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1.
Using slab model atmospheres that are irradiated from both sides by photospheric, chromospheric, and coronal radiation fields we have determined the ionization and excitation equilibrium for hydrogen.The model atom consists of two bound levels (n = 1 and n = 2) and a continuum. Ly- was assumed to be optically thick with the transition in detailed radiative balance. The Balmer continuum was assumed to be optically thin with the associated radiative ionization dominated by the photospheric radiation field (T rad = 5940 K). The ionization equilibrium was determined from an exact treatment of the radiative transfer problem for the internally generated Ly-c field and the impressed chromospheric and coronal field (characterized by T rad = 6500K).Our calculations corroborate the hypothesis that N2, the n = 2 population density, is uniquely determined by the electron density N e. We also present ionization curves for 6000K, 7500K, and 10000K models ranging in total hydrogen density from 1 × 1010/cm3 to 3 × 1012/cm3. Using these curves it is possible to obtain the total hydrogen density from the n = 2 population density in prominences and spicules.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

2.
Ratios of emission line intensities are used to calculate the variation of temperature and the variation of electron density as a function of ion class for differing paths through a coronal enhancement. The data indicate (a) a peak mean electron density of 2.3 × 109 cm–3, (b) a temperature maximum greater than 2.3 × 106 K, and (c) the non-coincidence of the peak temperature and peak mean electron density. The latter demonstrates the invalidity of the assumption of symmetric models for coronal enhancements.The abundance of Ni was found to be equal to 0.045 that of Fe from the line ratio I( 6702)/ /I( 7059) and a density model based on the variation of the ratio I( 8024)/I( 6702).  相似文献   

3.
The mass ejection event on 17 January 1974 was a classsic spray associated with a flare from an over the limb region. The structure of the accompanying coronal transient was typical of well-observed mass ejections, with coronal loops and a forerunner racing ahead of the rising prominence. Observations in H, soft X-ray, white light and radio wavelengths allowed us to track both cool (T e104 K) and hot (T e>106 K) material from limb de-occultation to 6R . We determined the kinematics and thermodynamics of the internal material, and the overall mass and energy budget of the event. The majority of the mass and energy was linked with coronal material, but at least 20% of the ejected mass originated as near-surface prominence material. We conclude that the upper part of the prominence was being continuously heated to coronal temperatures as it rose through the corona. Above 2R nearly all of the material was completely ionized. The primary acceleration of the prominence occurred below 3.5 × 104 km with all of the material exhibiting constant velocity above 1.5R . We found evidence that a moving type IV burst, indicative of strong magnetic fields, was associated with the upper part of the prominence. Our observations suggest that both the cool and hot material were acted upon by a similar, continuous force(s) to great heights and over a long time interval. We find that the observations are most consistent with magnetic propulsion models of coronal transients.  相似文献   

4.
J. Roosen 《Solar physics》1969,7(3):448-462
The quiet component of the 9.1-cm solar radio emission is studied from the Stanford radioheliograms covering the period April–October 1964. The distribution of the brightness temperature in heliographic coordinates is not entirely uniform, but positive and negative departures from the average value appear at a number of stable locations. The most important negative departure crosses the central meridian 4 days before the maximum of the recurrent geomagnetic activity. Two out of three less important brightness depressions are connected with geomagnetic disturbances in the same manner. It is suggested that the brightness depressions are identical with M-regions.The result is confirmed by the construction of polytrope models for the solar wind, for various values of the parameters (the polytrope index) and T (the temperature in the inner corona). The velocities near the earth's orbit and in the inner corona are computed as functions of the model parameters, the density results from the observed proton flux at 1 AU. For quiet conditions the model with T = 1.26 × 106 K and = 1.10 is appropriate. The corresponding density and temperature in the corona lead to a value of 4000 K for the contribution of the corona to the 9-cm brightness. For disturbed conditions the suitable model has the parameters T 2.0 × 106 K, a 1.04. It being given that the proton flux at 1 AU is relatively constant, the equation of continuity leads to a low coronal density because of the high solar-wind velocity. The corresponding coronal contribution to the 9-cm brightness is of the order of 10 K. This confirms that the brightness temperature is considerably reduced in the regions where the enhanced solar wind originates. We suggest the name coronal depression for such regions.Papers II and III will appear in forthcoming issues of this journal.  相似文献   

5.
Slit spectrograms of a quiescent prominence and the inner corona (h2.5 arc min) in the range 3400–7000 Å (dispersion 6–10 Å/mm) were obtained. From an analysis of the Stark effect on the Balmer lines (up to number 36) the electron density in the prominence n e = (7 ± 3) × 1010 cm–3 was deduced. The kinetic temperature T k and the non-thermal velocities t, found from a simultaneous consideration of the Balmer and metal lines, are T k 10 000 K and v t6 km/s. Also the emission measure of the prominence along the line-of-sight was found: ME = 1031 cm–5.In the coronal spectrum 24 coronal lines were found. Thirteen of these lines were identified and measured photometrically to get their absolute intensities, profiles and halfwidths. For nine lines the intensities as a function of the height were studied and on this basis the coronal lines were divided into a few groups. The line-of-sight and non-thermal velocities are r 10 km/s and t 25 km/s. The coronal lines originate in at least three types of regions with different temperatures. The emission measure as a function of the ionization temperature was determined. The abundances of four elements of the iron group (V, Cr, Mn, Co) were estimated. The abundances of the other elements of the same group (A, Ca, Fe, Ni), found from EUV-data, are in a good agreement with our observations. The degree of inhomogeneity in the corona was estimated: .  相似文献   

6.
Summary Stars of nearly all spectral types and luminosity classes are surrounded by tenuous high-temperature (T106-107K) coronae, which emit most of their radiation in the soft X-ray part of the spectrum. This paper reviews our present observational knowledge and theoretical understanding of stellar coronae, as has emerged from the extensive observations carried out with theEinstein and EXOSAT Observatories. We argue that different physical mechanisms are likely to be responsible for coronal emission in different parts of the HR diagram and we discuss the principal scenarios that have been proposed to account for the data. We show that in spite of the enormous progress made during the past decade, our understanding of stellar coronal emission remains incomplete and largely phenomenological. We outline major unsolved problems to be addressed by future space missions.  相似文献   

7.
The Very Large Array (VLA) has been used at 20 cm wavelength to study the evolution of a burst loop with 4 resolution on timescales as short as 10 s. The VLA observations show that the coronal loop began to heat up and change its structure about 15 min before the eruption of two impulsive bursts. The first of these bursts occurred near the top of the loop that underwent preburst heating, while the second burst probably occurred along the legs of an adjacent loop. These observations evoke flare models in which coronal loops twist, develop magnetic instabilities and then erupt. We also combine the VLA observations with GOES X-ray data to derive a peak electron temperature of T e = 2.5 × 107 K and an average electron density of N e 1 × 1010 cm–3 in the coronal loop during the preburst heating phase.  相似文献   

8.
The following is shown on the basis of a solution of the integral diffusion equations for radiation in a multilevel helium atom under low-temperature plasma conditions (T e = 7000 K) in the Vertical slab model: (a) Neutral helium is ionized by coronal radiation mainly in the 100–300 Å spectral region; the degree of helium ionization is maximum at the boundary planes, (b) The photorecombinations to the 23 S and 21 S levels and the photoionizations by the Balmer continuum of the Sun are very nearly balanced and this determines the population of these levels. The 23 S level is destroyed by electron impacts (this reduces the brightness of the triplet lines), and the 21 S level decays via the escape of the quanta of 584 through the 21 P level, (c) Emission in the resonance line 584 (21 P 11 S) occurs due to recombination to 21 S with subsequent absorption of quanta of infrared radiation 20581. This is a rare case. (d) The radiation of helium is generated in the vicinity of the boundary planes in the region of penetration of radiation with 200 Å, where the density of matter decreases gradually down to the coronal value. In the subordinate lines, the radiation is conditioned by the quasi-resonance scattering of photospheric radiation, (e) The calculated absolute values of the intensities of the helium and hydrogen lines are in good agreement with the observations (see Figure 6).The helium to hydrogen number ratio is close to 0.05.  相似文献   

9.
Tu  C.-Y.  Marsch  E. 《Solar physics》1997,171(2):363-391
A model of the solar corona and wind is developed which includes for the first time the heating and acceleration effects of high-frequency Alfvén waves in the frequency range between 1 Hz and 1 kHz. The waves are assumed to be generated by the small-scale magnetic activity in the chromospheric network. The wave dissipation near the gyro-frequency, which decreases with increasing solar distance, leads to strong coronal heating. The resulting heating function is different from other artificial heating functions used in previous model calculations. The associated thermal pressure-gradient force and wave pressure-gradient force together can accelerate the wind to high velocities, such as those observed by Helios and Ulysses. Classical Coulomb heat conduction is also considered and turns out to play a role in shaping the temperature profiles of the heated protons. The time-dependent two-fluid (electrons and protons) model equations and the time-dependent wave-spectrum equation are numerically integrated versus solar distance out to about 0.3 AU. The solutions finally converge and settle on time-stationary profiles which are discussed in detail. The model computations can be made to fit the observed density profiles of a polar coronal hole and polar plume with the sonic point occurring at 2.4 R and 3.2 R , respectively. The solar wind speeds obtained at 63 R are 740 km s-1 and 540 km s-1; the mass flux is 2.1 and 2.2 × 108 cm-2 s-1 (normalized to 1 AU), respectively. The proton temperature increases from a value of 4 × 105 K at the lower boundary to 2 × 106 K in the corona near 2 R .  相似文献   

10.
The coronal hole observed on May 31, 1973 is studied using extreme ultraviolet and radio observations. The EUV line is the Fe xv at = 284 Å and the radio frequencies are 169 and 408 MHz. An unsuccessful attempt to deduce an homogeneous model of the hole from these observations, shows that EUV and radio observations are inconsistent if interpreted in such a frame and if the EUV line intensity measurements in the hole are reliable.Inhomogeneities are therefore required to account for both observations. An inhomogeneous model consisting of hot (T2×106K) elements covering 10% of the hole surface surrounded by regions of colder gas (T8×105K) is able to explain both observations.  相似文献   

11.
An emission measure analysis is performed for the Prominence-Corona Transition Region (PCTR) under the assumption that the cool matter of quiescent filaments is contained in long, thin magnetic flux loops imbedded in hot coronal cavity gas. Consequently, there is a transition region around each thread.Comparison of the model and observations implies that the temperature gradient is perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in the lower part of the PCTR (T < 105 K). It is shown that in this layer the heating given by the divergence of the transverse conduction fails to account for the observed UV and EUV emission by several orders of magnitude. It is, therefore, suggested that the heating of these layers could be due to dissipation of Alfvén waves.In the high-temperature layers (T 105 K), where the plasma 1, the temperature gradient is governed by radiative cooling balancing conductive heating from the surrounding hot coronal gas. Also in these outer layers the presence of magnetic fields reduces notably the thermal conduction relative to the ideal field-free case. Numerical modelling gives good agreement with observed DEM; the inferred value of the flux carried by Alfvén waves, as well as that of the damping length, greatly support the suggested form of heating. The model assumes that about 1/3 of the volume is occupied by threads and the rest by hot coronal cavity matter.The brightness of the EUV emission will depend on the angle between the thread structure and the line of sight, which may lead to a difference in brightness from observations at the limb and on the disk.  相似文献   

12.
Information concerning the coronal expansion is carried by solar wind heavy ions. Distinctly different energy-per-charge ion spectra are found in two classes of solar wind having the low kinetic temperatures necessary for E/q resolution of the ion species. Heavy ion spectra which can be resolved are most frequently observed in the low-speed interstream (IS) plasma found between high speed streams; the streams are thought to be coming from coronal holes. Although the sources of the IS plasma are uncertain, the heavy ion spectra found there contain identifiable peaks of O, Si, and Fe ions. Such spectra indicate that the IS ionization state of O is established in coronal gas at T 2.1 × 106 K while that of Fe is frozen in farther out at 1.5 × 106 K. On occasion anomalous spectra are found outside IS flows in solar wind with abnormally depressed local kinetic temperatures. The anomalous spectra contain Fe16+ ions, not usually found in IS flows, and the derived coronal freezing in temperatures are significantly higher; for two of the best cases values of 3.4 × 106 K were found for the O ions and 2.9 × 106 K for Fe ions. The coronal sources of some of these ionizationally hot flows are identified as solar flares. The appearance of abnormally depressed kinetic temperatures in solar wind coming from flare-heated coronal gas lends support to earlier speculation that flares can expel plasma enclosed in magnetic bottles or bubbles. In transit to 1 AU the gas is sufficiently isolated from the hot corona that it cools anomalously.The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory requests that the publisher identify this article as work performed under the auspices of the Department of Energy.By acceptance of this article, the publisher recognizes that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or to allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.  相似文献   

13.
Although back conduction from the corona has been shown to be inadequate for powering EUV emission below T 2 × 105 K, it is thought to be adequate in the temperature range 2 × 105 K < T < 106 K. No models to date, however, have included the large magnetic constriction which should occur in the legs of coronal loops where conductive transition regions, hitherto thought to contain the bulk of the plasma in this higher temperature range, are located. On the basis of fine scale magnetograms, Dowdy et al. (1986) have estimated that these magnetic flux tubes are constricted from end to end by an areal factor of approximately 100. Furthermore, on the basis of simple steady-state conductive models, Dowdy et al. (1985) have shown that the large constriction can inhibit the conductive flow of heat by an order of magnitude. We are thus led to re-examine static models of this region of the atmosphere which incorporate not only conduction and radiation but also the effects of large magnetic constrictions. We find that the structure of this plasma depends not only on the magnitude of the constriction but also on the tube's shape.Our results show that no model with a constriction of order 100 can simultaneously (a) produce the variation of differential emission measure with temperature derived from measured line intensities and (b) satisfy the observed constraint (Reeves, 1976) that EUV emission from below T 7 × 105 K be confined to the supergranular network, covering no more than 0.45 of the solar surface. The failure of the models suggests that the bulk of the 105–106 K plasma in the quiet solar atmosphere is not in transition region structures, but is instead magnetically isolated from the corona and heated internally. Even though the transition region component of 105–106 K plasma in the legs of coronal loops should exist, it comprises only a small fraction of the total 105–106 K plasma and, hence, produces only a small fraction of the observed EUV emission from this temperature range.We also find that for any permitted tube shape, constriction factors of order 100 reduce the coronal conductive energy losses to the transition region to a value which is less than a third of the value for an unconstricted field, i.e., to less than 2 × 105 erg cm –2 s –1. In particular, if the magnetic geometry of the upper transition region is extremely concave (i.e., horn-shaped geometry with most of the areal divergence near the hot end), then a constriction of order 100 results in a conductive loss of less than 1 × 104 erg cm–2 s–1 and, hence, much less than the coronal radiative energy loss. For such geometries, the constriction in the magnetic field hence provides an effective thermal insulation of the corona from the cooler parts of the solar atmosphere.Presidential Young Investigator.  相似文献   

14.
The Very Large Array (VLA) and the RATAN 600 were used to observe a solar active region on two consecutive days around the time of a partial solar eclipse in July 1990. VLA synthesis maps at 2.0, 3.5, and 6.2 cm wavelength reveal bright (T b = 0.2 – 2.2 × 106 K), compact ( = 10–40) sources above the penumbra of the leading sunspot while maps at 20 cm wavelength reveal an extended ( 4.5) looplike structure (T b 106 K) between the dominant spots. Total flux and brightness temperature spectra of both components were obtained by the RATAN at nine wavelengths between 1.7 and 21 cm. The relatively-flat spectrum of the extended emission is attributed to the optically thin thermal brems Strahlung of electrons trapped in a magnetic loop at coronal temperatures. Step-spectrum sunspot-associated emission is attributed to thermal gyroresonance radiation at different heights along the leg of a loop joining regions of opposite magnetic polarity. Comparisons with predicted distributions of gyroresonance radiation indicate that the compact sunspot-associated sources lie at heights of h = 2500–17500 km above the photosphere. Although potential fields of sufficient strength appear to exist at coronal heights, differences n the observed and predicted brightness distributions suggest some role for non-potential fields or for an inhomogeneous distribution of electron density or temperature above the sunspot.  相似文献   

15.
Observations of the post-flare loop system formed after the east limb proton flare of 12 August 1970 include (a) sets of filtergrams from which photographic subtractions have been constructed and (b) spectra from which a distribution of electron density as a function of temperature for three coronal regions are derived. The filtergrams show no indications of radial velocities in excess of 80 km/s. The spectra indicate an increase in density at the tops of the loops with most of the material at a relatively cool temperature: N 6.0 × 1010, T = 3 × 105K. The distribution functions obtained for areas just above and just below loops indicate a lower electron density and the presence of material at high temperatures, N 2.0 × 1010 and T 2.6 × 106K (above the loops) and T e > > 4.4 × 106K for material below the loops.  相似文献   

16.
    
Chuan-Yi Tu 《Solar physics》1971,109(1):149-186
A new solar wind model has been developed by including in the model the Alfvénic fluctuation power spectrum equation proposed by Tu et al. (1984). The basic assumptions of the model are as follows: (1) for heliocentric distances r > 10 R , the radial variation of the power spectrum of Alfvénic fluctuations is controlled by the spectrum equation (1), (2) for heliocentric distances r < 10 R , the radial variation of the fluctuation amplitude is determined by the Alfvén wave WKB solution, (3) no energy cascades from the low-frequency boundary of the Alfvénic fluctuation power spectrum into the fluctuation frequency range, and the energy which cascades from the high-energy boundary of the spectrum into the higher frequency range is transported to heat of the solar wind flow. Some solutions of this model which, on one hand, describe the major properties of the Alfvénic fluctuations and the high-speed flow observed by Helios in the space range between 0.3–1 AU and, on the other hand, are consistent with the observational constraints at the coronal base have been obtained under the following conditions: (1) the spectrum index of the fluctuations is near to -1 for almost the whole frequency range at 10 R , (2) the particle flux density at 1 AU is not greater than 3 × 108 cm–2 s–1, (3) the solution is for spherically-symmetric flow geometry or the solution passes through the outermost of the three critical points of the rapidly diverging flow geometry with f max = 7. Some solutions passing through the innermost critical point of the rapidly diverging flow geometry with f max = 7 have been found, however, with too low pressure at the coronal base to compare with the observational constraints. Heat addition or other kind of momentum addition for r < 10 R is required to modify this model to yield better agreement with observations. A cascade energy flux function which leads to Kolmogorov power law in the high-frequency range of Alfvénic fluctuations is presented in Appendix A. More detailed discussions about the characteristics, the boundary conditions and the solution of the spectrum equation (1) are given in Appendix B.Projects supported by the Science Fund of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.  相似文献   

17.
The radio observations of the coronal streamers obtained using Clark Lake radioheliograph at 73.8, 50.0, and 38.5 MHz during a period of minimum activity in September 1986 are presented. Streamers appear to correlate with two prominent disk sources whose intensities fluctuated randomly. The variations in half-power diameter of the radio Sun are found to correspond with the variations in the white-light extents of the coronal streamers. It appears that the shape of the radio Sun is not a function of the phase of the solar cycle; instead it depends on the relative positions of the streamers in the corona. The observed peak brightness temperatures,T B , of the streamers are found to be very low, being 6 × 104 K.We compute the brightness temperature distribution along the equator by tracing the rays in the coronal plasma. The rays are deflected away by the streamers before reaching the critical density level, whereas they penetrate deeper into the coronal hole for small angles between the line of sight and the streamer axis. As a consequence, it is found that the streamers and coronal holes appear in the calculated equatorial brightness distribution as irregular brightness depressions and enhancements, respectively. The fine structures are found to disappear when the scattering due to small-scale density inhomogeneities is included in the ray-tracing calculations. The required relative level of density fluctuations, 1 = N/N, is found to be greater than 12% to reduce the peak brightness temperature from 106 K to 6 × 104 K for all the three frequencies.On leave from Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore 560034, India.  相似文献   

18.
The RS CVn binary stellar system HR 1099 is a source of both X-ray and radio flares. We present here a model of the system in which the two types of flare are produced by the same population of mildly-relativistic ( 10) electrons, injected into a coronal loop. After reviewing possible radiation mechanisms we conclude that, given the probable conditions in the flaring region, the radio emission is gyrosynchrotron radiation and the X-ray emission is thermal bremsstrahlung. The thermal X-ray source must lie in the stellar chromosphere, but the apparent absence of plasma absorption at radio frequencies indicates that the radio source is located high in the coronal loop. Using the relationships given by Dulk and Marsh (1982) for the radio emission from a power-law electron energy spectrum,N() ( - 1)–, we conclude that 3 7, with 30% of the electron population trapped in the radio source. Some implications of these results for one particular version of the model are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
Skylab soft X-ray observations of two lower coronal limb events and corresponding H observations (Skylab and ground-based) are analyzed. We discuss the morphology and evolution of an eruptive prominence occurring on 21 August 1973, beginning (in H) at about 1300 UT and of a surge on 4 December 1973, beginning at about 1758 UT. For the eruptive prominence, measured X-ray flux is used in the determination of line-of-sight temperatures, emission measures, and electron densities. A peak temperature of 8.5 × l06 K and densities to 3.5 × l09 cm-3 are derived. A time-dependent, two-dimensional, single-fluid magnetohydrodynamic computer code has been used to simulate the coronal response to these prominences. We find that the coronal response to the observed eruptive prominence may be simulated with a density-dominated pressure pulse at the base of the corona ( 30000 km above photosphere), while a temperature pulse of short duration will simulate the coronal response to the surge. Approximately 1031 ergs and 1040 particles (or 1016 g) were deposited into the corona during the eruptive prominence event, while about 1029 ergs and 1038 particles (or 1014 g) were injected during the surge event. A shock wave formed ahead of the ejected material at about 70000 km above the photosphere in the eruptive prominence event and had a velocity of 275 km s-1 at 1.5 r above the limb.Presently at NASA / Marshall Space Flight Center.  相似文献   

20.
Marsch  E.  Tu  C.-Y. 《Solar physics》1997,176(1):87-106
A physical model of the transition region, including upflow of the plasma in magnetic field funnels that are open to the overlying corona, is presented. A numerical study of the effects of Alfvén waves on the heating and acceleration of the nascent solar wind originating in the chromospheric network is carried out within the framework of a two-fluid model for the plasma. It is shown that waves with reasonable amplitudes can, through their pressure gradient together with the thermal pressure gradient, cause a substantial initial acceleration of the wind (on scales of a few Mm) to locally supersonic flows in the rapidly expanding magnetic field trunks of the transition region network. The concurrent proton heating is due to the energy supplied by cyclotron damping of the high-frequency Alfvén waves, which are assumed to be created through small-scale magnetic activity. The wave energy flux of the model is given as a condition at the upper chromosphere boundary, located above the thin layer where the first ionization of hydrogen takes place.Among the new numerical results are the following: Alfvén waves with an assumed f -1 power spectrum in the frequency range from 1 to 4 Hz, and with an integrated mean amplitude ranging between 25 and 75 km s4, can produce very fast acceleration and also heating through wave dissipation. This can heat the lower corona to a temperature of 5× 105 K at a height of h=12,000 km, starting from 5× 104 K at h=3000 km. The resulting thermal and wave pressure gradients can accelerate the wind to speeds of up to 150 km s-1 at h=12,000 km, starting from 20 km s-1 at h=3000 km in a rapidly diverging flux tube. Thus the nascent solar wind becomes supersonic at heights well below the classical Parker-Type sonic point. This is a consequence of the fact that any large wave-energy flux, if it is to be conducted through the expanding funnel to the corona, implies the building-up of an associated wave-pressure gradient. Because of the diverging field geometry, this might lead to a strong initial acceleration of the flow. There is a multiplicity of solutions, depending mainly on the coronal pressure. Here we discuss two new (as compared with a static transition region model) possibilities, namely that either the flow remains supersonic or slows down abruptly by shock formation, which then yields substantial coronal heating up to the canonical 106 K for the proton temperature.  相似文献   

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