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1.
Garnet (10 vol.%; pyrope contents 34–44 mol.%) hosted in quartzofeldspathic rocks within a large vertical shear zone of south Madagascar shows a strong grain‐size reduction (from a few cm to ～300 μm). Electron back‐scattered diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscope imaging coupled with quantitative analysis of digitized images (PolyLX software) have been used in order to understand the deformation mechanisms associated with this grain‐size evolution. The garnet grain‐size reduction trend has been summarized in a typological evolution (from Type I to Type IV). Type I, the original porphyroblasts, form cm‐sized elongated grains that crystallized upon multiple nucleation and coalescence following biotite breakdown: biotite + sillimanite + quartz = garnet + alkali feldspar + rutile + melt. These large garnet grains contain quartz ribbons and sillimanite inclusions. Type I garnet is sheared along preferential planes (sillimanite layers, quartz ribbons and/or suitably oriented garnet crystallographic planes) producing highly elongated Type II garnet grains marked by a single crystallographic orientation. Further deformation leads to the development of a crystallographic misorientation, subgrains and new grains resulting in Type III garnet. Associated grain‐size reduction occurs via subgrain rotation recrystallization accompanied by fast diffusion‐assisted dislocation glide. This plastic deformation of garnet is associated with efficient recovery as shown by the very low dislocation densities (1010 m?3 or lower). The rounded Type III garnet experiences rigid body rotation in fine‐grained matrix. In the highly deformed samples, the deformation mechanisms in garnet are grain‐size‐ and shape‐dependent: dislocation creep is dominant for the few large grains left (>1 mm; Type II garnet), rigid body rotation is typical for the smaller rounded grains (300 μm or less; Type III garnet) whereas diffusion creep may affect more elliptic garnet (Type IV garnet). The P–T conditions of garnet plasticity in the continental crust (≥950 °C; 11 kbar) have been identified using two‐feldspar thermometry and GASP conventional barometry. The garnet microstructural and deformation mechanisms evolution, coupled with grain‐size decrease in a fine‐grained steady‐state microstructure of quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase, suggests a separate mechanical evolution of garnet with respect to felsic minerals within the shear zone.  相似文献   

2.
In an extensional shear zone in the Talea Ori, Crete, quartz veins occur in high-pressure low-temperature metamorphic sediments at sites of dilation along shear band boundaries, kink band boundaries and boudin necks. Bent elongate grains grown epitactically from the host rock with abundant fluid inclusion trails parallel to the vein wall indicate vein formation by crack-seal increments during dissolutionprecipitation creep of the host rock. The presence of sutured high-angle grain boundaries and subgrains shows that temperatures were sufficiently high for recovery and strain-induced grain boundary migration, i.e. higher than 300 -350℃, close to peak metamorphic conditions. The generally low amount of strain accumulated by dislocation creep in quartz of the host rock and most veins indicates low bulk stress conditions of a few tens of MPa on a long term. The time scale of stress-loading to cause cyclic cracking and sealing is assumed to be lower than the Maxwell relaxation time of the metasediments undergoing dissolution-precipitation creep at high strain rates(10-10 s-1 to 10-9 s-1), which is on the order of hundred years. In contrast, some veins discordant or concordant to the foliation show heterogeneous quartz microstructures with micro-shear zones, sub-basal deformation lamellae, shortwavelength undulatory extinction and recrystallized grains restricted to high strain zones. These microstructures indicate dislocation glide-controlled crystal-plastic deformation(low-temperature plasticity) at transient high stresses of a few hundred MPa with subsequent recovery and strain-induced grain boundary migration at relaxing stresses and temperatures of at least 300 -350℃. High differential stresses in rocks at greenschist-facies conditions that relieve stress by creep on the long term, requires fast stress-loading rates, presumably by seismic activity in the overlying upper crust. The time scale for stress loading is controlled by the duration of the slip event along a fault, i.e. a few seconds to minutes.This study demonstrates that microstructures can distinguish between deformation at internal low stress-loading rates(to tens of MPa on a time scale of hundred years) and high(coseismic) stress-loading rates to a few hundred MPa on a time scale of minutes.  相似文献   

3.
Tectonic pseudotachylytes, i.e. quenched friction-induced silicate melts, record coseismic slip along faults and are mainly reported from the brittle crust in association with cataclasites. In this study, we document the occurrence of recrystallization of quartz to ultrafine-grained (grain size 1–2 μm) aggregates along microshear zones (50–150 μm thick) in the host rock adjacent to pseudotachylytes from two different faults within quartzite (Schneeberg Normal Fault Zone, Eastern Alps), and tonalite (Adamello fault, Southern Alps) in the brittle crust. The transition from the host quartz to microshear zone interior includes: (i) formation of high dislocation densities; (ii) fine (0.3–0.5 μm) polygonization to subgrains defined by disordered to well-ordered dislocation walls; (iii) development of a mosaic aggregate of dislocation-free new grains. The crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of quartz towards the microshear zone shows a progressive misorientation from the host grain, by subgrain rotation recrystallization, to a nearly random CPO possibly related to grain boundary sliding. These ultrafine aggregates appear to be typically associated with pseudotachylytes in nature. We refer the crystal plastic deformation of quartz accompanied by dramatic grain size refinement to the coseismic stages of fault slip due to high differential stress and temperature transients induced by frictional heating. Microshear zones localized on precursory fractures developed during the stages of earthquake rupture propagation and the very initial stages of fault slip. Thermal models indicate that the process of recrystallization, including recovery processes, occurred in a time lapse of a few tens of seconds.  相似文献   

4.
Polyphase metamorphic paragneisses from the drill core of the continental deep drilling project (KTB; NW Bohemian Massif) are characterized by peak pressures of about 8 kbar (medium‐P metamorphism) followed by strain accumulation at T >650 °C, initially by dislocation creep and subsequently by diffusion creep. U–Pb monazite ages and Rb–Sr whole‐rock data vary in the dm‐scale, indicating Ordovician and Mid‐Devonian metamorphic events. Such age variations are closely interconnected with dm‐scale domainal variations of microfabrics that indicate different predominant deformation mechanisms. U–Pb monazite age variations dependent on microfabric domains exceed grain‐size‐dependent age variations. In ‘mylonitic domains’ recording high magnitudes of plastic strain, dislocation creep and minor static annealing, monazite yields concordant and near concordant Lower Ordovician U–Pb ages, and the Rb–Sr whole‐rock system shows isotopic disequilibrium at an mm‐scale. In ‘mineral growth/mobilisate domains’, in which diffusive mass transfer was a major strain‐producing mechanism promoting diffusion creep of quartz and feldspar, and in which static recrystallization (annealing) reduced the internal free energy of the strained mineral aggregates, concordant U–Pb ages are Mid‐Devonian. Locally, in such domains, Rb–Sr dates among mm3‐sized whole‐rock slabs reflect post‐Ordovician resetting. In ‘transitional domains’, the U–Pb‐ages are discordant. We conclude that medium‐P metamorphism occurred at 484±2 Ma, and a second metamorphic event at 380–370 Ma (Mid‐Devonian) caused progressive strain in the rocks. Dislocation creep at high rates, even at high temperatures, does not reset the Rb–Sr whole‐rock system, while diffusion creep at low rates and stresses (i.e. low ε/Deff ratios), static annealing and the presence of intergranular fluids locally assist resetting. At temperatures above 650 °C, diffusive Pb loss did not reset Ordovician U–Pb monazite ages, and in domains of overall high imposed strain rates and stresses, resetting was not assisted by dynamic recrystallization/crystal plasticity. However, during diffusion creep at low rates, Pb loss by dissolution and precipitation (‘recrystallization’) of monazite produces discordance and Devonian‐concordant U–Pb monazite ages. Hence, resetting of these isotope systems reflects neither changes of temperature nor, directly, the presence or absence of strain.  相似文献   

5.
Shear and extensional veins formed during the reactivation of the Magdala shear system at Stawell in western Victoria, Australia, contribute to the formation of the auriferous Central and Basalt Contact lodes. Within this shear system is a range of fault rocks accompanied by steep-dipping (>65°) quartz-rich laminated shear veins and relatively flat-lying extensional veins. Both vein sets appear to have been a primary source for the host rock permeability during fluid flow in a regime of significant deviatoric stresses. The macro- and microstructures suggest that the dilatancy, that produced mineralized veins, formed under conditions of overpressure generated by fluid infiltration late in a tectonic regime. A new microfabric analysis technique is used to investigate the quartz-rich veins, which allows rapid integration of the microstructure with the crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs). Both the shear and extensional quartz veins have a random CPO with ∼120° dihedral angles between the quartz–quartz grains, which is typical of a metamorphic equilibrium microfabric. The microstructures indicate that the quartz has undergone extensive grain adjustment in the solid-state, with grain shape and size affected by interfacial solution (pressure solution) effects. These features are consistent with inferences from experimental rock deformation studies, where grain boundary migration is enhanced in a water-rich environment. The onset of solution-transfer processes (pressure solution) developed as the quartz microfabric stabilized and continued to modify the CPO and microstructure significantly. It is concluded that grain growth and pressure solution are coupled diffusive mass transfer processes, related to fluctuations in pore fluid pressures in a region undergoing deformation at near lithostatic pressures.  相似文献   

6.
Optical, cathodoluminescence and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses were conducted on four groups of calcite fault rocks, a cataclastic limestone, cataclastic coarse-grained marbles from two fault zones, and a fractured mylonite. These fault rocks show similar microstructural characteristics and give clues to similar processes of rock deformation. They are characterized by the structural contrast between macroscopic cataclastic (brittle) and microscopic mylonitic (ductile) microstructures. Intragranular deformation microstructures (i.e. deformation twins, kink bands and microfractures) are well preserved in the deformed grains in clasts or in primary rocks. The matrix materials are of extremely fine grains with diffusive features. Dislocation microstructures for co-existing brittle deformation and crystalline plasticity were revealed using TEM. Tangled dislocations are often preserved at the cores of highly deformed clasts, while dislocation walls form in the transitions to the fine-grained  相似文献   

7.
Intragranular microshear zones within a greenschist facies calcite marble were studied to try to constrain better the processes of dynamic recrystallization as well as the deformation processes that occur within newly recrystallized grains. Intragranular recrystallized grains within large, twinned calcite porphyroclasts can be related to the host from which they have recrystallized and are the focus of an electron backscatter diffraction study. Lattice distortions, low angle boundaries and some high angle boundaries (>15°) in the microshears within a porphyroclast have the same misorientation axes suggesting that deformation occurred by climb-accommodated dislocation creep involving subgrain rotation recrystallization. Changes in the ratio of host and twin domain, as the deformation zone is entered, show that twin boundary migration also occurred. Recrystallized grains have similar sizes (10–60 μm) to subgrains, suggesting that they formed by subgrain rotation. However, within the intragranular microshear zones the misorientations between recrystallized grains and porphyroclasts are considerably larger than 15° and misorientation axes are randomly oriented. Moreover recrystallized grain orientations average around the porphyroclast orientation. We suggest that the recrystallized grains, once formed, are able to deform partly by diffusion accommodated grain boundary sliding, which is consistent with predictions made from lab flow laws.  相似文献   

8.
Micaceous quartzites from a subvertical shear zone in the Tauern Window contain abundant quartz clasts derived from dismembered quartz‐tourmaline veins. Bulk plane strain deformation affected these rocks at amphibolite facies conditions. Shape changes suggest net shortening of the clasts by 11–64%, with a mean value of 35%. Quartz within the clasts accommodated this strain largely via dislocation creep processes. On the high‐stress flanks of the clasts, however, quartz was removed via solution mass transfer (pressure solution) processes; the resulting change in bulk composition allowed growth of porphyroblastic staurolite + chlorite ± kyanite on the clast flanks. Matrix SiO2 contents decrease from c. 83 wt% away from the clasts to 49–58% in the selvages on the clast flanks. The chemical changes are consistent with c. 70% volume loss in the high‐stress zones. Calculated shortening values within the clast flanks are similar to the volume‐loss estimates, and are greatly in excess of the shortening values calculated from the clasts themselves. Flow laws for dislocation creep versus pressure solution imply large strain‐rate gradients and/or differential stress gradients between the matrix and the clast selvages. In a rock containing a large proportion of semirigid clasts, weakening within the clast flanks could dominate rock rheology. In our samples, however, weakening within the selvages was self limiting: (1) growth of strong staurolite porphyroblasts in the selvages protected remaining quartz from dissolution; and (2) overall flattening of the quartz clasts probably decreased the resolved shear stress on the flanks to values near those of the matrix, which would have reduced the driving force for solution‐transfer creep. Extreme chemical changes nonetheless occurred over short distances. The necessity of maintaining strain compatibility may lead to significant localized dissolution in rocks containing rheologic heterogeneities, and overall weakening of the rocks may result. Solution‐transfer creep may be a major process whereby weakening and strain localization occur during deep‐crustal metamorphism of polymineralic rocks.  相似文献   

9.
A microstructural analysis was carried out on mylonitic rocks of the Azul megashear zone (AMSZ), Tandilia, which were formed in a range of metamorphic conditions from lower greenschist to amphibolite facies. Tailed porphyroclasts are common and mostly symmetric. Scarce asymmetric rotated porphyroclasts show both sinistral and dextral senses of shear. In sections parallel to the mylonitic foliation, porphyroclasts are round. The AMSZ is probably related to the late Transamazonian orogenic cycle and may be due to NNE–SSW-directed convergence. In weakly deformed protolith and protomylonites, quartz deforms by dynamic recrystallization, mainly subgrain rotation in dislocation creep Regime 2. K-feldspar porphyroclasts and plagioclase show scarce fracturation and deform by dynamic recrystallization along grain boundaries. Quartz microstructures in mylonites indicate predominantly Regime 3 grain boundary migration recrystallization. Feldspar structures indicate recrystallization through the nucleation and growth of new grains at grain boundaries. The temperatures of deformation from mineral assemblages in the CNKFMASH system in four bulk compositions are in the range of 400–450 °C, and the pressures are more than 6 kb.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract: A series of super large‐scale and large‐scale Pb and Zn, and Au deposits are distributed in the Qinling orogenic belt, China. Gold deposits were generally ascribed to Carlin‐type originated from circular meteoric water. Visible and coarse‐grained gold (up to over 3mm in grain size) was recently identified in some gold deposits in the Fengxian‐Lixian area, Qinling. Au‐bearing quartz lodes related to magmatism were discovered in the Xiaogouli gold deposit. Two types of Au‐bearing quartz veins, i.e., NW‐trending quartz veins and NE‐trending quartz veins cutting strata are widely present in the Baguamiao gold deposit. Both are spatially associated with each other. The former is generally snake–like, S‐shape or zigzag, which was resulted from plastic deformation by ductile shearing, being generally cut by the latter. The latter is generally linear with widely developed bleaching alteration zones in its adjacent wall rocks, which symbolizes the superimposition of brittle deformation and filling and metasomatism of magmatic hydrothermal solution in ductile shear zones after uplifting of the shear zones near the surface. The NW‐trending quartz veins contain Au of lower than 3ppm. The NE‐trending quartz veins contain Au of more than 3 ppm, so that NE‐trending quartz veins and the adjoining altered rocks are important ores. The NW‐trending Au–bearing quartz vein was dated as 210.61.26 to 232.581.59 Ma by 40Ar–39Ar method, i.e., late Indosinian epoch (Triassic). The NE‐trending Au–bearing quartz vein was dated as 131.910.89 to 197.451.13 Ma by 40Ar–39Ar method, i.e., Yanshanian epoch (Jurassic). The 40Ar–39Ar age of the NW‐trending Au–bearing quartz veins represents the age of the ductile shear formation. The isotope data of the NE‐trending quartz veins indicate that gold mineralization was closely related to Indosinian and Yanshanian granite intrusives not only in time and space, but also in origin.  相似文献   

11.
Structural investigations, integrated with X‐ray diffraction, fluid inclusion microthermometry and oxygen‐stable isotope analyses are used to reconstruct the deformation history and the palaeo‐fluid circulation during formation of the low‐grade, turbidite‐dominated Early Palaeozoic Robertson Bay accretionary complex of north Victoria Land (Antarctica). Evidence for progressive deformation is elucidated by analysing the textural fabric of chronologically distinct, thrust‐related quartz vein generations, incrementally developed during progressive shortening and thickening of the Robertson Bay accretionary complex. Our data attest that orogenic deformation was mainly controlled by dissolution–precipitation creep, modulated by stress‐ and strain‐rate‐dependent fluid pressure cycling, associated with local and regional permeability variations induced by the distribution and evolution of the fracture network during regional thrusting. Fracture‐related fluid pathways constituted efficient conduits for episodic fluid flow. The dominant migrating fluid was pre‐to‐syn‐folding and associated with the migration of warm (160–200 °C) nitrogen‐ and carbonic (CO2 and CH4)‐bearing fluids. Both fluid advection and diffusive mass transfer are recognized as operative mechanisms for fluid–rock interaction and vein formation during continuous shortening. In particular, fluid–rock interaction was the consequence of dissolution–precipitation creep assisted by tectonically driven cooling fluids moving through the rock section as a result of seismic pumping. The most likely source of the migrating fluids would be the frontal part of the growing accretionary complex, where fluids from the deep levels in the hinterland are driven trough channelization operated by the thrust‐related fracture (fault) systems.  相似文献   

12.
Recrystallized grain sizes, subgrain sizes and dislocation densities of quartz grains in quartzose mylonitic rocks have been examined using optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The samples come from the Moine Thrust zone in the Assynt district, Scotland. They had been studied previously and described in detail with respect to their structural position in relation to the various thrusts in the region and to their preferred orientation. Stresses were derived from these samples using empirical and theoretical equations relating flow stress to the scale of the microstructures. The stresses determined, 43–244 MPa from recrystallized grain size, 9–13 MPa from etched subgrain size, 50–95 MPa from TEM-scale subgrain size and 75–147 MPa from dislocation density, are not constant in individual samples. Simultaneous formation of the quartz fabrics and of the dynamically recrystallized grains during the period of mylonitization may have occurred under flow stresses ranging from 43 to 244 MPa. A later dynamic recovery event reset subgrain sizes and dislocation densities to a constant-value for each microstructure throughout the area. There is insufficient empirical information available on the flow stress/subgrain size relationship and on the effects of annealing recovery and annealing recrystallization to allow for a more detailed interpretation. Recrystallized grain size is still the most easily measured microstructural feature and the relationship of recrystallized grain size to flow stress has a sounder experimental basis than subgrain size or dislocation density. The effect of chemical environment on the behaviour of all the microstructures is still unknown.  相似文献   

13.
A microstructural and metamorphic study of a naturally deformed medium‐ to high‐pressure granitic orthogneiss (Orlica–?nie?nik dome, Bohemian Massif) provides evidence of behaviour of the felsic crust during progressive burial along a subduction‐type apparent thermal gradient (～10 °C km?1). The granitic orthogneisses develops three distinct microstructural types, as follows: type I – augen orthogneiss, type II – banded orthogneiss and type III – mylonitic orthogneiss, each representing an evolutionary stage of a progressively deformed granite. Type I orthogneiss is composed of partially recrystallized K‐feldspar porphyroclasts surrounded by wide fronts of myrmekite, fully recrystallized quartz aggregates and interconnected monomineralic layers of recrystallized plagioclase. Compositional layering in the type II orthogneiss is defined by plagioclase‐ and K‐feldspar‐rich layers, both of which show an increasing proportion of interstitial minerals, as well as the deformation of recrystallized myrmekite fronts. Type III orthogneiss shows relicts of quartz and K‐feldspar ribbons preserved in a fine‐grained polymineralic matrix. All three types have the same assemblage (quartz + plagioclase + K‐feldspar + muscovite + biotite + garnet + sphene ± ilmenite), but show systematic variations in the composition of muscovite and garnet from types I to III. This is consistent with the equilibration of the three types at different positions along a prograde P?T path ranging from <15 kbar and <700 °C (type I orthogneiss) to 19–20 kbar and >700 °C (types II and III orthogneisses). The deformation types thus do not represent evolutionary stages of a highly partitioned deformation at constant P?T conditions, but reflect progressive formation during the burial of the continental crust. The microstructures of the type I and type II orthogneisses result from the dislocation creep of quartz and K‐feldspar whereas a grain boundary sliding‐dominated diffusion creep regime is the characteristic of the type III orthogneiss. Strain weakening related to the transition from type I to type II microstructures was enhanced by the recrystallization of wide myrmekite fronts, and plagioclase and quartz, and further weakening and strain localization in type III orthogneiss occurred via grain boundary sliding‐enhanced diffusion creep. The potential role of incipient melting in strain localization is discussed.  相似文献   

14.
Near the eastern end of the Tonale fault zone, a segment of the Periadriatic fault system in the Italian Alps, the Adamello intrusion produced a syn-kinematic contact aureole. A temperature gradient from 250 to 700 °C was determined across the Tonale fault zone using critical syn-kinematic mineral assemblages from the metasedimentary host rocks surrounding deformed quartz veins. Deformed quartz veins sampled along this temperature gradient display a transition from cataclasites to mylonites (frictional–viscous transition) at 280±30 °C. Within the mylonites, zones characterized by different dynamic recrystallization mechanisms were defined: Bulging recrystallization (BLG) was dominant between 280 and 400 °C, subgrain rotation recrystallization (SGR) in the 400–500 °C interval, and the transition to dominant grain boundary migration recrystallization (GBM) occurred at 500 °C. The microstructures associated with the three recrystallization mechanisms and the transitions between them can be correlated with experimentally derived dislocation creep regimes. Bulk texture X-ray goniometry and computer-automated analysis of preferred [c]-axis orientations of porphyroclasts and recrystallized grains are used to quantify textural differences that correspond to the observed microstructural changes. Within the BLG- and SGR zones, porphyroclasts show predominantly single [c]-axis maxima. At the transition from the SGR- to the GBM zone, the texture of recrystallized grains indicates a change from [c]-axis girdles, diagnostic of multiple slip systems, to a single maximum in Y. Within the GBM zone, above 630±30 °C, the textures also include submaxima, which are indicative of combined basal a- and prism [c] slip.  相似文献   

15.
对胜利油田胜坨地区碎屑岩储层岩芯样品和岩石薄晶片分别采用场发射扫描电镜、透射电镜进行镜下观察与能谱测试分析。结果表明：碎屑岩中骨架矿物石英和长石中存在纳米尺度的结构特征;石英镜下可见类蚀像凹坑、雏晶单晶、平行脊线、晶体位错、类包裹体晶内核等5种纳米尺度的结构;长石镜下可见晶面平行凹痕、溶蚀针、纳米级薄层断阶、长石高岭石化、晶体位错和超微包裹体等6种纳米尺度的结构;这些结构大多在几百纳米的尺度范围内,有的甚至只有几十纳米;矿物在纳米尺度上表现出的结构特征与其本身的硬度变化、晶体品格缺陷、晶体生长过程以及成岩作用的显微表现和显微构造应力改造作用有关。对碎屑岩骨架矿物中纳米尺度结构特征的进一步研究有望为岩石显微变形的应力作用机制和方式以及溶解作用等成岩作用模式做出有效分析,进而为油气勘探开发提供新的探索方式。  相似文献   

16.
In this contribution we present a review of the evolution of microstructures and fabric in ice. Based on the review we show the potential use of ice as an analogue for rocks by considering selected examples that can be related to quartz-rich rocks. Advances in our understanding of the plasticity of ice have come from experimental investigations that clearly show that plastic deformation of polycrystalline ice is initially produced by basal slip. Interaction of dislocations play an essential role for dynamic recrystallization processes involving grain nucleation and grain-boundary migration during the steady-state flow of ice. To support this review we describe deformation in polycrystalline ‘standard’ water-ice and natural-ice samples, summarize other experiments involving bulk samples and use in situ plane-strain deformation experiments to illustrate the link between microstructure and fabric evolution, rheological response and dominant processes. Most terrestrial ice masses deform at low shear stresses by grain-size-insensitive creep with a stress exponent (n ≤ 3). However, from experimental observations it is shown that the distribution of plastic activity producing the microstructure and fabric is initially dominated by grain-boundary migration during hardening (primary creep), followed by dynamic recrystallization during transient creep (secondary creep) involving new grain nucleation, with further cycles of grain growth and nucleation resulting in near steady-state creep (tertiary creep). The microstructural transitions and inferred mechanism changes are a function of local and bulk variations in strain energy (i.e. dislocation densities) with surface grain-boundary energy being secondary, except in the case of static annealing. As there is a clear correspondence between the rheology of ice and the high-temperature deformation dislocation creep regime of polycrystalline quartz, we suggest that lessons learnt from ice deformation can be used to interpret polycrystalline quartz deformation. Different to quartz, ice allows experimental investigations at close to natural strain rate, and through in-situ experiments offers the opportunity to study the dynamic link between microstructural development, rheology and the identification of the dominant processes.  相似文献   

17.
Filling temperature data obtained from tectonic vein quartz varies according to the state of intracrystalline deformation. Strain free domains within grains exhibit abundant primary fluid inclusions, from which internally consistent temperatures are recorded. The onset of optical features associated with intracrystalline deformation by dislocation creep is accompanied by a decrease in the number of fluid inclusions and an increase of filling temperatures. At higher states of strain tectonic recrystallisation, evidenced by the formation of new subgrains, leads to the complete destruction of inclusion arrays. Empty cavities are swept out of the new grains during recrystallisation, into subgrain walls. Heterogeneous deformation of vein quartz at the intracrystalline level may be due in part to selective hydrolytic weakening in areas where fluid inclusions have leaked and thereby increased the structural water content.  相似文献   

18.
变质构造岩类型及其特征   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
变质构造岩是由变质变形作用形成的一种特殊类型岩石,形成于地壳不同构造层次上的韧性变形带中,具有明确的构造成因的含义。依据变形机制、组构、同构造新生矿物组合,以及形成环境,将韧性剪切带中变质构造岩分为构造片麻岩系列、构造片岩系列和糜棱岩系列。构造片麻岩系列形成于地壳深部构造层次上,以颗粒流动和扩散蠕变变形机制为主,宏观上表现为条纹和条带状构造,微观上为三边平衡结构。构造片岩系列形成于地壳中浅部构造层次上,以位错蠕变和新矿物化作用为主,由同构造新生片状矿物和基质组成。糜棱岩系列主要以位错蠕变变形机制为主,动力重结晶现象普遍,由残斑和基质两个部分组成,粒度变细,S-L组构发育,形成于地壳中-中浅部层次。  相似文献   

19.
Continuous compositional zoning in amphibole grains in strongly deformed and lineated amphibolites from the Eastern Blue Ridge, North Carolina indicates that most of the deformation was accommodated by dissolution–precipitation creep. Amphibole in most samples shows moderate prograde and/or retrograde zoning parallel to the long‐axis with compositions ranging between magnesiohornblende and tschermakite. In one sample, grains are zoned from actinolitic (Si = 7.9 p.f.u.) cores to tschermakitic (Si = 6.2 p.f.u) rims. Amphibole‐plagioclase thermometry suggests prograde growth temperatures as low as 400 °C, but typically range from 650 to 730 °C and retrograde growth temperatures <700 °C. These estimates are corroborated quantitatively with amphibole‐garnet‐plagioclase thermobarometry and qualitatively with a positive correlation between TiO2 concentration in amphibole and calculated temperature. This growth zoning provides persuasive evidence that amphibole precipitation produced the fabric, but evidence for dissolution is less common. It is present, however in the form of truncations of complicated zoning patterns produced by healed fractures and overgrowths in low‐temperature cores by high‐temperature tschermakitic grains lacking similar internal structures. The preservation of this network of straight cracks filled with optically continuous amphibole also provides evidence against the operation of dislocation creep even to temperatures >700 °C because dislocation‐creep would have deformed the fracture network. Thus, these amphibolites deformed by dissolution–precipitation creep that produced a strong linear fabric under upper amphibolite facies, middle‐to‐lower crustal conditions. The significance of this discovery is that dissolution–precipitation creep is activated at lower stresses than dislocation creep and that the strength of the lower crust, where amphibole is the dominant mineral is probably lower than that derived from experimental studies.  相似文献   

20.
硅质岩以SiO2为主,并广泛发育于造山带内。激光Raman、SEM-EDS分析结果显示,研究区硅质岩微组构特征记录了造山作用、成矿作用和重结晶作用等的改造。SEM分析显示,研究区硅质岩中石英颗粒较小且呈紧密堆积,这些特征符合热水沉积快速结晶的特点。激光Raman分析结果中,石英颗粒自边缘向中心核部的拉曼特征峰(463cm-1)经高斯拟合(Gaussian Fitting)后尖锐程度逐渐递增,半高宽(FWHM)递减,反映了石英自身的重结晶作用。在石英颗粒边界与碳酸盐脉的接触部位,结晶程度和有序度自内向外呈递增趋势,反映了石英颗粒遭受了流体的影响,SEM分析结果中石英颗粒的絮状反应残余边界进一步支持了该结论。在SEM下,金属硫化物在裂隙和空隙中发生沉淀并呈线状和零星浸染状分布,与应力作用及杂质矿物有着密切的关系。另外,据硅质岩中的脉体穿插关系,指示西秦岭存在碳酸盐(铁白云石)热液→金属硫化物热液→硅质-碳酸盐(方解石)热液的多阶段流体演化,与东秦岭流体作用具有较好的相似性。  相似文献   

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