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1.
岩石的长期风化作用会造成岩石表面的剥落,这将导致石质文物产生无可挽回的破坏。为了更好地保护它们,需要开展在相同风化环境下岩石风化剥落深度和相对风化速度及其与不同岩性关系的研究。本文以衢州古城墙通仙门的多块岩石砌块为研究对象,利用自制的测量仪器,对不同岩性岩石砌块风化剥落深度和风化速度进行了研究; 通过分析量测结果得出凝灰岩、砂岩、砾岩、含砾砂岩和粉砂岩相对灰岩的风化速度分别为0.005～0.059mm a-1、0.032～0.097mm a-1、0.004～0.058mm a-1、0.021～0.033mm a-1 和0.015mm a-1。研究结果表明:在相同的风化环境之中不同岩石砌块的风化速度从大到小排序为V砂岩V凝灰岩V含砾砂岩 V砾岩V粉砂岩V灰岩,即岩石抗风化能力从强到弱为:灰岩粉砂岩砾岩含砾砂岩凝灰岩砂岩。由此,为石质文物的长期保护以及制定相关的保护措施提供了重要的理论依据。 相似文献
2.
不同岩石在相同风化环境条件下的抗风化能力不同。如何评定岩石的抗风化能力是近年来人们十分关注的研究课题之一,因为它对岩石风化机理分析和石质文物长期保护研究有着重要的科学价值。位于浙江省衢州市的古城墙小西门建于明代晚期。小西门城墙的岩石砌块有多种岩性,它们之间的风化剥落深度相差较大。利用三维激光扫描仪测量了小西门某特定研究区中包含多种岩性的岩石砌块的风化剥落深度,并以此来评定不同岩性岩石的长期抗风化能力,以给出相应的排序。在现场还发现,与所研究的多数岩石砌块相比,被古人用作为古城墙各砌块之间勾缝的黏合材料蛎灰的抗风化能力更强。 相似文献
3.
以花岗斑岩和灰岩两种岩性岩石为代表,实验研究了冻融作用下,岩石的致密程度、孔隙率等物理指标对岩石物理力学性质的影响. 通过不同次数的冻融循环实验,对花岗斑岩和灰岩2种典型岩石样本的质量、单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度、冻融系数、风化程度的变化规律进行对比分析,并绘出了冻融次数与试样的抗压强度、抗拉强度、冻融系数的拟合关系曲线. 在一定限定条件下,将实验结果应用于西藏玉龙铜矿花岗斑岩、灰岩边坡的具体实例中,采用强度折减法计算出了矿山边坡冻融风化前、后的安全系数,对比分析了花岗斑岩、灰岩边坡受冻融风化的影响程度,为矿山的设计和施工提供了参考. 相似文献
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研究区大量分布中风化柱状叠层石灰岩, 岩石强度具有很强的变异性和区域性, 而岩石强度是影响边坡稳定的重要因素。要进行边坡稳定性评价, 就需要对研究区现场试验数据作为随机变量进行概率统计分析, 获取可靠的岩石强度指标。本文通过对研究区内中风化柱状叠层石灰岩( t23 ) 现场点荷载实验数据进行统计分析, 利用x2 检验进行拟和, 得到岩石强度的概率密度函数和概率分布形式, 抗压强度和抗拉强度均服从对数正态分布。在此基础上, 结合相近岩性岩石强度的拟和结果, 建立区内中风化柱状叠层石灰岩点荷载试验强度概率分布函数。运用Bayes估计推断区域内中风化柱状叠层石灰岩岩石点荷载强度, 得到岩石抗压强度预测值为72. 42 MPa, 抗拉强度预测值为2. 29 MPa, 相对误差较小, 样本信任度达到70%以上。该方法对于岩石强度估计是有效的, 由该方法所得到的估计值对研究区边坡稳定性评价以及后期边坡治理都具有重要的实践意义。 相似文献
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岩体工程地质单元蚜分是工程地质评价的基础,也是坑道或边坡稳定性评价的依据。云浮硫铁矿尖山区段具有矿体埋藏深、岩体风化深度大和褶皱、断裂发育的特点,只宜于坑采。其岩体工程地质单元的划分应突出岩石风化这一主导因素,以岩体工程地类型、岩石风化特征、岩性组合、岩石物理力学和水理性质等作为依据,以风化界面、岩性组合界面和主权构造等带线为标志进行岩组划分,共牙分为３个岩体工程地质岩类和７个工程地质岩组。软弱松 相似文献
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通常不同岩性的声波速度不同,同一岩性因裂隙发育和风化程度不同,声波速度也不相同。声波测井技术就是依据岩层的这一特性,划分不同岩层及岩层的风化破碎程度。这里对某铁路线的勘测的声波测井结果进行统计分析,给出了测区钻孔揭露的主要岩石较完整状态的声波波速统计值和异常发育概率统计。 相似文献
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巨广宏 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2006,17(1):124-129
风化作用对于岩体工程地质性能的降低不言而喻。研究探讨重大水电工程岩石风化作用机理对于工程区岩体风化带划分、风化渐进性分析、表征岩体风化特征指标的选择及力学性质参数取值等具有重要意义。文章从风化作用本质、化学元素迁移、风化作用类型等角度,对拉西瓦水电站坝区花岗岩风化作用机理进行了探讨。结合本区气候演化、岩石性质、地形条件等综合分析认为:在浅表河谷范围内,风化形式以岩石胀缩作用和冰劈作用为主,而化学风化作用并不强烈。论文采用量化指标对岩体进行风化带划分,选取的定量指标有平硐纵波速度Vp、钻孔RQD、裂隙间距与单元面积节理数等。在此基础上,利用电站20余a来丰富详实的地质、物探、岩体测试等大量资料,采用定性分析与定量划分相结合的研究方法,对黄河拉西瓦坝基花岗岩体进行风化分带,得出坝基岩体风化带总体空间布局。 相似文献
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经典风化限制理论认为,当剥蚀速度较低时,岩石在风化带的存留时间长,表现为一致性完全风化,化学风化通量受新鲜岩石的供应限制,与剥蚀速度成正比,即为"供应限制";当剥蚀速度较高时,岩石充分暴露,风化强度低,化学风化通量受温度、降水量等动力学因子限制,即为"动力学限制"。供应限制是构造抬升影响硅酸盐风化吸收大气CO_2进而改变气候的关键。动力学限制形成了化学风化通量与大气CO_2含量之间的负反馈,是维持构造时间尺度地球宜居性和碳循环平衡的关键。但是,风化限制理论模型并未得到充分实证。本文将介绍利用流域溶解态铀同位素证明风化限制理论的原理与研究进展。全球数据总结发现,流域铀同位素与物理剥蚀速率之间在整体上呈现U形函数关系,可用经典风化限制理论解释。但河流的铀同位素还受岩性、气候、地貌等其他因素的影响。利用已知风化年代的单一岩性流域是河流铀同位素验证风化限制理论的重要途径。 相似文献
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不活动元素的稳定性使得风化岩石、土壤和水系沉积物等风化产物能够保留新鲜母岩的元素特征,它们之间的含量变化趋势有可能从母岩传递到其风化产物中,这类似于生物学中基因遗传。仿照生物学中基因的特性提出了地球化学基因的概念及其构建方法,为了比较地球化学基因的相似程度进而提出基因相似度的概念及其计算方法。以风化过程中11种不活动元素为例,基于中国酸性岩、中性岩、基性岩的元素丰度数据构建了表征岩石及其风化产物地球化学特性的岩性地球化学基因,其元素序列为：Al2O3→SiO2→P→Ti→La→Fe2O3→Th→Zr→Nb→Y→U。利用豫西熊耳山地区安山岩风化剖面、残坡积—沟系土剖面、化探详查水系沉积物和区域化探水系沉积物4种比例尺尺度的样品对构建的岩性地球化学基因进行了检验,结果发现岩性地球化学基因在风化过程中具有很好的遗传性(从岩石到风化产物)和继承性(从土壤到其源岩),利用岩性地球化学基因可以对土壤样品进行物源示踪。源自同一母岩的水系沉积物和土壤之间在岩性地球化学基因方面具有很好的相似性(同源风化产物之间)。基于中国区域化探水系沉积物调查数据,可以构建岩性地球化学基因库来对岩石及其风化产物样品进行溯源分析,在地质、环境、法庭等科学领域具有潜在应用前景。 相似文献
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辽河坳陷结晶基底油气资源丰富,在辽河的三大凹陷基底潜山以及中央凸起均发现规模油气藏。本文通过系统分析岩芯、岩屑和旋转井壁取芯荧光、铸体和传统岩石薄片,对辽河坳陷太古宙基岩及其中的侵入体的岩石类型、含油性、储层成因及影响因素等进行了综合研究。结果表明,辽河坳陷结晶基底岩石包括2大类、14个亚类、30多种岩石类型;岩石的含油性与岩石类型、构造作用和古风化溶蚀淋滤作用的改造密切相关。在对不同岩性岩石的物理特征与测井曲线特征大量对比分析和研究基础上,建立了岩性与测井曲线的对应关系,实现了基岩岩性的测井识别,为勘探部署、储量计算等奠定了基础,也为类似基岩油气藏的勘探研究提供重要借鉴。 相似文献
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风化壳研究的现状与展望 总被引：28，自引：1，他引：28
风化壳是岩石圈、大气圈以及水圈、生物圈之间相互作用的界面,能够直接记录地球多圈层演化的信息。利用风化壳的地带性规律重建古环境是地貌学研究的传统内容之一。近年来,单晶矿物激光^40Ar/^39Ar测年技术、“双面”模式以及古地磁法等在风化壳研究中的成功应用,在理论和技术上为恢复大陆剥蚀区高分辨率的环境演变历史创造了条件。利用风化年代学、风化地层学、古地磁学和地球化学等方法对风化壳进行综合研究,不仅可以建立剥蚀区的环境演变序列,为风化期次（事件）与其他全球性构造－气候事件的对比提供了广阔的前景;而且可以用于化学风化（强度和速度）的准确量化,有利于深入理解构造－剥蚀－风化－气候之间相互作用的反馈机制和正确评估人类活动对未来气候的影响能力。 相似文献
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Chemical and physical weathering in a hot‐arid,tectonically active alluvial system of Anza Borrego Desert,California 
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下载免费PDF全文 Investigation of chemical and physical weathering of bedrock and alluvial sediment in the Anza Borrego Desert, California, sheds light on weathering processes in hot‐arid systems and clarifies interpretations of climate from alluvial sediment. All of the alluvial sediment in the study area emanates from Cretaceous tonalite of the Peninsular Range, enabling exploration of the effects of external variables – climate, transport distance and tectonics – on the physical and chemical properties of the sediment. Chemical weathering in this area is dominated by plagioclase alteration observed in both bedrock outcrops and sediment, evinced most clearly by changes in the Eu anomaly. Biotite chemical weathering, manifested by interlayer K+ loss, is not evident in bedrock, but clearly observed in the sediment. Despite the weak intensity of chemical weathering (Chemical Index of Alteration = 56 to 62), fine‐grained (<63 μm) sediment displays a clear weathering trend in A–CN–K space and contains up to 25% clay minerals. Physical abrasion and grain‐size reduction in biotite during transport predominates in the sediment, whereas physical (insolation) weathering affecting bedrock is inferred from estimates of differential thermal expansion of mineral phases in response to extreme temperature changes in the study area. Chemical alteration and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area both increase within the active Elsinore fault zone at the distal end of the depositional transect, reflecting tectonic‐induced fracturing and associated accelerated weathering. Extensive fracturing, together with a more humid Pleistocene climate, probably facilitated in situ bedrock weathering, preceding arid alluvial deposition in the Holocene. This study demonstrates that both climate and tectonic processes can affect chemical and physical weathering, resulting in alteration of plagioclase, leaching of K+ from biotite in the sediment and formation of clay minerals, even in hot, arid systems. 相似文献
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Janet S. Wright 《Sedimentary Geology》2007,202(3):337-351
Quartz silt is a widespread detrital sediment with large aeolian (loess) and alluvial silt deposits forming important components of many contemporary landscapes. Despite research findings which indicate that a range of opportunities exist for the comminution of quartz into silt particles within a wide variety of geomorphic environments (e.g. glacial grinding, fluvial comminution, aeolian abrasion, frost weathering, salt weathering, insolation weathering and deep weathering), the ‘glacial-aeolian’ hypothesis has traditionally been favoured as the most likely explanation for loess formation and loess is seen as primarily a Quaternary phenomenon. As a consequence there has been a tendency to underestimate sediment inputs into loess systems by geomorphological processes operating within pre-Quaternary environments. In particular, earth scientists may have considerably underestimated the role of weathering in global silt generation, as there are now many references to the existence of a patchy but widespread distribution of pre-Quaternary weathering profiles across the glacial and periglacial landscapes of the Northern Hemisphere (e.g. North America, British Isles, north and central Europe), landscapes within which many of the classical loess deposits are located. These observations suggest that weathering profiles may have covered large tracts of the Northern Hemisphere land surface prior to the Quaternary glaciations. This, in turn, may have important implications for quartz silt generation as: (1) experimental studies indicate that many weathering processes are capable of generating significant quantities of silt-sized debris, and (2) particle characteristics displayed by saprolitic material that has developed on quartz rich crystalline source rocks often include significant quantities of either silt-sized material, or quartz grains that are weakened by weathering derived microfractures. Thus, weathering profiles may represent ‘mines’ of actual and potential quartz silt, available for release into sedimentary systems when these profiles are subsequently reworked by geomorphological processes such as glacial, fluvial and aeolian erosion. 相似文献
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Chemical weathering gradients are defined by the changes in the measured elemental concentrations in solids and pore waters with depth in soils and regoliths. An increase in the mineral weathering rate increases the change in these concentrations with depth while increases in the weathering velocity decrease the change. The solid-state weathering velocity is the rate at which the weathering front propagates through the regolith and the solute weathering velocity is equivalent to the rate of pore water infiltration. These relationships provide a unifying approach to calculating both solid and solute weathering rates from the respective ratios of the weathering velocities and gradients. Contemporary weathering rates based on solute residence times can be directly compared to long-term past weathering based on changes in regolith composition. Both rates incorporate identical parameters describing mineral abundance, stoichiometry, and surface area.
Weathering gradients were used to calculate biotite weathering rates in saprolitic regoliths in the Piedmont of Northern Georgia, USA and in Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Solid-state weathering gradients for Mg and K at Panola produced reaction rates of 3 to 6×10−17 mol m−2 s−1 for biotite. Faster weathering rates of 1.8 to 3.6×10−16 mol m−2 s−1 are calculated based on Mg and K pore water gradients in the Rio Icacos regolith. The relative rates are in agreement with a warmer and wetter tropical climate in Puerto Rico. Both natural rates are three to six orders of magnitude slower than reported experimental rates of biotite weathering. 相似文献
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The watershed in the southern Jiangxi Province (Jiangxi Province is called simply Gan) (SGW) and the watershed in the central Guizhou Province (Guizhou Province is called simply Qian) (CQW) are two subtropical watersheds of the Yangtze River in China. Both watersheds have similar latitudes and climate, but distinct differences in basin lithology. These similarities and differences provide a good natural laboratory in which to investigate weathering processes and Sr end-members in river waters. This work aims to identify and contrast the sources, fluxes and controls on Sr isotopic composition in the river waters of these two areas. Results showed that the 87Sr/86Sr in the SGW waters ranged from 0.716501 to 0.724931, with dissolved Sr averaging 27 μg l− 1. Rhyolites and granites are two major sources for the dissolved Sr. The SGW waters receive 42% of their Sr from silicates weathering, 32% from carbonates and 3.2% from evaporites. 87Sr/86Sr in the CQW waters has a lesser variation from 0.707694 to 0.710039, but higher Sr contents (average of 208 μg l− 1). Dolomite, limestone and dolomitic limestone are major sources of Sr in the waters. The CQW waters receive 69% of their Sr from carbonates, 1.7% from silicates and 0.9% from evaporites. The chemical erosion rate and Sr flux in the CQW are 122 t km− 2 a− 1 and 0.079 t km− 2 a− 1, respectively, which are higher than those of the SGW (56 t km− 2 a− 1 and 0.021 t km− 2 a− 1, respectively). These data suggest that the intensive carbonates weathering occurred in the karstic area in the upper-reach of the Yangtze River exert great influence on the high Sr concentration and low Sr isotopic ratios in the River. 相似文献
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柴达木盆地阿尔金山前斜坡带发现了规模分布的东坪基岩气田,其基岩风化壳的作用成为关注的问题。依据元素分析、X-射线衍射分析、岩心薄片观察,常规测井响应和成像测井响应特征,识别出东坪地区基岩风化壳发育不同结构层,且不同结构层的储集特征有很大差异。研究表明,基岩风化壳结构可划分为土壤层、完全风化层和半风化层,而半风化层又可进一步分为溶蚀带和崩解带;其中土壤层厚度0~2 m,完全风化层厚度4~15 m,溶蚀带厚度365~164 m,崩解带厚度300~1 000 m。基岩半风化层是储层发育带,其中溶蚀带储集物性好于崩解带,溶蚀带发育较多的溶蚀孔洞和溶蚀加宽的网状裂缝,孔隙度范围2%~16%;而崩解带发育弱溶蚀构造缝和节理缝,孔隙度范围2%~8%。东坪地区大规模发育基岩风化壳为柴达木盆地远离烃源岩灶的斜坡地区寻找油气提供了借鉴依据。 相似文献
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广西区内139个主要风化矿床(点)中有近4成集中分布于中酸性岩浆岩风化区。新近纪以来新构造运动活跃,东亚季风盛行产生了湿热气候,致使近2.0×105 km 2不同时代、不同岩性的中酸性岩浆岩广泛出露并遭受强烈风化,大面积的厚层风化壳在低山丘陵地貌景观区得以保存,这为风化矿床的发育提供了得天独厚的气候、地质、构造和地貌等条件。广西中酸性岩浆岩风化作用形成的矿床主要包括残积型(以钛铁砂矿为代表)、淋积型(以离子吸附型稀土矿为代表)和残余型(以高岭土矿和膨润土矿为代表)三个类型。这些不同类型的风化矿床在成矿条件上表现出显著的母岩专属性和风化环境偏在性,二者联合约束了风化矿床的成矿作用及成矿类型。风化过程中复杂的水岩反应(淋积作用、残积作用和残余作用)是导致中酸性岩浆岩风化形成各类矿床的内在机制。 相似文献
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Cavernous weathering is commonly found on sandstone slopes in different environments. Either a single dominant process or polygenetic agents require to be invoked in order to interpret the development. The Yongningshan hill of the central Loess Plateau is representative of cliff dwellings in Northwest China, which is characterized by well-developed cavernous weathering features and provides a good opportunity for the better understanding of sandstone weathering in the Loess Plateau. Multiple methods, including field survey, in-situ rock strength measurement, along with experiments on samples for microscopic observation, element composition and salt chemistry, were employed to investigate the controlling factors of cavernous weathering. The results show that cavern development is different on the four slopes with the western slope hosting massive honeycombs, tafoni and hardened surfaces. The porous and permeable aeolian sandstones are fundamental, because they provide space and pathways for the transportation of water and salt, honeycombs dominantly aligning within the lamination of cross-beds. The environmental factors such as the seasonal wetting and drying cycle, aeolian salt, moisture and water vapor are key factors for the development of cavernous weathering forms. The northern and northwestern wind-blown dust storms have brought abundant salts, the lengthier dry periods of the wetting and drying cycle being beneficial for salt accumulation within caverns, favoring salt weathering. 相似文献