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1.
河流健康及其指标 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Based on the author’s practice in river harnessing, this paper defines that a healthy river is a river whose social and natural
functions can be balanced or compromised in terms of the socio-economic, ecological and environmental values associated with
the river. The environmental values of river systems should be judged according to the following criteria: the signal of a
healthy river should be associated with favorable riverbed, acceptable water quality, sustainable river ecosystem and compatible
runoff. The river health criterion should reflect the river’s natural function status which includes the riverbed, water quality,
river ecosystem and runoff. But, the variety and quantity would be different for different rivers depending on different natural
features and social background. The standards to be adopted for a healthy river should be determined according to the requirements
for maintaining river’s normal natural functions and the extent whether the social and natural functions could perform in
a balanced way, and also the standards adopted should be adjusted according to the change of the given conditions. The key
factor of river health is the enough and clean flow. The authors stressed that human activities would hurt the river health
which include excessive water diversion and excessive power generation from the river, improper regulation of flood and sediment,
and over discharge of sewage into the river and over change in fish habitat. Taking the Yellow River as a case, this paper
also discussed the method to identify what are the standards of a healthy river as well as environmental flows.
Foundation: Chinese National Research Program, No.2006BAB06B; National Key Basic Research Development Program of China “973”, No.G1999043601
Author: Liu Changming, Academician 相似文献
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河流健康理论初探 总被引：27，自引：1，他引：26
健康河流是指在相应一定时期其社会功能与自然功能和谐并能够均衡发挥的河流, 其标志是具有良好的水质、水沙流畅的河床与可维系的河流生态系统。河流健康的指示性因子应是能够基本反映河流自然功能的因子, 包括河床形态、水质、河流生态和河川基流, 但因子的种类和数量因河而异, 其量化标准的确定则要充分考虑河流自然功能和社会功能均衡发挥 的需要和河流水情背景条件的变化。河流健康的核心是有相应足够而洁净的河川径流, 因此 保障河流一定的环境流量对维护河流健康十分重要。人类过多抽取河川径流和开发水电、不当地调控洪水和泥沙、过多向河流排污和过多改变关键物种栖息地水流环境的活动, 均会对河流健康造成严重伤害。本文以黄河为例, 对河流健康指标和低限健康指标的确定方法进行了阐述。 相似文献
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In order to reduce the environmental and ecological problems induced by water resources development and utilization, this paper proposes a concept of environmental and ecological water requirement. It is defined as the minimum water amount to be consumed by the natural water bodies to conserve its environmental and ecological functions. Based on the definition, the methods on calculating the amount of environmental and ecological water requirement are determined. In the case study on Haihe-Luanhe river system, the water requirement is divided into three parts, i.e., the basic in-stream flow, water requirement for sediment transfer and water consumption by evaporation of the lakes or everglades. The results of the calculation show that the environmental and ecological water requirement in the river system is about 124×108 m3, including 57×108 m3 for basic in-stream flow, 63×108 m3 for sediment transfer and 4×108 m3 for net evaporation loss of lakes. The total amount of environmental and ecological water requirement accounts for 54% of the amount of runoff (228×108 m3). However, it should be realized that the amount of environmental and ecological water requirement must be more than that we have calculated. According to this result, we consider that the rational utilization rate of the runoff in the river systems must not be more than 40%. Since the current utilization rate of the river system, which is over 80%, has been far beyond the limitation, the problems of environment and ecology are quite serious. It is imperative to control and adjust water development and utilization to eliminate the existing problems and to avoid the potential ecological or environmental crisis. 相似文献
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Environmental and ecological water requirement of river system: a case study of Haihe-Luanhe river system 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
1 IntroductionRiver system, to some extent, can be regarded as an independent eco-system, which includes river channels, lakes and the lands near the water bodies. In the engineering view, river system can be defined as the flooded area with a flood frequency of 1%[1,2]. The major aspects of the river system may be its water quantity, water quality and aquatic species. The three aspects of the system have a close relation with each other. The river system has a lot of functions, of which in g… 相似文献
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民勤绿洲水资源利用与生态系统退化分析 总被引：20，自引：12，他引：8
石羊河流域生态平衡失调,生态系统退化在我国干旱、半干旱地区内陆河流域中具有典型的代表性。通过对石羊河流域近代地表水资源开发及其绿洲变迁,近年来流域用水量分配,降水特征及其对植被的影响,流域下游民勤绿洲地下水位、水质的变化等因素多年来观测研究,认为：降水量对天然植被的生长没有大的作用;由于人口的增加,流域地表水资源分配不均,水资源开发过度,地下水位急剧下降,造成流域生态系统退化。流域经济因素促进社会因素的变化,社会因素的变化导致自然环境的变迁,社会、经济、自然诸因素相互作用,通过水资源的变化驱动石羊河流域生态系统的变化。 相似文献
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The fragility of ecosystem health has become a key factor hindering the sustainable development of the ecological environment. Through a review of published research from domestic and foreign scholars, starting from the endogenous logic of studies in the field of ecosystem vulnerability (EV), this paper sorts out the literature on the aspects of measurement models, prediction methods and risk assessment, comprehensively defines the research category and scientific framework of EV, and analyzes the research ideas and development trends. We arrived at the following conclusions: 1) The connotation of ecosystem vulnerability not only embodies the change in the vulnerability of the natural environment, but it also reflects the irreversible damage to the ecosystem caused by excessive development and industrial production activities. 2) The setting of ecosystem vulnerability indices should aim to fully reflect the essential features of that vulnerability, which should include the index systems of natural, social, economic and other related factors. 3) There are many types of ecosystem vulnerability measurement methods, prediction models and risk evaluation models, which have different focuses and advantages. The most appropriate method should be adopted for conducting comprehensive and systematic evaluation, prediction and estimation according to the different representation and evolution mechanisms of the chosen research object and regional ecosystem vulnerability. 4) Based on the regional system characteristics, corresponding risk management measures should be proposed, and pertinent policy suggestions should be put forward to improve the ecological safety and sustainable development of an ecologically vulnerable area. 相似文献
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塔克拉玛干沙漠克里雅河下游地区风沙地貌的形成发育与环境变化趋势的初步研究 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
克里推河是塔里木盆地中深入到塔克拉玛干沙漠内部的主要河流之一。克里稚河出山口后形成的冲积扇, 上部为砾石平原, 中部为亚沙土, 沙壤土的细土平原, 当前农业绿洲所在, 下部为盐土平原, 在野营以下, 河流又分成东西两支, 各形成东西两个干三角洲。在东部干三角洲上, 水系扇状扩散, 沿河两岸呈现胡杨、红柳灌丛的天然绿色植被带, 复合型沙丘链被流水切割, 形成孤立复合型沙丘散布面积约210Km2, 居民点零散分布其间。在西部干三角洲上, 扇状水系的干河床断续分布。河床内为密集新月形沙丘和沙丘链, 两侧为吹扬的灌丛沙堆和有枯死的胡杨林地。并有历史上城镇废墟分布, 反映着历史时期曾有过人类活动。克里雅河下游上段(大河沿——于田地段)河漫滩部分受间歇洪水影响, 芦苇丛生, 尚未有沙丘发育。高出河床1.5-3m第一阶地为红柳灌丛和胡杨分布地区, 疏林地段有新月形沙丘、沙丘链和灌丛沙堆。高出河床8-10m第二阶地主要为红柳灌丛分布地区。并受外围流沙入侵影响和固定沙丘"活比"形成新月形沙丘、沙丘链与吹扬灌丛沙堆相间的景观。第三阶地已全为裸露新月形沙丘及沙丘链覆盖。再往外则系高大的复合型沙丘。下游中段(大河沿以北)为克里雅河下游扇状平原干三角洲, 水分条件较好, 成为沙漠中一片绿洲。只有被淤高干河床地段就地起沙已发育有新月形沙丘及初期诸形态。发育时间短(约在1960年以后形成), 并且是演变再活跃的场所。下游下段(三角洲尾端以北)已全为流沙覆盖。仅从枯死胡抚和红柳稚丛分布反映过去柯床痕迹, 最远一支可延伸至古老的塔里木河。克里雅河下游现代沙漠化过程加剧的主要因素是中游人为活动。增大用水量。下游水量减少, 环境恶化, 而不是大沙漠前移所造成的。听以, 改善下游天蛛绿洲生态环境时, 中游应分配合理水量给下游, 以保持下游干三角洲中天然绿洲生态平衡。下游保存完整的天然绿洲建议作为国家级自然保护区。 相似文献
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长江经济带绿色生态廊道建设研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
长江及其流域生态环境保护是长江经济带建设的基础和重要的支撑保障。长江横贯中国东中西三大地带,水量丰沛、水生态系统服务价值巨大。长江经济带生态区位重要,生态系统类型多样,生物多样性丰富,自然与人为因素影响下的生态环境变化呈现明显的区域差异。本文在系统分析长江经济带生态环境现状特征的基础上,总结了长江经济带面临的灾害威胁大、环境污染重和生态退化快等主要生态环境问题与威胁,提出了建设长江经济带绿色生态保障工程体系,加快形成开发集约集中、生态自然开敞的国土空间开发格局,加大生态系统完整性和连通性建设与保护力度,强化节能减排和流域环境综合治理,以及率先建立和完善生态文明制度体系等生态环境保护总体策略,确保长江经济带成为“水清地绿天蓝”的绿色生态走廊。 相似文献
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In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed, and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river re-quirements, the efficiency of water resource usage, the consumption coefficient, and the concentration of waste water elimination, the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed, and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established, and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized. Taking the Liaohe River as a model, the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River, Dongliao River, mainstream Liaohe River, Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated, each taking up 39.3%, 63.0%, 43.9%, 43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow, the results show that: except Xiliao River is “median”, the rest are all upon “good”, the Dongliao River is even “very good”. The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that, the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%, 74.1%, 60.8%, 60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that: considering “quantity”, except Xiliao River, the rest rivers can all achieve the “quantity” criteria of the en-vironmental flows of river requirements, but if considering the aspect of “quality”, only Dongliao River can reach the “quality” standard. By water quantity-quality combined evalua-tion method, only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem de-mands. 相似文献
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湿地生态系统观测进展与展望 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
作为地球之肾的湿地,具有重要的生态环境与社会服务功能。湿地生态系统观测是获取湿地生态系统以及环境信息的重要手段,其观测结果是对湿地生态系统的变化做出科学预测和制定合理保护措施的重要依据。湿地生态系统的观测始于16世纪对湿地的利用,至20世纪70年代得到了较大的发展,全球生态系统监测网络的建立为湿地生态系统观测提供了良好的平台。不同地区湿地观测的水平、具体内容及指标不同,北美及地中海地区湿地观测水平较高。通过对国内外湿地生态系统观测的历史、观测内容和指标进行研究,提出我国湿地生态系统观测要在观测网络的建立、指标体系完整性、先进技术和方法引用等方面进一步完善和补充。 相似文献
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理想类型叙事视角下的乡村景观变迁与优化策略 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
乡村景观是陆地生态系统的主体, 在整个人地关系中扮演着重要角色。20 世纪下半叶以来, 城市化、交通网络和全球化的迅速发展深刻地改变了乡村景观。不同学科、不同研究者对此有不同甚至相互矛盾的认识、解释和评价, 这影响了对乡村景观变迁的理性认识, 以及对乡村景观的高效利用和保护。本文采用理想类型叙事法, 利用国内外研究成果, 对乡村景观的变迁进行叙事分析, 提出更具包容性和解释力的4 种乡村景观变迁理想类型叙事:保护叙事、现代化叙事、公平生存叙事和内生发展叙事, 更客观全面地凝练乡村景观变迁的多元价值观、理论基础、核心假设和基本观点与建议。最后本文提出了乡村景观分异的7 种情景类型, 每种情景类型具有不同的判征指标、空间区位指向、主体景观和主要功能, 并结合理想类型叙事提出相应的优化策略, 以期为未来建设健康、富有生产力和吸引力、和谐的乡村景观提供科学参考。 相似文献
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生态环境需水研究现状和展望 总被引：24，自引：1，他引：24
生态环境需水是国内外生态水文学研究的热点问题。本文回顾了国内外生态环境需水研究的现状,并对今后生态环境需水研究进行了展望。研究认为:国外对生态需水的研究侧重于河流生态系统,主要是利用所关心的鱼类对河道物理形态、水流状况等变化的响应关系,来确定河流的最小或最佳流量,研究方法主要以水文学法、水力学法和生境模拟法为主。20世纪90年代后,提出了考虑河流生态系统可接受的流量变化,以维持河流生态系统整体功能为目标确定河流生态需水的研究思路。在国内,生态需水研究起步较晚,但发展较快。研究大致经历了二个阶段:1988年至1998年是对生态需水相关概念的认识阶段,1998年之后才真正进入起步性研究阶段。因此,许多理论和方法都有待加强研究。最后,本文提出了以同位素示踪、遥感等技术为支撑,加强生态需水机理和不同时空尺度生态需水转化等问题的研究。 相似文献
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干旱内陆流域生态需水量及其估算──以黑河流域为例 总被引：73，自引：17，他引：56
在干县内陆流域生态需水量概念与分类的基础上,以黑河流域为例,讨论了生态需水量估算的方法。采用两种半经验潜水蒸发公式和直接植物蒸腾估算等三种方法,以1995年为基准,分别对流域中游防护林生态体系需水量和下游荒漠绿洲生态需水量进行了初步估算,结果表明:黑河流域中游人工防护林生态需水量约为2.1× 108~2.16×108 m3,下游荒漠绿洲生态需水量为5.23×108~5.7×108 m3;为维持或稳定流域下游额济纳现有绿洲规模,狼心山断面过水流量不应小于5.8×108m3。 相似文献
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基于生态复杂性的湿地生态系统健康评价——-以石家庄地区滹沱河岗黄段为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
湿地生态系统是一个非常复杂的组织系统,具有整体性、生态功能、服务功能、自我维持和调控功能。本研 究在生态复杂性理论的基础上,结合河北省石家庄地区的滹沱河岗黄段湿地的特点,从系统结构、系统状态、系统 结构功能和系统协调度四个方面建立湿地生态系统健康诊断的评价体系及健康分级标准,并用模糊综合评判模型 对滹沱河岗黄段湿地的健康状况进行了综合评价。评价结果显示,该湿地系统健康指数为0.619,处于亚健康状态。 相似文献
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黄河三角洲造陆过程中的陆域水沙临界条件研究 总被引：26，自引：5，他引：26
黄河三角洲发育是河口区河流动力及陆域物质通量与海洋动力及海域物质通量相互作用的产物 ,三角洲造陆速率取决于上述两方面的对比关系。当上述两方面处于平衡时 ,三角洲造陆处于临界状态 ,即净造陆速率为零 ,与之相联系的入海泥沙量和径流量可视为黄河三角洲造陆过程的临界水沙条件。运用经验统计方法估算出 :当入海年沙量Qs为 2 78亿t/a、入海年水量Qw为 76 7亿m3时 ,或者当关系式 3 1934Qs+ 0 0 85 6Qw=17 94得到满足时 ,黄河三角洲造陆过程处于临界平衡状态。在黄河流域的环境管理中 ,应将上述两项临界值作为约束条件。黄河流域生态用水量的内涵应予以扩展 ,维持三角洲造陆平衡所必须的入海径流量 ,应作为黄河流域的生态用水量。 相似文献
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辽河流域生态需水估算 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
从辽河流域存在的环境问题出发,在确定主要生态需水类型的基础上,基于水资源分区,分别估算各水资源分区的不同类型的生态需水,包括枯季河道生态需水、汛期输沙需水、入海需水、地下水恢复需补充的水量、河口湿地生态需水等。针对辽河流域季节性河流的特点,提出了枯水季节最小流量法的枯季河道生态需水计算方法。计算结果表明,辽河流域生态需水总量为130.44×108m3,占地表径流的48.3%,其中浑太河、东辽河2个水资源分区的生态需水量占地表径流的比例在60%以上,辽河干流生态需水量占地表径流的53.5%,其余水资源分区生态需水量占地表径流的比例均在50%以下。研究结果为流域水资源配置及水环境保护与恢复提供科学依据。 相似文献