weathering. Consistent with independent support, we show that atmospheric oxidation of the sulfidic, Corg-rich alum shale sequence of the Cambrian-Devonian Baltoscandian Basin induces intense acid rock drainage at the expense of progressive oxidation of Fe sulfides. Sulfide oxidation takes priority over microbial organic matter decomposition, enabling quantitative massive erosion of Corg without producing a δ13C shift between acid rock drainage precipitates and shale. Moreover, 13C enrichment in inorganic carbon of precipitates does not support microbial Corg oxidation as the predominant mechanism of rock weathering upon exposure. Instead, a Δ34S = δ34Sshale − δ34Sprecipitates ≈ 0, accompanied by elevated S levels and the ubiquitous deposition of acid rock drainage sulfate minerals in deposited efflorescent precipitates relative to shales, provide strong evidence for quantitative mass oxidation of shale sulfide minerals as the source of acidity for chemical weathering. Slight δ15N depletion in the new surface precipitates relative to shale, coincides with dramatic loss of N from shales. Collectively, the results point to pyrite oxidation as a major driver of alum black shale weathering at the rock-atmosphere interface, indicating that quantitative mass release of Corg, N, S, and key metals to the environment is a response to intense sulfide oxidation. Consequently, large-scale acidic weathering of the sulfide-rich alum shale units is suggested to influence the fate and redistribution of the isotopes of C, N, and S from shale to the immediate environment. 相似文献
3.
A study of the indoor radon gas levels was performed in 935 homes in Scania, southernmost Sweden, located on geologically different ground with regard to uranium (U) content. In one of these two areas the bedrock consists of alum shale with U contents exceeding 200 ppm. In the other area there is no U-rich bedrock. Indoor radon levels are influenced by U content and permeability as shown below.For maam nancy for table, please place here. Thanx!The results show that the indoor radon levels were highest in homes located on bedrock with medium to high U content combined with a highly permeable drift covering the bedrock. The difference was statistically significant(P < 0.0001). Other results of the investigation are: 14 homes built from aerated concrete made from U-rich alum shale had higher levels than 767 homes with walls from other material (312 vs 106 Bq/m3;P = 0.0011); 242 homes with a cellar had lower radon levels than 563 without (62 vs 138 Bq/m3;P <0.0001); further, 418 homes with private well had higher levels than 360 with public water supply (140 vs 82 Bq/m3;P <0.0001). The results of the investigation show a profound effect of a combination of high bedrock U content and high cover permeability. The effect of the uraniferous drift on the indoor radon levels is evident. Thus, the geological conditions should be carefully considered when screening for high-risk buildings, as well as when planning for new ones. Also, the construction of the building and its water supply have some influence. 相似文献
4.
Research into the origin and the mode of entrapment and expulsion of natural gas from unconventional plays requires the isolation and separation of kerogen in its purest and most intact form from the rock matrix. This study expands on the comparative analysis of the effects that isolation methods, conservative closed system versus conventional open system, have on kerogen’s elemental, isotopic and physical properties. Four major gas shales, including the Barnett, the Marcellus, the Haynesville and a Polish gas shale, were chosen. In addition, the Monterey shale, though not strictly a gas shale, was included to address the effects on sulfur rich, Type II-S kerogen.Results indicate that the kerogen residues from the conventional open system method showed lower recovery and higher mineral content than those from the conservative closed system method. Differences were manifested in the elemental analysis data, where kerogens isolated using the open system method showed a significant deficit in the organic C, H, O, S and N material balance. Furthermore, the recovered residues show different sulfur content and δ34S composition, most likely attributable to differences in pyrite content. Nevertheless, the relative abundances of the various macerals in the kerogen residues from the same parent shale are not very different; neither was the bulk δ13C composition of the recovered residues. This is not particularly surprising, considering that in all the five cases examined in this study, the organic matter was fairly homogeneous. 相似文献
5.
川西坳陷新页HF-1井须五段泥页岩吸附气含量主控因素及其定量预测模型 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
页岩气是一种重要的非常规天然气,其中相当一部分的天然气以吸附态存在。吸附气含量是页岩气资源评价和目标区优选的关键性参数,也是评价页岩是否具有经济开采价值的一个重要标准。为了探讨川西坳陷新页HF-1井须五段泥页岩吸附气含量主控因素,选取了该井须五段泥页岩样品进行同一温度下的等温吸附实验,获得页岩等温吸附特征曲线及Langmuir体积和Langmuir压力值,分析压力对页岩吸附气含量的影响程度,利用Langmuir模型计算地层压力条件下的吸附气含量。利用实验数据分析了新页HF-1井须五段泥页岩吸附气含量与比表面积、孔隙度、密度、成熟度、湿度和压力各单因素之间的相关关系,然后运用SPSS软件对吸附气含量的几个影响因素进行了主成分分析。结果表明：比表面积、湿度和压力是影响新页HF-1井须五段泥页岩吸附气含量的主要因素。最后建立了同时考虑这3个主控因素的页岩吸附气含量计算新模型。通过新模型可以计算出新页HF-1井须五段未知泥页岩的吸附气含量,计算结果与实测值之间相关系数高,结果准确可靠,是一种评价等温条件下页岩吸附气含量的好方法,对页岩吸附气含量评价具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
6.
我国页岩油气勘探开发不断取得实质性进展,有望成为未来油气资源的重要接替能源.而提高页岩油储层钻遇率和油气产量的关键是甜点区的预测和评价.以泌阳凹陷核桃园组三段5号富有机质页岩层为研究对象,综合利用多种地球物理方法和地球化学指标,通过岩相、含油性、储集条件和地层压力等关键评价参数分析,探讨了综合信息叠合的页岩油甜点区预测方法.研究表明:（1）脆性矿物含量普遍大于50%,以灰质页岩和粘土质页岩夹粉砂质页岩为主的岩相是页岩油赋存的优势岩相;（2）低自由烃差值和高含油饱和指数均指示高含量游离态页岩油,指示了页岩含油性最好区域;（3）夹层主要发育在深凹区周缘,断裂控制的相互重叠区域或派生断裂控制区微裂缝更为发育;（4）异常高压对页岩油微距离运移和富集的影响较大;（5）基于不同参数门槛值对页岩储层进行综合评价划分,采用综合信息叠合法预测出3类甜点区.本文为多参数综合评价和识别陆相页岩油甜点区提供了有效范例,对指导陆相页岩油勘探具有重要的实践意义. 相似文献
7.
Y. C. Liu D. X. Chen Y. Wang J. Fu Y. Huyan 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2017,64(6):807-823
The well-developed continental shale sequences in the Western Sichuan Depression are characterised by extremely low porosity and permeability, complex lithologies and strong lateral facies changes. The overall lack of proper characterisation of the shale properties has restricted gas exploration and development in the region. In this study, shales from the fifth member of the Xujiahe Formation of the Upper Triassic (T3x5) are comprehensively characterised in terms of their organic geochemistry, mineral composition, microscopic pore structure and gas content. In addition, the influence of various geological factors on the adsorbed gas content is investigated. We proposed a new model for predicting the adsorption gas content of continental shale. The T3x5 shale sequence is found to be rich in organic matter but with variable mineral compositions, pore types and reservoir physical properties. The porosity and permeability of shales are better than those of siltstones and fine sandstones interbedded with the shale under an overall densification background. Mesopores (2–50 nm) are common in the shale sequence, followed by micropores and then macropores. The gas-adsorption capacity of organic-rich shales increases with increasing TOC and clay-mineral contents, maturity and pressure, but decreases with increasing quartz content, carbonate minerals and temperature. The gas-adsorption capacity can thus be expressed as a function of organic matter, clay-mineral content, temperature and pressure. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experiment results and indicate that adsorption gas in the studied shales accounts for 78.9% of the total gas content. 相似文献
8.
绥滨坳陷是位于三江盆地西部的次一级构造单元,并且作为中国东北部地区唯一的中生界具有海相和海陆交互相沉积的、未获得常规油气突破的坳陷,对其进行非常规油气地质研究显得意义重大。其中中生界下白垩统穆棱组和城子河组的陆相富有机质含煤泥页岩是该地区最重要的两套主力烃源岩层系。通过分析绥滨坳陷下白垩统暗色泥页岩的分布情况、地球化学指标、页岩储层及含气性特征等因素,认为下白垩统两套富有机质泥页岩的分布面积较广泛(＞2 000 km2)、累积厚度大(＞1 000 m)、TOC含量高(＞1.3%)、受局部火山活动的影响,成熟度以成熟-过成熟为主(平均1.19%),有机质类型以Ⅲ和Ⅱ2为主,有利于生气,且储层中石英、长石及碳酸盐等脆性矿物含量较高,易于后期压裂改造的实施。另外,多段泥页岩层段气测显示异常,表明了其良好的页岩气勘探潜力。并与美国和国内海、陆相产气页岩层的主要参数指标相比较,初步认为普阳-南大林子凹陷的北部及南部的东荣集贤一带为页岩气勘探的有利地区且以城子河组为最有利层段,而穆棱组次之,页岩油气资源潜力巨大。 相似文献
9.
湖南地区,尤其是湘中—湘南区域奥陶系烟溪组是我国新发现的页岩气勘探层位,该地层具有岩性变化大、有机碳含量高、成熟度高的特点。通过野外露头资料、钻井资料分析表明烟溪组岩性以硅质岩和碳质页岩为主,砂质页岩和砂岩次之。根据岩性、沉积构造以及纵向上岩石组合特征分析,认为烟溪组沉积相类型多样,包括深水盆地相、浅水盆地相、浅水陆棚相和浊积扇相等。研究表明:深水盆地相分布在湘南,浅水盆地和浅水陆棚相分布在湘中中部,而浊积扇相分布在湘中西北部、北部和东部等区域,沉积相的分布规律决定了烟溪组页岩气的勘探方向。横向上,湘南深水盆地硅质岩和碳质页岩TOC含量较低,而湘中浅水盆地相碳质页岩TOC含量高、厚度大,是烟溪组最有利的勘探区域;纵向上,烟溪组第三岩性段碳质页岩有机质丰度最高,脆性矿物含量高,是页岩气勘探的“甜点”层位。 相似文献
10.
为了揭示湘中与湘东南坳陷海陆过渡相页岩含气潜力及勘探方向,对该区下石炭统岩关阶组和上二叠统龙潭组泥页岩进行总有机碳含量TOC、镜质体反射率Rran、干酪根碳同位素、有机质显微组成、X衍射、扫描电镜、孔渗特征和等温吸附等测试。结果表明岩关阶组和龙潭组处于成熟-高成熟期、类型以Ⅲ型为主;龙潭组泥页岩TOC含量普遍较高、而岩关阶组泥页岩TOC含量较低。龙潭组和岩关阶关组泥页岩矿物主要为黏土矿物和石英,部分含有较高的方解石。这两套页岩的孔隙发育较差,主要孔隙类型为有机孔、溶蚀孔和层间裂缝。孔隙度为0.41%~2.76%、渗透率为（0.08~0.98）×10-3 μm2。孔隙度主要受TOC控制,不稳定矿物如长石和碳酸盐岩虽然能提供一定孔隙,但对页岩物性的影响有限。泥页岩的甲烷吸附量普遍在1.67~2.5 cm3/g,2015H-D3井龙潭组泥页岩现场解吸气量普遍大于0.5 cm3/g,最高为2.35 cm3/g,表明湘中和湘东南地区龙潭组具有一定的页岩气潜力,但岩关阶组勘探前景相对较差。 相似文献
11.
页岩的孔隙类型、结构对于页岩气资源评价与开采具有重要意义,为了进一步认识页岩孔隙结构特征及其演化规律,利用场发射扫描电镜、氮气吸附实验对黔西北骑龙村剖面五峰—龙马溪组黑色页岩微观孔隙类型、结构进行了研究,结果表明,研究区五峰—龙马溪组页岩气储层的储集空间类型多样,主要包含粒内孔、粒间孔、有机质孔和微裂缝。页岩孔隙以介孔为主,介孔是页岩气的主要储集空间;孔隙结构以墨水瓶状孔和平行板状孔为主。探讨了影响页岩孔隙发育的主要因素,有机碳含量、热演化程度和矿物成分含量均对页岩孔隙的发育有影响,而且并非单相性的,是相互制约的。研究剖面石英含量与微孔、中孔的发育程度呈良好的正相关关系,而与宏孔发育程度的相关性不明显;黏土矿物含量与微孔、中孔的发育程度的相关性不明显,而与宏孔的发育程度呈负相关关系;有机质孔隙正处在其发育高峰期,对于页岩孔隙具有重要贡献,且随成熟度增加而增加。 相似文献
12.
Danish KHAN LIANG Chao QIU Longwei Kamran MIRZA WANG Yelei Muhammad KASHIF Saif Ur REHMAN WANG Yuzhe TENG Jianbin 《《地质学报》英文版》2023,97(2):589-609
The effect of various depositional parameters including paleoclimate, paleosalinity and provenance, on the depositional mechanism of lacustrine shale is very important in reconstructing the depositional environment. The classification of shale lithofacies and the interpretation of shale depositional environment are key features used in shale oil and gas exploration and development activity. The lower 3rd member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation(Es3x shale) was sel... 相似文献
13.
页岩气储集层中往往发育异常高的地层压力,其压力的大小不仅直接影响了泥页岩中有机质的热演化生烃作用,而且还决定着页岩气的保存和富集程度。为了研究川西新场地区须五段泥页岩的异常高压成因及其对含气性的影响,选取该地区3口井的页岩岩心样品进行现场解吸、X衍射矿物分析和等温吸附等一系列分析测试来辅助说明超压产生的原因。然后结合前人研究成果和测试数据,对泥页岩的异常高压成因进行了定性分析,初步探讨了泥页岩异常高压发育与含气量之间的关系。分析表明：造成川西新场地区须五段泥页岩异常高压现象的原因主要有欠压实作用、生烃作用、粘土矿物脱水作用和构造挤压作用。页岩含气量与异常高压的发育程度呈正相关关系,页岩异常高压越发育,其含气量越大,产气量也越高。同时压力系数可以作为保存条件的综合判别指标,川西新场地区须五段泥页岩压力系数较高,保存条件较好。 相似文献
14.
上扬子地台北缘发育下寒武统黑色页岩,沉积厚度大、有机碳含量高,是一套重要的烃源岩,具有重要的勘探价值。恢复其发育环境和碎屑物源,对烃源岩分布预测具有重要意义。通过对华南渝东北城口地区野外露头系统取样并开展地球化学测试,研究了黑色页岩的形成环境与物源供应,探讨气候变化与陆源输入对黑色页岩形成的控制作用,重建优质烃源岩的形成过程。分析结果表明,黑色页岩具有高的Al2O3含量（7.38%~13.90%）、K2O含量（1.01%~2.93%）、Na2O含量（1.98%~2.88%）和总Fe2O3含量（2.35%~5.36%）,富集V（平均值为242 μg/g）、Cr（平均值为83 μg/g）、Ni（平均值为58 μg/g）等微量元素。CIA、K/Al和Rb/Al指示黑色页岩沉积期气候为温暖湿润,V/Cr、U/Th、Ce/Ce*、MoEF?UEF指沉积水体经历缺氧→次氧化→缺氧→次氧化四个阶段,正Eu/Eu*异常指示早期存在海底热水活动,Th/Sc?Zr/Sc图表明黑色页岩沉积组分未经历再循环过程,可以有效判别源区;Co/Th?La/Sc图和La/Th?Hf图确定黑色页岩存在长英质和铁镁质两种源岩类型,并且汉南古陆是有效物源区。 相似文献
15.
The assessment of the aluminosilicate buffering potential during acid weathering of the Estonian alum shale is provided.
It is found that the stoichiometric interaction between dissolved pyrite oxidation products and illite of the shale best describe
the buffering process and are consistent with earlier field studies. The scheme includes incongruent dissolution of illite
with smectite and K-jarosite precipitating. This complex mechanism involves buffering of 8% of the acidity by K+ and temporary precipitation of 25% of the acidity as K-jarosite. Dissolution proceeds at a low pH (1.5–3) until all pyrite
in the shale particle is oxidised. Hence, if the total amount of illite present is larger than needed for stoichiometric interactions,
only part of it is involved in a buffering process, neutralising a certain percentage of acidity. The next stage in shale
weathering is the incongruent dissolution of K-jarosite with the release of the precipitated acidity and the formation of
ferric oxyhydroxide.
Received: 3 August 1998 · Revised paper: 26 January 1999 · Accepted: 23 February 1999 相似文献
16.
页岩孔隙结构是储层评价的关键,对页岩气的勘探、开发以及页岩储层改造等都具有十分重要的意义。本文以ZXY1井太原组—山西组页岩为例,利用低温氮吸—脱附实验、X衍射、扫描电镜等实验手段研究页岩孔隙结构及其影响因素。结果表明,太原组—山西组页岩孔隙复杂,发育有机孔、微裂缝和多种无机孔;孔隙孔径主要为2~50 nm,以介孔为主,其次为微孔;孔容和比表面几乎全部由微孔和介孔提供。有机质、黏土矿物及其组合对孔隙结构影响分析表明,孔容与TOC含量、孔容与黏土矿物含量、比表面积与TOC含量、比表面积与黏土矿物含量均具有较为显著的正线性相关关系;TOC含量和黏土矿物含量数值乘积与孔容、比表面积表现为非常显著的正线性相关关系;TOC含量和黏土矿物含量双参数回归孔容与比表面积,相关系数高,误差较小。综合分析认为,有机质和黏土矿物对孔隙结构的影响并非简单正线性相关关系,而是复杂的正向关系。 相似文献
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18.
With the rise of shale oil and gas exploration and great success of North American shale oil and gas development in recent years, the study of gas shale reservoir pores gets more and more attention. The pore diameters of shale reservoirs are mainly in nano-scale which are different from conventional reservoirs, and they can not be evaluated by conventional methods. On the basis of the research on the classification of shale pore types and nanopore characterization techniques, qualitative and quantitative nanopore characterization methods were classified and summarized. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of various methods as well as application scopes were summarized. Qualitative characterization methods can obtain the morphologic information, connectivity and filling conditions of shale pores directly by focused ion beam milling scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, broad ion beam scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope and Nano-CT. Quantitative characterization methods can measure pore diameters, pore distribution and specific surface area by nitrogen adsorption experiments, carbon dioxide adsorption experiments, mercury injection experiments, small-angle neutron scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The factors that control nanopore developments and the effects of nanopore on shale gas accumulation were discussed. The nanopore developments are related to total organic carbon content, clay minerals content, carbonate content and thermal maturity. Nanopores have influences on shale gas storage capacity, occurrences of shale gas and seepage mechanisms. Frontier research and development directions were proposed. In the aspect of nanopore characterization techniques of shales, the accuracy and efficiency of the experiments and three dimensional imaging technology should be improved constantly. Qualitative and quantitative characterization techniques should be combined. As to the evaluation of shale nanopore reservoirs, the factors that control nanopore developments, shale gas storing and producing and nanopores characterization and evaluation of continental heterogeneous shale are the key issues for further research. 相似文献
19.
针对茂名盆地油页岩成矿机理问题,利用茂名盆地羊角含矿区始新统油柑窝组油页岩莱科（Leco）、热解、含油率以及生物标志化合物等分析,研究了其有机地球化学特征,讨论了油页岩有机质来源与沉积环境。结果表明：油柑窝组油页岩有机质丰度高,有机质类型为Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型,含油率平均为5.98%,属品质中等偏好型;碳优势指数（ICP）值（3.73~4.37）、奇偶优势（OEP）值（7.59~9.57）、较小甾烷C29ααα20S/（20S+20R）、较低Ts/（Ts+Tm）以及最高热解峰温（Tmax）值（428.00~434.00℃）均指示油柑窝组油页岩热演化处于未成熟阶段。正构烷烃气相色谱（GC）图显示为单峰式,主碳峰为C27;∑C21-/∑C22+与∑C21+22/∑C28+29均呈现低值,ICP与OEP呈现高值,高碳数藿烷系列含量丰富,三环萜烷含量较低,未检测出奥利烷和羽扇烷等非藿类化合物,综合C27-C28-C29规则甾烷相对含量特征,确定油柑窝组油页岩有机质来源主要为湖相藻类体以及细菌、浮游生物与陆生植物混合来源。总有机碳质量分数/全硫质量分数（TOC/S）值（41.14~170.08）、姥鲛烷/植烷（Pr/Ph）值（0.82~1.30）以及重排甾烷/规则甾烷值（0.06~1.10）指示油页岩沉积时水体为淡水、还原环境。在亚热带—温带温暖-湿润气候背景下,藻类等水生生物勃发引起的高湖泊生产力和淡水、还原环境是茂名盆地油柑窝组油页岩成矿的有利条件。 相似文献
20.
南襄盆地泌阳凹陷中部深凹区发育有淡水环境及咸水环境沉积的深湖—半深湖相页岩。该套页岩岩相复杂、类型多、变化快, 可分为泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质页岩、隐晶灰质页岩、重结晶灰质页岩及白云质页岩, 总体富含有机质, 这为陆相页岩油的形成提供了充分的物质基础。研究区页岩具有纵向厚度大、横向分布广、有机质丰度高及类型好、热演化程度适中、脆性矿物含量高及含油气性好等特征, 具备良好的陆相页岩油形成条件。在明确泌阳凹陷具备良好的陆相页岩油形成条件基础上, 进一步开展了陆相页岩油地质评价方法的研究, 提出了一套包含岩石学分析、地质多参数综合评价、有利区带评价等8项关键技术的地质评价方法, 并明确了泌阳凹陷陆相页岩油富集的主控因素及有利目标区, 进而优化部署页岩油水平井, 取得了中国陆相页岩油勘探的重大突破, 展示了中国陆相页岩油良好的勘探开发前景。 相似文献