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1.
变形岩石的体积损失和流体—岩石相互反应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
介绍了近年来国外在研究压溶作用导致的变形岩石体积损失和变形过程中流体作用的主要成果。包括如下几方面：运用有限应变测量方法对压溶变形作用进行定量分析；不同变形域之间化学成分的分异，以及流体传质作用的规律；流体一岩石相互反应的显微构造，显微化学判据；支运用稳定同位素体研究流体，岩石反应的同位素平衡关系及变形变质过程中的水／岩比率。 相似文献
2.
岩石流动性和变形显微构造的发育直接受温度、压力、应变速率和流体相等制约 ,致使在不同地壳层次岩石的流动性表现出很大的差异。对上部地壳环境条件下天然和实验变形岩石的显微构造分析揭示出一系列具有不同特点以及由不同的成核、扩展和联合方式形成的破裂与微破裂型式的存在。讨论了在上部地壳环境中 ,温度与围压的变化对岩石破裂的影响 ,并阐述了高压破裂与低压破裂及其力学、流变学和显微构造特点 ,提出高压破裂对应于天然变形环境下出现的剪切 (挤压 )破裂 ,而碎裂岩带是典型的天然低压破裂 ,其低压环境的出现可以是浅部低围压或深部高流体压力所致。流体相的存在不仅可以引起石英 ,也可以引起方解石类碳酸盐岩矿物的水解弱化 ,并进而导致岩石流动机制的转变。岩石变形及流体等因素所致的岩石粒度变化 ,则从另一个方面影响着上部地壳岩石流动性的变化。从变形环境考虑 ,随着深度的加大 ,温度和压力升高 ,导致岩石由脆性向韧性转变 ;转变域内岩石的变形是一个复杂过程 ,是多种不同脆性和晶质塑性机制的综合。 相似文献
3.
流体－岩石相互作用的研究突破了静止的固体地球观。开放体系、不平衡和动力学的研究构成了以地球内部流体为目标的前缘领域。矿物－流体体系氧同位素交换反应动力学模型主要分为５种：封闭、“封闭”、单向流动开放体系、流体缓冲体系和岩石缓冲体系。１８Ｏ／１６Ｏ交换机制主要为扩散控制和表面控制，后者通常伴随着强烈的矿物蚀变反应，前者则缺乏之。花岗岩－流体体系主要包括浅成系统、深成和／或者长期活动系统以及均一化平衡系统。花岗岩－流体氧同位素交换反应大多属于开放体系不平衡类型。同变形期流体－岩石相互作用的本质在于变形与流体化学反应的藕合作用。流体循环与质量传输机制主要包括平流或渗透、扩散以及平流－扩散复合机制。 相似文献
4.
流体-岩石相互作用过程中氧同位素交换地球化学动力学评述 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
氧同位素研究对于示踪流体—岩石相互作用过程中流体的时间累积流量(或流体／岩石比)、流动方向和组成具有重要意义。基于质量平衡原理可以建立“封闭”体系和开放体系的氧同位素交换模型。“封闭”体系又可分为封闭、批式挥发和瑞利挥发体系。瑞利挥发较批式挥发造成岩石更大的^18O亏损，但在地质过程中两者差异并不显著。开放体系连续模型中氧同位素迁移的机制包括扩散称散和平流。由流体流动速率和扩散称散系数定义的Peclet数决定了上述两种机制在一定尺度上对氧同位素迁移的相对贡献。流体—岩石交换受表面动力学控制，当交换速率快于流体流动时，可认为流体和岩石达到了氧同位素分馆平衡，反之则没有达到平衡。由流体流动速率和流体—岩石反应速率常数定义的Damkoehler数决定了反应接近平衡的程度。如果采用多种矿物相监控，则矿物内部分馆可有效地区分这两种反应模型。对流体—岩石相互作用过程中氧同位素变化的地球化学动力学进行了系统评述，其原理和模型也可扩展到对其他元素的研究。 相似文献
5.
岩石变形中的压溶作用及相伴的构造分异作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
周翊 《大地构造与成矿学》1991,15(2):144-151
压溶作用是低级变质环境中最常见的一种岩石变形作用机制。本文讨论了这种构造化学作用的渲化发展以及相伴的构造分异作用。探讨了诸如岩石的初始各向异性、应力状态、矿物的溶解度、流体的性质,以及物质扩散迁移的迁移系数、迁移通道等因素,对溶解作用带和沉淀作用带的生成与发展的影响,以及它们对在递进变形过程中由于分异作用形成的构造分异层的发展和几何特征的影响。 相似文献
6.
湘赣边中新生代走滑断裂带的流体-岩石相互作用--以长寿街-双牌断裂和遂川-热水断裂为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
湘赣边地区自晚三叠世开始进入了全新的陆内走滑造山作用阶段,并经历了从会聚走滑向离散走滑的构造性质转换.野外地质调查、显微构造研究、流体包裹体和构造岩岩石化学分析资料均表明,走滑断裂带内有大量的流体活动,且不同变形时期及同一变形期不同变形环境的流体作用及其形成的主要构造特征均有很大差异.对变形岩石的成分变异和体积变化计算结果显示,走滑变形过程中的流体(质量)/岩石(体积)比率可达10 相似文献
7.
以往的流体-岩石作用研究,主要针对中小尺度的非构造应变机制,制约了盆地中大尺度客观规律的认识.从盆地形成演化动力学视角,梳理了盆地尺度构造驱动的流体-岩石作用的概念模型或工作模式,并结合典型实例,解析和讨论了构造-流体-岩石作用的关键过程、控制要素以及成储效应.对比研究表明,构造驱动的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩的流体-岩石作用,无论类型、强度和分布均存在显著不同.对于碳酸盐岩储层,即便是弱应变阶段,与微裂缝有关的扩溶及充填-胶结作用在构造圈闭范围内也具有普遍意义.反观碎屑岩（砂岩）,弱应变阶段发育了特征的变形条带及其构造成岩演变序列;而强应变将可能导致深层碎屑岩（微）裂缝及其相关构造-流体-岩石作用的发育,并可能在相当程度上改善储集性.研究表明,流体介质压力环境的强烈更变、应力/应变改造岩矿稳定性、以及流体-岩矿反应界面和空间的快速/强烈更变,是构造驱动流体-岩石作用研究的关键. 相似文献
8.
变质流体地球化学：从静态定性“流”向动态定量 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
对变质岩的矿物学演化研究使岩石学家和地球化学家认识到,流体流动在变质作用过程中发挥着重要的作用。根据变质矿物共生组合、化学和同位素数据能够鉴别流体在变质体中所流经的区域,确定流体的数量、相对于温度和压力梯度以及岩石接触带的流体流动方向,并确定流体活动的时代。仅在特殊的矿物组合、流体成分、温度和压力条件下,流体可能沿矿物颗粒缝隙的网状交叉的显微通道流动。变质流体流动对于研究地壳的热和质量传输及变形机制和速率有着重要的作用。在各种地壳环境中都存在大量的含水流体,区域和接触变质岩石具有的时间积分流量远远大于紧邻岩石脱水所提供的数量。支持高水流量的证据包括不同学科种类,例如岩石学、矿物学、结构和显微构造以及稳定同位素。渗透率增大可能是促使流体流量变大的主要机制。通过同位素地球化学家与构造地质学家和岩石学家们之间的密切合作,直接对变质岩渗透率增大机制进行实验测定和理论模拟,并在野外检验渗透率增大模型,将有助于理解变质作用的热和流体循环与变形作用之间的关系。 相似文献
9.
根据闽北麻源群变质岩流体包裹体的世代关系和显微测温研究，获得了麻源群变质峰期之后抬升过程ｐ－Ｔ－ｔ轨迹，推测岩石遭受剪切变形事件的温压条件为ｐ＝８５～１００ＭＰａ，Ｔ＝２６５～２８５℃。本区流体演化早期以ＣＯ２为主，晚期以水溶液为主。 相似文献
10.
本文回顾了一些我们描述变形岩石与其所含流体之间相互反应的数学模型,特别是,我们主张用自组织作用概念作为一种理解从成岩作用到变质条件范围岩石中所观察到的图案状构造演化的一种方式。由于矿物自由能依赖于围岩的结构,这些结构由导源于物理力与化学反应迁移的耦合作用所形成的反馈。在不同极限或初始条件中,同一公式抓住了许多行为的本质,把相关的变形构造观察成缝合线、粒间压溶、破壁理、变质层状构造与由结晶生长力所产生的矿化分异作用。这些方程可预测变质分异作用任何趋势的可能性,并显示了化学因素是如何对岩石的变形效应施加了强烈的影响。 相似文献
11.
Fluid-rock interaction in some shear zones from the Pyrenees 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
A. M. McCAIG 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1984,2(2):129-141
Abstract Mylonites from shear zones cutting Hercynian gneisses in the central Pyrenees have been studied in thin section and using the electron microprobe. The shear zones contain retrogressive greenschist facies assemblages implying introduction of an aqueous fluid during deformation in the zones. Textural evidence suggests that fluid-rock interaction occurred throughout the active life of the shear zones.
Whole-rock chemical changes during deformation are documented in a variety of mylonitic lithologies and retrogressed country rocks. The overall effect was to reduce chemical differences between lithologies. Activity diagrams show that this would be expected if a hydrous fluid was circulating between different lithologies during deformation. In most cases fluid/rock ratios were relatively small resulting in gradual chemical changes and repeated recrystallization. 'Open-system'behaviour with reduction in the number of phases is seen in some granite mylonites, suggesting focusing of fluid movement in parts of the shear zones. Continual fluid-rock interaction may have led to reaction-enhanced ductility in the shear zones over a long period of time. The source of fluid is uncertain, but may be related to underthrusting of material beneath the area investigated. 相似文献
Whole-rock chemical changes during deformation are documented in a variety of mylonitic lithologies and retrogressed country rocks. The overall effect was to reduce chemical differences between lithologies. Activity diagrams show that this would be expected if a hydrous fluid was circulating between different lithologies during deformation. In most cases fluid/rock ratios were relatively small resulting in gradual chemical changes and repeated recrystallization. 'Open-system'behaviour with reduction in the number of phases is seen in some granite mylonites, suggesting focusing of fluid movement in parts of the shear zones. Continual fluid-rock interaction may have led to reaction-enhanced ductility in the shear zones over a long period of time. The source of fluid is uncertain, but may be related to underthrusting of material beneath the area investigated. 相似文献
12.
杨新岳 《大地构造与成矿学》1993,17(3):271-288
拉卡兰褶皱带中,发育于Ballarat-Bandigo冲断带中的低级变质砂、泥岩的宏观构造以间离劈理和人字形褶皱为特征,而且劈理在褶皱中呈扇形发育。劈理和褶皱的几何关系分析显示:劈理和褶皱的形成为压溶作用、压扁作用、弯曲作用和被动旋转共同作用的结果,而褶皱砂、泥岩中变形构造则以与压溶作用和再沉淀过程有关的显微构造为其典型特征。Fry法进行的全岩应变测量显示,褶皱砂岩的内部应变相当低(X/Z=1.40—1.83),褶皱应变格局给出变形机制的信息包括:缩短过程中的压扁作用和压溶作用、褶皱过程中由弯滑导致的层平行剪应变、以及褶皱后期发育阶段内弧区强烈的压溶作用。宏观构造、显散构造以及应变特征多方面信息证明:低级变质的沉积岩在褶皱变形过程中,压溶作用为一重要的变形机制。应变分解显示在30％—50％的总地壳水平缩短量下,弯曲导致的缩短最为14％—36％,压扁导致的缩短量为3％—14％,压溶导致的缩短量为8％—26％,而且压溶作用主要发生在褶皱内弧区。 相似文献
13.
Vein arrays, hydraulic fractures and pressure-solution structures in a deformed flysch sequence S.W. England 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alastair Beach 《Tectonophysics》1977,40(3-4):201-225
Vein arrays and pressure-solution cleavages are common in the sandstone units of the deformed flysch. Both structures were established prior to the folding of the sediments, and they continued to evolve during this folding. Tensile fractures and conjugate sets of shear fractures (of wrench fault type) were formed. En-echelon arrays of veins are closely associated with the formation of these principal veins. The geometry and relations of the veins are described in detail and their relation to the principal stresses at the time of formation is discussed.
Forking at vein terminations, branch fractures and offset structures in veins are described. The analogies between these and structures produced in rock deformation experiments and found in magmatic dykes are discussed. The branch fracture provides a record of the orientation of the maximum principal stress at the time of its formation.
The veins are infilled with quartz and siderite displaying drusy growth fabrics, indicating that crystal growth occurred into a fluid-filled cavity. It is suggested that the veins originated as hydraulic fractures in a flysch sequence that had developed high pore-fluid pressures during sedimentation. The material in the veins was derived by pressure-solution activity in the sandstone units, which produced a spaced pressure-solution cleavage throughout the region. The relations between veins and pressure-solution cleavages are described. Both small- and large-scale solution transfer of material was involved. 相似文献
14.
Combined metamorphic, stable-isotope and structural studies from the High Himalayan Crystalline sequence in the Langtang Valley of north-central Nepal reveal a strong positive correlation between distance above the base of the section (the Main Central Thrust), the amount of melt material and evidence of prolonged fluid and deformation histories, thus suggesting that these processes are strongly interdependent. Kyanite-grade rocks at the base of the section are unmelted and have undergone little syn- or post-metamorphic internal deformation and little prograde or retrograde fluid-rock interaction. By contrast sillimanite-grade rocks higher in the section contain progressively larger volumes of melt, have suffered increasingly complex syn- and post-metamorphic deformation and show increasing evidence for the presence of fluids. Although the factors that initiated these processes remain problematic, it is suggested that fluid distributions within the Langtang section have been passively controlled by the movement of melts. These melts may have provided a primary control on deformation during both the magmatic stage and, subsequently, through the exsolution of exsolved aqueous fluids. 相似文献
15.
含氯流体是地质作用中重要的流体形式之一。通过含羟基矿物的氯含量来反演流体的组分及其演化是流体研究的一个重要方面。角闪石、黑云母、方柱石和磷灰石是主要的含氯矿物,可以揭示含氯流体与岩石的相互作用。这些矿物的氯含量受平衡流体的成分、温压条件以及自身的晶体化学结构等复杂因素制约。一方面,结合实验确定的热力学数据可以通过矿物氯含量在一定范围内定量计算流体的氯组分;另一方面,也可以根据矿物的氯含量变化特征来反演流体 岩石相互作用过程中流体成分的变化特征,这样的流体成分演化可能反映了特定的地质过程。 相似文献
16.
Johannes Glodny Håkon Austrheim Anatolij I Rusin 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2003,67(22):4353-4371
Rb/Sr internal mineral isochrons in the eclogite facies Marun-Keu metamorphic complex, Polar Urals, Russia, date periods of fluid-rock interaction and record the metamorphic reaction history. The Marun-Keu complex consists of Late Proterozoic to Early Ordovician, mostly igneous rocks that experienced a subduction-related, non-pervasive eclogite facies metamorphism, followed by a local decompression-related amphibolite facies overprint, during the Uralian orogeny. Field observations show that metamorphic reactions as well as ductile deformation are controlled by local availability of a free fluid phase. Isotopic data reveals that availability of fluids similarly exerts control on isotope distribution. From a relic gabbro which has never been infiltrated by free fluids, a premetamorphic Rb/Sr age of 467 ± 39 Ma was obtained. Rb/Sr isochron ages for 14 samples of eclogite and amphibolite facies assemblages, sampled from within or close to metamorphic fluid veins, range from 352 ± 5 Ma to 360 ± 3 Ma. A Sm/Nd isochron for a metagranite yields an age of 354 ± 4 Ma. Taken together, the ages for both prograde and retrograde metamorphic assemblages overlap within analytical uncertainty and yield an average value of 355.5 ± 1.4 Ma, indicating that the metamorphic evolution and incipient exhumation of the Marun-Keu complex proceeded rapidly. The results demonstrate that assemblages preserve their Rb/Sr isotopic signatures as long as they remain devoid of free fluids, and that only fluid-rock interaction may cause Sr isotope redistribution. In addition, the data suggest local fluid-rock equilibrium, low fluid-rock ratios with overall fluid deficiency, and limited fluid mobility at depth. However, some fluids must have been mobile on the km-scale since they can be traced into the suprasubduction zone mantle wedge. Metasomatic veins in the Rai-Iz ophiolite yield a Rb/Sr mineral isochron age of 373.1 ± 5.4 Ma. They are interpreted as evidence for suprasubduction zone metasomatism in an oceanic setting, prior to subduction of the East European margin and associated formation of eclogites in the Marun-Keu complex.We propose that Rb/Sr mineral-isochron ages provide hygrochronological rather than thermochronological constraints. They define the cooling history only in combination with zircon and apatite fission track data. The straightforward interpretation of Rb/Sr mineral ages as cooling ages is obsolete. 相似文献
17.
Several fundamental questions (conundrums) about earthquakes and rocks are inexplicable in terms of conventional sub-critical geophysics. These questions have become so familiar that they are now generally accepted as the way earthquakes and rocks behave and are not recognised as presenting conceptual difficulties. These conundrums are resolved by a new understanding of fluid-rock deformation, where fluid-saturated microcracks in almost all rocks are so closely-spaced they verge on failure and hence are highly-compliant critical-systems which impose a range of new properties on conventional sub-critical geophysics. This new understanding of fluid-rock deformation, this New Geophysics, allows earthquakes to be stress-forecast, and has implications and applications to many solid Earth developments. 相似文献
18.
This contribution addresses new structural data from Upper Cretaceous-Danian sedimentary rocks of the Fuegian Andes orogenic front in Argentina. The structures studied, called D′, were formed during the early foreland deformation of the orogen, in the Late Cretaceous-Danian, in times when South America and Antarctica were still connected. The strain analysis of these structures indicates that deformation occurred at upper-crustal depths, and was characterized by flexural folding accompanied by formation of pressure-solution tectonic foliations in zones of higher strain. Deformation intensities increase toward the hinterland and with depth. The history of deformation involved progression from layer-parallel shortening to folding above a detachment, and further formation of a forward-propagating thrust wedge. Layer-parallel shortening and incipient folding recorded in Maastrichtian-Danian rocks indicate the leading edge of D′ deformation. Non-coaxial finite strain orientations were involved during formation of D′ structures along the Fuegian Andes front. These finite strain orientations cannot be explained with the SW-NE regional contraction usually assumed to have driven Andean deformation in this region; alternatively, we consider that N-S contraction combined with buttressing against the cratonic foreland comprise a more suitable interpretation for D′ and younger deformation. 相似文献
19.
The devolatilization model of the metasomatized lithospheric mantle without pre-enriched gold has been proposed to account for the giant gold mineralization. An excellent example is the world-class Jiaodong gold province with >5000 tonnes Au resources in the eastern North China Craton. The auriferous fluid transport and gold enrichment during wallrock alterations are two vital processes to determine the giant gold mineralization formation in this province. However, the effects of the fluid-rock interaction with alterations on the auriferous fluid transport and gold enrichment still keep poor understanding, which leads the above model to be imperfect. The giant Jiaojia goldfield in this province recorded a wallrock alteration evolution from K-feldspar alteration to pyrite-sericite-quartz alteration, and some parts of the latter can become gold orebodies when the gold grade is >1 ppm. This study conducts thermodynamic fluid-rock interaction modeling to reveal auriferous fluid transport and coupled relationship between gold enrichment and alteration mineral assemblage based on the alteration-mineralization and ore fluid characteristics of the goldfield. The modeling of fluid-rock interaction with cooling indicates the transformation of Au-Cl complexes to Au-S complexes combined with the total sulfur concentration decrease by pyrite precipitation when cooling from ∼460 °C can trigger the dispersive gold precipitation, which should hinder the gold long-range transport to lower ambient temperature. The high oxygen fugacity at >400 °C can enhance Au-Cl complexes stability, and the low pH can maintain high total sulfur concentration in the auriferous fluid, both of which facilitate the long-range gold transport to a lower-temperature environment. The auriferous fluid would acquire higher pH by the buffering of feldspars or sericite, which was beneficial for the high-efficiency precipitations of pyrite and gold. The ankerite-siderite assemblage without pyrophyllite in the pyrite-sericite-quartz alteration zone indicates that a cumulative fluid to rock mass ratio (f/r) of 3.8–4.8 should be needed for the transformation from K-feldspar alteration to pyrite-sericite-quartz alteration according to the fluid-rock interaction modeling at 300 °C and 2000 bar. In the case of auriferous fluids with ≤200 ppb Au concentration, the single fluid-rock interaction can only elevate the gold grade to ≤0.69–0.87 ppm in the pyrite-sericite-quartz alteration zone at f/r 3.8–4.8. Therefore, the fracture-induced fluid flow coupled with fluid-rock interaction is proposed to the prerequisite to elevate the gold grade to >1 ppm in the pyrite-sericite-quartz alteration zone. The metasomatized lithospheric mantle volume for the required ore fluid and Au in the Jiaodong province is estimated according to the modeling results and alteration-mineralization characteristics, which provides a link between the mantle without abnormal Au enrichment and the alteration-mineralization processes. 相似文献
20.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1-2):53-69
Modern convergent zones at tropical latitudes are characterized by subduction of carbonate sediment. Although carbonate response to deformation is different from clay, they are commonly treated as having a similar rheology. This approximation, though, is inadequate since carbonate behavior is complicated by cementation and pressure solution. Our goal, here, is to focus on the deformation of carbonate sediment in the footwall of a major fossil thrust zone and compare it with a possible scenario in a modern environment. The focus area is the Monti Sibillini Thrust, in the Umbria-Marche sector of the Northern Apennines where the pelagic, Late Eocene-Oligocene carbonates of the Scaglia Cinerea Formation are underthrusted beneath the late Cretaceous-Middle Eocene Scaglia Rossa Formation. The data collected during this meso-structural study allowed for an interpretation of the temporal and spatial relationships between the observed deformation structures (S-C deformation bands, shear veins and stylolites). These results allow the development of a dynamic model for the deformation. The proposed model explains the observed features through cycles of fluid-pressure build up, hydraulic fracturing, and consecutive collapse, producing pressure-solution and stylolitization. 相似文献