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1.
Specimens of blue moki Latridopsis ciliaris (Forster in Bloch & Schneider, 1801) from New Zealand were shown to differ from specimens of copper moki Latridopsis forsteri (Castelnau, 1872) using two genetic methods—allozymes and muscle proteins. Allozyme techniques revealed fixed differences between blue and copper moki at 4 out of 15 loci. There was a genetic distance of 0.31–0.34 between population samples of the two colour morphs. The two morphs were also distinguished by iso‐electric focusing of muscle proteins. Meristic characters, counted in the specimens studied with genetic markers, revealed diagnostic markers in tubed lateral line scales and scales in the lower transverse series. It is concluded that specimens of blue moki from New Zealand and copper moki from New Zealand and Tasmania are valid species. 相似文献
2.
These first observations of cleaning symbiosis amongst New Zealand fishes were made between June 1967 and March 1970. Five species of labrid fishes; Halichoeres sp., Coris picta (Bloch and Schneider, 1801), Coris sandageri (Hector, 1884), Pseudolabrus luculentus (Richardson, 1848) and Pseudolabrus miles (= coccineus) (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) are now known to be facultative cleaners. One is an undescribed species and two others are new records for New Zealand. Halichoeres sp. is a more active cleaner than the other four and is almost an obligate cleaner. Observed behaviour indicates that these species are typical temperate zone cleaners. 相似文献
3.
Two species of ling, Genypterus blacodes (Forster in Bloch & Schneider, 1801) and G. microstomus (Regan, 1903) have been recorded from New Zealand and Australian waters; a third species, G. tigerinus (Klunzinger, 1872) has been recorded from Australia. Specimens of ling collected from northern, central, and southern localities in the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), and specimens of G. blacodes from Australia were shown to be similar with respect to partial sequences of mitochondrial (mt)DNA, and morphometric and meristic characters. DNA sequences of part of the cytochrome b and control region showed that G. blacodes from Tasmania and New Zealand differed by 1/291 and 4/284 nucleotides respectively, but there was much greater genetic differentiation between G. blacodes and G. tigerinus (14/291 and 14/284 nucleotides), and between G. blacodes and G. capensis (23/291 and 8/284 nucleotides). MtDNA haplotypes within New Zealand show that G. blacodes is subdivided into northern and southern stocks. It is concluded that ling in New Zealand represent a single species referable to G. blacodes, and that G. microstomus Regan is a junior synonym. 相似文献
4.
The developmental stages of the eggs and yolk‐sac larvae of the common sand flounder, Rhombosolea plebeia (Richardson), are described and illustrated. 相似文献
5.
H. John Cranfield Glen Carbines Keith P. Michael Alistair Dunn Dean R. Stotter Darren J. Smith 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(5):897-908
Epifaunal reefs in Foveaux Strait are oyster (Ostrea chilensis Philippi, 1845) habitat. One hundred and thirty years of oyster dredging has diminished the complexity and distribution of these reefs. Commercial densities of blue cod (Parapercis colias (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801)) were discovered on epifaunal reef habitat in 1989 and became the focus of a major blue cod fishery. We document habitat changes that followed the closing of the oyster fishery in 1993 and interactions between the blue cod and oyster fisheries after the oyster fishery was reopened in 1996. Evidence from blue cod fishers and oyster surveys suggests that the benthic habitat of some oyster beds regenerated in the absence of dredging and that the relative density of blue cod, and then oysters, rebuilt to commercial levels. Benthic habitat was modified once more when oyster dredging restarted and the relative density of blue cod on oyster beds fell again. The observations suggest that rotational fishing of oysters could mitigate the effects of dredging on habitat and that marine protected areas could expedite habitat recovery. Increasing habitat complexity and blue cod density on a reef of oyster shells formed by an oyster fisher suggests that habitat enhancement might remedy effects of dredging. The questions raised by the observations could be answered by management experiments on the scale of the fisheries. 相似文献
6.
为了深入研究鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus) (♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(E. tukula) (♂)杂交F1代的变态发育及生长特征,本研究对杂交组和纯种鞍带石斑鱼胚胎发育时间、受精率、畸形率、孵化率和仔稚幼鱼生长性状(全长、体长、体高、肛前距）,以及杂交组卵黄囊和油球吸收过程,第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘生长和收缩,口径和眼裂的变化等进行了详细的观察描述和统计分析。结果显示,在水温28℃条件下,杂交组和鞍带石斑鱼受精卵分别经21 h 24 min和21 h 32 min完成胚胎发育;杂交F1代受精率、畸形率和孵化率分别是89.09%±0.08%、35.16%±5.05%和62.59%±10.70%,与纯种鞍带石斑鱼无显著性差异。根据卵黄囊、第二背鳍棘、腹鳍棘、鳞片、体色等形态变化,将其胚后变态发育分为前期仔鱼(孵化后0～6 d)、后期仔鱼(孵化后7～34 d)、稚鱼期(孵化后35～46 d)和幼鱼期(孵化后47～86 d),前期仔鱼生长较缓慢,后期仔鱼到幼鱼期生长逐渐加快,86 d时杂交组和对照组体长分别达(60.80±0.50) mm和(51.80±0.47) mm,杂交组生长速度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。在胚胎发育时期卵黄囊消耗量为29.45%,油球消耗量为20.75%,卵黄囊在孵化后1 d消耗最快,达58.70%。油球在孵化后3 d消耗最快,达32.08%,孵化后第5 d仔鱼卵黄囊和油球基本吸收完毕。第二背鳍棘、腹鳍棘在孵化后29 d达到最长,分别是(8.15±0.02) mm和(5.80±0.10) mm,至47 d完全退化,变态发育完成。第一天仔鱼眼径为(0.16±0.01) mm,至86 d眼径增大22倍,第四天口裂长为（0.09±0.02） mm,至86 d增大99倍。结果表明,鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1代胚胎和仔稚幼鱼发育正常,而且杂交F1代与母本相比具有较显著的生长优势,本研究为两种石斑鱼杂交苗种培育、发育研究和品种改良提供了丰富的数据。 相似文献
7.
Bruce L. Godfriaux 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):589-609
Feeding relationships between two predatory demersal fishes, tarakihi Cheilo‐dactylus macroplerus (Bloch & Schneider) and snapper Chrysophrys auratus (Bloch & Schneider), in relation to the benthos were examined at six sampling areas in the western Bay of Plenty during October to December 1969 and April to June 1970.Food selectivity was determined. The results showed that both fish species positively selected many of the same food categories. The average Food Similarity Index based on volume data was 18.9% and the average number of food categories shared was approximately 60% of the total number of food categories consumed.The feeding relationships between tarakihi and snapper and the benthos varied with both sampling area and sampling period. Competition for food is probably minimal, since both fish species eat a wide range of foods and feed at different times. 相似文献
8.
采用干法授精方法获得受精卵,在人工培育条件下观察了光唇鱼胚胎及仔、稚鱼发育过程。结果表明,光唇鱼受精卵呈圆球形,沉性、弱粘性。在水温23—25℃下,胚胎发育历时46h45min,经历了胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成和孵化等阶段。在水温24—27℃下,仔、稚鱼发育历时22d,初孵仔鱼具有较大的卵黄囊,胸鳍原基及肛门原基形成;4日龄仔鱼开口摄食,进入混合营养期;7日龄仔鱼卵黄囊消失,营外源性营养,体侧8条横斑形成,各鳍均已出现,进入晚期仔鱼阶段;14日龄仔鱼各鳍鳍条发育基本完成;16日龄仔鱼鳞片开始出现,进入稚鱼期;22日龄稚鱼全身被鳞,进入幼鱼期。 相似文献
9.
B. F. Webb 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):223-234
Details are given of gut‐content analyses for nine fish species from the Avon‐Heathcote Estuary, Christchurch, New Zealand: sand flounder, Rhombosolea plebeia (Richardson); yellow‐bellied flounder, R. leporina (Hutton); common sole, Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae (Gunther); yellow‐eyed mullet, Aldrichetta forsteri (Cuvier & Valenciennes); kahawai, Arripis trutta (Bloch & Schneider); spotty, Pseudolabrus celidotus (Bloch and Schneider); cockabully, Tripterygion nigripenne (Cuvier & Valenciennes); common bully, Gobiomorphus basalis (Gray); and globefish, Spheroides richei (Freminville). The percent occurrences of each food type recorded over Ihe sampling period (April 1965‐April 1966) for each species are compared. Monthly food tables are given for those species of which suitably large samples were obtained (sand flounder, yellow‐bellied flounder, common sole, yellow‐eyed mullet, and globefish). Where possible, the dietary occurrence of different food types is related to environmental and other factors observed or considered likely to influence food selection. 相似文献
10.
B. F. Webb 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):570-601
Characteristic organisms are tabulated, and the substrate conditions briefly described for seven habitats in the Avon‐Heathcote Estuary, Christchurch, New Zealand. Temperatures and water movements within the estuary are outlined. From April 1965 to April 1966, samples were collected by short otter‐trawl shots, gill netting, beach seine hauls, and dip netting; the limitations of the gear are noted. The distributions and movements are recorded for nine fish species : sand flounder, Rhombosolea plebeia (Richardson) ; yellow‐bellied flounder, Rhombosolea leporina (Hutton) ; common sole, Peltorhamphus novae‐zeelandiae (Gunther) ; ye'llow‐eyed mullet Aldrichetta forsteri (Cuvier and Valenciennes); kahawai, Arripis trutta (Bloch and Schneider); spotty, Pseudolabrus celidotus (Bloch and Schneider); cockabully, Tripterygion nigripenne (Cuvier and Valenciennes) ; common bully, Gobiomorphus basalis (Gray); and globe fish, Spheroides richei (Freminville). Length‐frequency distributions showed that most of the nine species of fish used the estuary as a feeding area for adults and as a nursery area. Only two species did not migrate to and from the sea. Length‐weight relationships for eight species showed that weight was a function of length approximately cubed, and that the exponential equation could be used to predict weight from length. Regressions of caudal fin length on standard length for four species gave a positive correlation (r = +0.95). Relative proportions of body length to caudal fin length were related to habitat; fish of benthic habits had proportionally shorter caudal fins than pelagic fish. 相似文献
11.
Growth characteristics,pigmentation, and the identificaton of whitebait (galaxias spp., Salmonoidea)
C. S. Woods 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):162-182
Definitions are given for stages in the development of five species of Galaxias, family Galaxiidae, which have marine larvae. Larvae of Galaxias maculates attenuates and G. brevipinnis are large, and those of G. fasciatus relatively small as they enter fresh water from the sea. Development as whitebait involves shrinkage by about 25% in total length; the head length, considered separately, shrinks by about 15%. The ratio of standard length to head length alters from the larval to the adult value before positive growth recommences. These features are probably similar for G. postvectis and G. argenteus Minimum observed pigmentation is described for the late larvae of G m. attenuates, G. brevipinnis, and G. fasciatus and for early whitebait of these and of G. postvectis and G. argenteus Subsequent development of melanophores and of colour pattern is described and figured. Large melano‐phores along the lateral line distinguish early whitebait of G. m. attenuates, but no distinguishing feature of pigmentation has been found in other species until the juvenile pattern is apparent. This pattern is characteristic for each species, and it persists in adult G. m. attenuates. G. argenteus has distinct juvenile and adult patterns, the latter being developed in a second, superficial, layer of pigment cells. Adult G. postvectis develop a distinctive fin colour pattern unlike other New ‐Zealand Galaxias; the superficial pigment layer is without definite pattern. In adult G. brevipinnis this layer resembles the persistent juvenile pattern and the two layers combined give a reticulate appearance. In G. fasciatus the juvenile pattern persists and develops as the fish grow; the superficial pigment layer is present in adults but is not usually apparent. Until now positive identification of whitebait has depended on colour pattern. Recently recorded identifications of unpigmented whitebait are shown to be misleading. A key is given for the identification of early and late whitebait using absolute measurements as an important character. 相似文献
12.
Increases in the density of exploited species on unfished reefs logically implies that some individuals are at least temporarily resident, or show fidelity to a particular area. We tagged snapper (Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider 1801)) in the Leigh Marine Reserve, New Zealand using visible implant fluorescent elastomer tags, recoverable by diver visual sightings without the need to recapture the fish. Batch tagging of snapper (n = 907) was done during an angling survey in June and December 1996, and individually coded tags were implanted by divers (n = 117) in January 1999. Snapper tagged during both programmes were recovered on irregular intervals from 1997 to 2000. There were 71 recoveries of batch tags within 500 m of their tagging sites, and these recoveries were still being made >3 years after tagging: Of individually coded fish, 49 (42%) were seen, sometimes repeatedly over several months, close to their respective tagging sites. These observations included snapper as small as 23 cm fork length, contradicting the commonly held impression that only large snapper take up long‐term residency on reefs. This preliminary evidence suggests that some snapper exhibit site fidelity to areas only a few hundred metres wide, and in the absence of fishing may occupy the same area for years. 相似文献
13.
Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters. 相似文献
14.
卵胎生硬骨鱼褐菖鮋胚胎及仔鱼的发育 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
褐菖鮋(Sebastiscus
marmoratus)胚胎和早期仔鱼在卵巢中发育.胚胎发育的营养靠自身卵黄提供.定期从褐菖鱼由雌鱼体内取出正在发育的胚胎或仔鱼,结合体外培育方法观察胚胎及仔鱼的发育特点.从受精卵发育至孵化,胚胎发育期可划分为18期.仔鱼孵出后继续在母体卵巢腔内发育,直至仔鱼开口后离开母体.因此,雌鱼怀胎期长达12d[(15±1)℃].产出的仔鱼大部分器官已建成,卵黄囊即将耗尽,不久开始摄食.实验表明,胚胎和仔鱼在体外培育可以正常发育,在不同的水温条件下发育速度差异较大. 相似文献
15.
Twelve Galaxias postvectis (shortjaw kokopu) and four G. fasciatus (banded kokopu) spawning sites were found on the margins of the Katikara Stream, Taranaki, New Zealand. This is the first time G. postvectis spawning sites have been documented. G. fasciatus spawning sites discovered in this study confirm previous observations elsewhere in New Zealand. These spawning sites were all found out of water, variable distances from the base flow water level amongst stony substrate, vegetation, and debris. Most G. fasciatus appeared to lay their eggs, and subsequently hatch, c. 3 weeks earlier than G. postvectis, which spawned from 9 to 17 May 2001. G. brevipinnis (koaro) larvae were also identified drifting downstream in late May and mid June 2001. Deposition of eggs and subsequent hatching were found to be associated with elevated flows. 相似文献
16.
环境温度和盐度对墨吉明对虾(Fenneropenaeus merguiensis)胚胎发育的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
以自然成熟的亲虾为材料,观察并描述了墨吉明对虾(Fenneropenaeus merguiensis)从受精卵到幼体孵化出膜的胚胎发育过程。结果显示,在水温29°C,盐度28的条件下,墨吉明对虾整个胚胎发育过程需要11h左右。水温和盐度对幼体出膜时间和受精卵的孵化率均有显著的影响(P0.05)。孵化水温从32°C下降到23°C时,幼体出膜时间由555min(9.25h)增加到1108min(18.46h)。胚胎发育的最适水温为26—32°C,在此温度范围内,墨吉明对虾的幼体出膜时间与水温呈负相关。胚胎发育的最适盐度25—35,在此范围内,墨吉明对虾的幼体出膜时间和孵化率均无显著差异(P0.05),说明墨吉明对虾的胚胎发育的盐度范围较广。 相似文献
17.
18.
Phyllosomata and nistos of Scyllarus sp. Z taken from plankton around and offshore northern New Zealand and in the Tasman Sea are presumed to be those of S. aoteanus Powell, 1949, the most common Scyllarus species in this area. The full larval and postlarval development of this species are described. Three features are characteristic of Scyllarus sp. Z phyllosomata; a dorsal crest on the cephalic shield, dorsal thoracic spines, and a forked telson in middle stages persisting as two prominent spines outreaching the telson posterior margin in the final stage. Scyllarus sp. Z's closest affinities are with a group of Scyllarus species whose phyllosomata have forked telsons in middle stages and medium to strong posterolateral telson spines in the final stage. The nisto is low in profile but distinctive in its armature. Too few Scyllarus sp. nistos have been described to suggest any group to which that of Scyllarus sp. Z can be assigned. The spatial and temporal distribution of the larvae and postlarvae of Scyllarus sp. Z are also described. Although early larval stages and postlarvae are found close to New Zealand, mid‐ and late‐stage larvae are widely distributed, some well beyond the known latitudinal range of the adults. There is probably an extended egg‐bearing and hatching period as early stage larvae are caught in most months. Variable rates of development of the larvae and/or delayed metamorphosis, are also possible. 相似文献
19.
George W. Boehlert 《Marine environmental research》1984,12(2):113-126
Larval Pacific herring Clupea harengus pallasi were exposed for 24 h to suspensions of estuarine sediment and volcanic ash from 0 to 8000 mg/litre. The effects of these suspensions on the epidermis of the yolk sac larvae were determined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Examination of the epidermis at specific locations on dorsal and ventral body surfaces showed that the effects were apparent with increasing concentrations of both sediment and ash. The effects of volcanic ash, however, occurred at lower concentrations and were of greater magnitude than those of sediment. Examination of the epidermis of these larvae under the scanning electron microscope revealed puncture-type damage associated with volcanic ash but not estuarine sediment. Thus, in addition to the possible effects of smothering which may occur with fine particulates, the ash particles result in direct mechanical damage to the delicate early larvae. The concentrations where effects were noted were greater than those likely to be observed in the lower Columbia River estuary where the larval herring occur. In upriver locations characterized by higher suspended particulates, delicate larvae of other species may suffer epidermal damage. 相似文献
20.