共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
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为了验证电涌保护器(SPD)的热稳定性能,需要按IEC61643.1进行以电流分档的热稳定性试验,研究中发现：1)热稳定测试中实验室环境下无法模拟真实环境下氧化锌压敏电阻的老化劣化效果,热稳定试验模拟真实环境的充分性有待考量;2)不同参考电压的压敏电阻对电压的敏感程度不一样,当交流电压从640 V变化到680 V时,导通时间变化68.3%,电流变化了289.6%;3)标准要求的电流±10%误差,很大程度上受设备灵敏度的限制而达不到要求.在现有电涌保护器热稳定测试技术的基础上,发现并分析了以电流分档进行的热稳定试验对实际情况模拟的不足之处,这对提高电涌保护器的热稳定测试技术有一定的工程价值. 相似文献
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针对电源类电涌保护器的试验可进行分类,电源保护器的测试方法除了有规范的要求外,还有许多具体的问题需要研究解决。针对SPD测试中出现的问题进行分析,主要围绕M OV电阻片的漏电流与相关测试所出现的现象进行讨论,对击穿、闪络、燃烧问题进行研究,归纳了现今电涌保护器最常出现的问题。 相似文献
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MOV长波和短波通流容量的折算关系探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目前IEC(国际电工委员会)和我国国家标准对SPD(电涌保护器)的通流容量要求(工程中常以最大放电电流Imax表征通流容量)有两种波形:10/350和8/20μS,分别用于SPD的Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类试验中. 相似文献
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根据电涌保护器特点,对电涌保护器的二种简易的检测方法(外观检查和参数测试)进行分析,提出了易于操作的检测方法,供广大防雷检测人员借鉴. 相似文献
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信号电涌保护器(信号SPD)是广泛应用于信号系统终端设备的一种雷电防护装置。为了提高其自身元器件安全性和实现故障指示功能,同时考虑到电路的复杂程度和内部结构空间的有限性,本文设计研究了一种新型的信号SPD,该产品使用了高分子正温度系数电阻(PTC)来保护其他的元器件,并增加了集成故障指示器。将该产品进行瞬态抑制二极管(TVS)、串联电阻的过热保护模拟试验以及信号SPD测试标准中的冲击电流、传输特性和过载失效模式3项试验,试验结果表明:新产品具有热保护功能,且参数指标完全满足信号SPD测试标准的要求。同时,产品具有无源的故障指示器,适用于信号可以短时中断的系统。 相似文献
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退耦电感是限压型浪涌保护器(SPD)级联配合核心元件, 对于限压型SPD能级匹配具有重要影响。针对退耦电感与限压型SPD能级匹配问题, 基于行波传输理论建立多级限压型SPD能量匹配模型, 并结合更接近自然雷击的10个8/20μs多脉冲试验进行研究, 试验结果可知: 恒定波阻抗下, 增大SPD线路间退耦电感值, 可有效减缓雷电瞬态过电压上升速率。SPD并联时, 氧化锌压敏电阻压敏电压对前后级分流比影响较小, 与残压值呈正相关关系。SPD级联电感值越大, 前级SPD泄流越多, 后级SPD箝压水平越高, 能级匹配效果越好。当出现磁饱和时, 前级SPD泄流显著降低, 后级SPD的泄流显著增加, 为避免出现该现象, 实际装设SPD时, 级间选装的退耦电感值在合理范围内应稍大于理论电感值。 相似文献
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Rochelle P. Worsnop George H. Bryan Julie K. Lundquist Jun A. Zhang 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,165(1):55-86
Offshore wind-energy development is planned for regions where hurricanes commonly occur, such as the USA Atlantic Coast. Even the most robust wind-turbine design (IEC Class I) may be unable to withstand a Category-2 hurricane (hub-height wind speeds >50 m s\(^{-1}\)). Characteristics of the hurricane boundary layer that affect the structural integrity of turbines, especially in major hurricanes, are poorly understood, primarily due to a lack of adequate observations that span typical turbine heights (<200 m above sea level). To provide these data, we use large-eddy simulations to produce wind profiles of an idealized Category-5 hurricane at high spatial (10 m) and temporal (0.1 s) resolution. By comparison with unique flight-level observations from a field project, we find that a relatively simple configuration of the Cloud Model I model accurately represents the properties of Hurricane Isabel (2003) in terms of mean wind speeds, wind-speed variances, and power spectra. Comparisons of power spectra and coherence curves derived from our hurricane simulations to those used in current turbine design standards suggest that adjustments to these standards may be needed to capture characteristics of turbulence seen within the simulated hurricane boundary layer. To enable improved design standards for wind turbines to withstand hurricanes, we suggest modifications to account for shifts in peak power to higher frequencies and greater spectral coherence at large separations. 相似文献
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在电子电气系统接地领域,地电位抬升对电子设备的破坏效应一直是人们关注的焦点。基于触发闪电技术,开展了地网地电位抬升冲击电涌保护器(surge protective device,SPD)的观测试验,重点分析了触发闪电初始长连续电流过程对SPD的冲击和损坏效应。结果发现,触发闪电注入地网后,闪电的初始长连续电流和继后回击的共同作用下很容易造成额定通流量的SPD损坏,当流经SPD的能量累积达到一定程度时仅初始长连续电流过程也会损坏SPD;冲击SPD的效应与初始长连续电流过程的不同的波形密切相关,当长连续电流过程叠加上升沿较快幅值较大的初始连续电流脉冲(ICCP,initial continuous current pulse)时,流经SPD的能量会迅速增加,是长连续电流过程中SPD损坏的最为关键因子。个例分析发现,当初始长连续电流过程持续时间和平均电流量级达到100 ms和200 A左右,泄放电量为25 C,流经SPD的能量达1000 J左右,易造成标称放电电流20 kA甚至更高的SPD损坏。 相似文献
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基于触发闪电开展了电流注入地网后地电位抬升反击氧化锌电涌保护器的试验研究。结合真实雷电环境下测量的电涌保护器两端残压和流经电流的数据, 对一次触发闪电引发的氧化锌电涌保护器损坏事件进行了分析。分析发现, 电流注入地网后, 回击过程瞬间的大能量和长连续电流过程累积的能量相互叠加共同作用损坏了氧化锌电涌保护器。回击发生时, 较大的地电位抬升反击特别是电压的快速上升阶段, 氧化锌电涌保护器内部半导体结构(晶界层或晶粒)很容易遭到局部破坏, 形成穿孔, 电压波沿着破坏的晶界层“漏洞”迅速通过, 氧化锌电阻片失去钳制作用, 而当电压缓慢下降时, 电压在氧化锌电涌保护器内部晶界层的分布趋于均匀, 没有损坏的晶界结构又恢复了氧化锌电涌保护器的钳制功能。长连续电流过程形成的残压较小, 但其持续时间很长, 可达几十甚至上百毫秒, 事件中多次致使SPD钳制功能的失效。4次回击过程地电位抬升反击流经氧化锌电涌保护器的电流峰值最大为7.1 kA, 平均值5.4 kA, 占触发闪电注入电流的28.9%。流经SPD的电量范围0.15~0.58 C, 平均值0.44 C, 其值大于8/20 μs标称放电电流20 kA单脉冲释放的电量(0.37 C)。 相似文献
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What happens to policy innovations after they have been adopted? What factors account for subsequent changes to these policies? These are the research questions guiding this study on the spread of and subsequent changes to limit values for nitrogen oxide emissions from large combustion plants. By comparing the processes of diffusion and follow-up policy changes, we assess whether and how policy innovations translate into policy making. In so doing, we build on the literature on the determinants of policy diffusion and transfer. We employ original data on instances of policy adoption and policy change in 24 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries over a period of thirty years (1976–2005). The data are analysed using semi-parametric event-history models. Our empirical findings show that both international and domestic factors account for the observed variation in our data regarding both first-time adoptions and post-adoption modifications. The results reveal that the subsequent tightening of emission standards faces greater obstacles than their mere diffusion (i.e., policy adoption). While international factors and supranational integration appear to impede the subsequent tightening of existing policies, international peer pressure is a strong predictor of an on-going regulatory commitment. Overall, adoption and accommodation processes seem to follow distinctive patterns, suggesting that a promising strategy in policy innovation research would involve differentiation between the first-time adoption and subsequent modification of policies. 相似文献
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The voluntary carbon market allows participants to go beyond regulatory carbon offsetting. Recent developments have improved the transparency and credibility of voluntary carbon trading, and forest carbon credit transactions constitute more than half of trade volume. Its workings, however, have not been sufficiently explored in the literature. This study analyses the characteristics of forest carbon credit transactions in the voluntary carbon market using frequency analysis and logistic regression analysis. The results reveal that the co-benefits of forest carbon projects are an important factor influencing carbon credit transactions. From the higher transaction ratio of credits from CCB Standards-labelled projects and projects using co-benefit-oriented standards, it can be inferred that credits with potential for co-benefits (e.g. fostered corporate social responsibility, social cohesion of local communities and voluntary leadership, and positive environmental impacts) are preferred to those focusing exclusively on emission reduction in the voluntary carbon market. The findings of this study suggest that developing co-benefits is important for strengthening the market competitiveness of forest carbon credits in the voluntary carbon market. Additionally, unlike the compliance carbon market, in the voluntary carbon market stringent carbon standards do not always guarantee credit transaction performance.
POLICY RELEVANCE
After UNFCCC COP-21, the global society agreed to acknowledge various forms of international carbon crediting mechanisms, and noted the significance of greenhouse gas emissions reduction for sustainable development and environmental integrity through the Paris Agreement. Moreover, the agreement encouraged both REDD+ activities in developing countries and supports from developed countries. Additionally, co-benefits of forest carbon projects are important for credit transaction in the global voluntary carbon market. Under the new climate regime, co-benefits of forest carbon projects are expected to gain attention in the carbon market. To promote the social, economic, and environmental co-benefits of forest carbon projects, the introduction of an objective co-benefit assessment and certification system should be reviewed at the national level. 相似文献
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