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Cirrus Cloud Macrophysical and Optical Properties over North China from CALIOP Measurements 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Two years of mid-latitude cirrus cloud macrophysical and optical properties over North China are described from Earth-orbiting Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization(CALIOP) satellite measurements. Global cloud climatological studies based on active remote sensing data sets benefit from more accurate resolution of vertical structure and more reliable detection of optically thin layers.The mean values for cirrus cases over North China are 0.19±0.18 for infrared emittance,0.41±0.68 for visible optical depth, 0.26±0.12 for integrated depolarization ratio,and 0.72±0.22 for integrated color ratio.When studied using reasonable assumptions for the relationship between extinction and ice crystal backscatter coefficients,our results show that most of the cirrus clouds profiled using the 0.532μm channel data stream correspond with an optical depth of less than 1.0.The dependence of cirrus cloud properties on cirrus cloud mid-cloud temperature and geometry thickness are generally similar to the results derived from the ground-based lidar, which are mainly impacted by the adiabatic process on the ice cloud content.However,the differences in macrophysical parameter variability indicate the limits of spaceborne-lidar and dissimilarities in regional climate variability and the nature and source of cloud nuclei in different geographical regions. 相似文献
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《Atmospheric Research》2005,73(1-2):23-36
Three cirrus cloud cases have been remotely sounded near Paris by a ground-based backscatter lidar and broadband radiometers. Some cirrus properties (optical depth, emissivity, height) are derived from these measurements and used to compare radiative transfer calculations to surface and METEOSAT observations of broadband irradiances.For a useful comparison, the three cirrus cases were selected to have different morphologies and optical properties: June 29, 1993—thin cirrus cloud (thickness 1.5 km, optical depth 0.22); September 6, 1993—thick cirrus cloud (thickness 5 km, optical depth 2.7); and November 16, 1993—inhomogeneous and geometrically thick cirrus cloud (thickness 3.5–6.5 km) but optically thin (optical depth 0.82).At surface, the differences between measurements and model range from 1.5 to 4 Wm−2 for longwave fluxes, and from 20 to 70 Wm−2 for shortwave fluxes.At the top of the atmosphere, the differences between METEOSAT measurements and model are in fair agreement for longwave fluxes (up to 50 Wm−2). However, unexpected high differences are found for shortwave fluxes (up to 144 Wm−2) due to cirrus clouds heterogeneities and uncertainties in their microphysical properties and especially the occurrence of high reflectivity due to horizontally oriented ice crystals at the cloud top, which are not taken into account by the Model presently. 相似文献
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中国地区卷云消光后向散射比的星载激光雷达遥感 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用两年的星载激光雷达数据对中国地区卷云的消光后向散射比［又称激光雷达比 (简称LR)］进行了研究分析。其中结合多次散射对光学厚度的依赖关系式和LR与透过率之间的关系式来求取LR, 并提出五条质量控制标准来保证数据质量的可靠性。统计结果指出LR的月季变化并不是很明显, 均值在24左右。中国地区的LR在热带辐合带相对较高, 并随纬度的降低而增加 (大约从22到27)。同时, 从这个结论得出, 为了更好地求取卷云的光学厚度, 在中国地区为星载激光雷达选取的LR常数应该随纬度变化而改变。 相似文献
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Summary Crystal size and optical depth of optically thin cirrus clouds and contrails over the North Sea and Adriatic Sea on the 18th of October 1989 are retrieved by comparison of NOAA AVHRR/2 brightness temperatures of channel 4 (9.97 µm–11.56 µm) and channel 5 (11.075 µm–12.76 µm) with one dimensional radiative transfer calculations. Measured brightness temperatures in all three infrared channels and their differences show higher values for contrails than for cirrus. The radiative properties of young contrails are consistent only, if smaller crystal size than those given for natural cirrus are adopted for the calculations. However, there is a continuous transition in radiative parameters between clouds classified as natural cirrus or contrails. For the test areas ice clouds are classified with respect to optical depth and mean crystal size. Finally infrared fluxes and heating rates in the spectral range 4 µm–40 µm are calculated for an atmosphere with a 500 m thick contrail or cirrus uncinus. At given ice content a far stronger atmospheric warming is found for a contrail with relatively small ice crystals: up to 80 K/day at cloud base for an ice content of 0.05 gm–3 compared to 10 K/day for a cirrus uncinus with large crystals.With 11 Figures 相似文献
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Analysis of ice water path retrieval errors over tropical ocean 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Retrieval of multi-layered cloud properties, especially ice water path (IWP), is one of the most perplexing problems in satellite cloud remote sensing. This paper develops a method for improving the IWP retrievals for ice-over-water overlapped cloud systems using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) data. A combined microwave, visible and infrared algorithm is used to identify overlapped clouds and estimate IWP separately from liquid water path. The retrieval error of IWP is then evaluated by comparing the IWP to that retrieved from single-layer ice clouds surrounding the observed overlapping systems. The major IWP retrieval errors of overlapped clouds are primarily controlled by the errors in estimating the visible optical depth. Optical depths are overestimated by about 10–40% due to the influence of the underlying cloud. For the ice-over-warm-water cloud systems (cloud water temperature Tw > 273 K), the globally averaged IWP retrieval error is about 10%. This cloud type accounts for about 15% of all high-cloud overlapping cases. Ice-over-super-cooled water clouds are the predominant overlapped cloud system, accounting for 55% of the cases. Their global averaged error is 17.2%. The largest IWP retrieval error results when ice clouds occur over extremely super-cooled water clouds (Tw 6 255 K). Overall, roughly 33% of the VIRS IWP retrievals are overestimated due to the effects of the liquid water clouds beneath the cirrus clouds. To improve the accuracy of the IWP retrievals, correction models are developed and applied to all three types of overlapped clouds. The preliminary results indicate that the correction models reduce part of the retrieval error. 相似文献
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中国科学院大气物理研究所研制了一台双波长偏振激光雷达,在格尔木市气象局进行了为期一年的不连续观测。本文选择了其中一天的观测个例,分别从雷达硬件结构、数据类型、数据处理方法等方面进行了系统的介绍和分析。结果表明,此次观测个例中,卷云位于地表以上4.7 km~7 km处,光学厚度均小于0.1,532 nm和1064 nm上的平均激光雷达比分别为24.3 Sr(激光雷达比)和29.9 Sr,色比多集中在0.8~1之间,此外532 nm波长上的退偏比多集中在0.25~0.3之间。此雷达对高空卷云能进行有效探测,为下一步研究青藏高原地区卷云长期时空分布特征奠定基础。 相似文献
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利用2007~2010年北半球夏季（6~8月）CloudSat卫星搭载的云廓线雷达（Cloud Profile Radar,CPR）探测结果对0°~60°N区域单层、双层和三层云系的水平分布、垂直结构特征及各云层云类组成、云水路径等物理量分布进行分析。云量的统计结果表明CPR探测的单层、双层和三层云系的云量分别为36.63%、8.26%和1.40%,云量的水平分布表明其高值区主要位于对流旺盛区域,且高值区的云层云顶高、厚度大,而低值区则多位于副热带高压区域。对不同云类的出现频率统计分析结果表明,单层云系中各云类的出现频率相近;多层云系的上层以卷云为主,下层以层积云为主。对比海陆差异发现洋面卷云和层积云的出现频率显著高于陆面,但高层云和高积云的出现频率低于陆面。云水路径分析表明,单层云系的冰水路径和液水路径均最大,而在多层云系中云层越高、厚度越大、冰水路径越大,液水路径则随着云层的降低增大。 相似文献
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云顶温度和云顶高度作为基本的云参数,在云的热辐射强迫估计,航空气象保障,数值天气预报,天气气候研究等方面具有十分重要的意义。FY-3D/MERSI-II云顶温度产品基于云在红外波段的发射率假设,利用两个红外分裂窗通道(11.0 μm、12.0 μm)结合一维变分方法寻找最优云顶温度层,再利用数值天气预报廓线产品插值反演对应的云顶高度和压强。利用AQUA/MODIS所提供的云产品数据对FY-3D/MERSI-II云顶温度、云顶高度、云顶压强产品进行精度检验,结果表明:FY-3D/MERSI-II水云云顶温度精度为-1.2±4.6 K,云顶高度精度为1.4±1.8 km,云顶压强精度为-140.9±114.5 hPa;厚冰云云顶温度精度为7.0±6.0 K,云顶高度精度为-1.0±0.9 km,云顶压强精度为37.1±36.0 hPa;混合云云顶温度精度为1.5±8.5 K,云顶高度精度为0.8±2.2 km,云顶压强精度为-87.4±157.8 hPa,单层卷云和多层云的反演偏差较大。辐射传输模式在云顶性质反演中有十分关键的作用,但目前对冰云特别是卷云的性质认识不足,因此如何精确描述冰晶辐射特性,提高冰云特别是卷云辐射传输的模拟精度将是下一步的工作重点。 相似文献
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The influence of various cloud parameters and the interactions with the ground albedo and the solar zenith angle have been studied by means of model simulations. The radiative transfer model suitable for a cloudy atmosphere as well as for a clear atmosphere has been developed on the basis of the Discrete Ordinate Method. This study leads to a general understanding for cloudy atmospheres: in the presence of a uniform cloud, the cloud scattering is dominant to molecular and aerosol scattering, and it is also wavelength-independent; the ratio of transmitted irradiance in a cloudy atmosphere to that in the background clear atmosphere is independent of cloud height and solar zenith angle. That’s to say, the radiation downwelling out of a cloud is quite isotropic; it decreases approximately exponentially with the cloud optical depth at a rate related to the ground albedo; the reflected irradiance at the top of the atmosphere is dependent on cloud optical depth as well as on solar zenith angle, but not on ground albedo for clouds of not very thin optical depth. 相似文献
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利用2008年9月—2016年8月的CloudSat卫星资料对发生在我国低纬度陆地区域(5°~36.5°N,78°~124°E)的卷云物理特征进行统计分析,并分别讨论东部沿海、中部、西部3个子区域的卷云物理特征的季节变化。结果表明:卷云的整层发生率西部地区整体低于中部与东部沿海地区。3个子区域整层发生率均在夏季最高、冬季最低。卷云的主要发生高度在5.04~18.71 km,垂直分布中卷云发生率的最大值出现在春季中部地区,为15.34%,高度为9.83 km。冰水路径最大值出现在夏季的东部沿海,液水路径最大值在秋季的西部地区。冰水含量、冰粒数浓度、冰粒有效半径的主要分布高度与卷云的发生高度一致,液水含量、液滴数浓度、液滴有效半径的主要分布高度在5.04~9.35 km。3个子区域卷云冰水含量、冰粒数浓度、冰粒有效半径垂直分布中大多集中在中上部;液水含量垂直分布主要集中在分布高度的中下部。四季卷云雷达反射率因子的最大值在-19.89~-16.78 dBZ,分布高度在7.19~10.55 km。 相似文献
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The cloud fraction(CF) and cloud-base heights(CBHs), and cirrus properties, over a site in southeastern China from June 2008 to May 2009, are examined by a ground-based lidar. Results show that clouds occupied the sky 41% of the time.Significant seasonal variations in CF were found with a maximum/minimum during winter/summer and similar magnitudes of CF in spring and autumn. A distinct diurnal cycle in the overall mean CF was seen. Total, daytime, and nighttime annual mean CBHs were 3.05 ± 2.73 km, 2.46 ± 2.08 km, and 3.51 ± 3.07 km, respectively. The lowest/highest CBH occurred around noon/midnight. Cirrus clouds were present ～36.2% of the time at night with the percentage increased in summer and decreased in spring. Annual mean values for cirrus geometrical properties were 8.89 ± 1.65 km, 9.80 ± 1.70 km, 10.73 ± 1.86 km and 1.83 ± 0.91 km for the base, mid-cloud, top height, and the thickness, respectively. Seasonal variations in cirrus geometrical properties show a maximum/minimum in summer/winter for all cirrus geometrical parameters. The mean cirrus lidar ratio for all cirrus cases in our study was ～ 25 ± 17 sr, with a smooth seasonal trend. The cirrus optical depth ranged from 0.001 to 2.475, with a mean of 0.34 ± 0.33. Sub-visual, thin, and dense cirrus were observed in ～12%, 43%, and 45%of the cases, respectively. More frequent, thicker cirrus clouds occurred in summer than in any other season. The properties of cirrus cloud over the site are compared with other lidar-based retrievals of midlatitude cirrus cloud properties. 相似文献
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Radiation and particle measurements have been performed with an aircraft in deep cirrus cloud fields near the island of Svalbard. The data of 12 March 1993, when measurements at 10 different levels could be obtained, are used in a comparative study with radiative transfer calculations. In a first analysis, the cirrus cloud field was assumed to be horizontally homogeneous and invariable during the time of measurements (frozen properties). Calculations of the up and downward radiative flux densities showed root mean square differences of 9 Wm−2 from the measurements. To estimate the possible effect of changes of the optical properties of cirrus with time, the flux densities in the upper part (6000–8500 m) and the lower part (3000–5500 m) of the cirrus cloud were analyzed separately. In these simulations, the optical thickness in the lower (upper) part was increased (decreased) by 50%. By this treatment, most of all calculated flux densities were within one standard deviation of the natural variability in each leg. Finally, the effect of inhomogeneities in the cloud field on the solar flux density has been simulated using a Monte Carlo method, since the upper part of the cirrus field has indeed been very inhomogeneous. This paper is a result of a collaborative effort between the MRI in Tsukuba, Japan, and the GKSS in Geesthacht, Germany. 相似文献
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Accurate information about the solar irradiance at the soil surface is essential for many agricultural, hydrological and environmental models that take into account the surface energy balance. The main goal of present study was to evaluate the solar irradiance predictions from the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW) model for both clear sky and cloudy conditions. An extended observational dataset from the Georgia Automated Environmental Monitoring Network (AEMN) provided hourly solar irradiance at the surface and other collocated surface level measurements. The radiation bias (determined from the difference between the ARW predictions and AEMN observations) showed a linear relationship with the cloud optical depth and the cirrus cloud amount from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS). For cloud-free days, the ARW model had a positive radiation bias that exceeded 120 W m?2 over coastal and urban areas of Georgia. The model radiation and air temperature bias increased with increasing aerosol optical depth derived from the MODIS observations during the cloud-free days, attributed to fire events that lasted intermittently throughout the study period. The model biases of temperature, mixing ratio, wind speed, and soil moisture were linearly dependent on the radiation bias. 相似文献
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开展卫星反演云量的精度评估是业务应用的基础,也是充分发挥卫星观测效益的前提。利用同类卫星产品EOS Aqua/MODIS云产品,选取2015年6月和12月共80个个例,包括43个白天个例,37个夜间个例。采用交叉比对方法对FY-2G云量产品进行相对偏差分析。结果表明:FY-2G与Aqua/MODIS计算云量总体趋势相当,无论从时间分布（白天和夜间）还是季节分布（6月和12月）上看,FY-2G与Aqua云量相对偏差较为稳定,FY-2G反演云量小于Aqua/MODIS反演云量。匹配个例中FY-2G平均云量为72.81%,Aqua/MODIS平均云量是76.19%,两者相关系数为0.74。两者绝对偏差小于5%的像元比例为72.34%;云量偏差绝对值小于15%的像元比例为79.51%。FY-2G与Aqua/MODIS云量偏差主要来自各自卫星的观测能力与所采用的云检测算法。与具有36个探测通道、星下点最低空间分辨率为0.01°×0.01°的Aqua/MODIS观测数据相比,FY-2G所具有的5通道、星下点最高空间分辨率为0.05°×0.05°的观测数据会出现对云,尤其是破碎云和薄卷云的漏检。两种具有不同时空属性的数据在匹配处理时采用的不同算法也会在比对分析中引入偏差。 相似文献
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Summary A set of the inhomogeneity factor for high-level clouds derived from the ISCCP D1 dataset averaged over a five-year period
has been incorporated in the UCLA atmospheric GCM to investigate the effect of cirrus cloud inhomogeneity on climate simulation.
The inclusion of this inhomogeneous factor improves the global mean planetary albedo by about 4% simulated from the model.
It also produces changes in solar fluxes and OLRs associated with changes in cloud fields, revealing that the cloud inhomogeneity
not only affects cloud albedo directly, but also modifies cloud and radiation fields. The corresponding difference in the
geographic distribution of precipitation is as large as 7 mm day−1. Using the climatology cloud inhomogeneity factor also produces a warmer troposphere related to changes in the cloudiness
and the corresponding radiative heating, which, to some extent, corrects the cold bias in the UCLA AGCM. The region around
14 km, however, is cooler associated with increase in the reflected solar flux that leads to a warmer region above. An interactive
parameterization for mean effective ice crystal size based on ice water content and temperature has also been developed and
incorporated in the UCLA AGCM. The inclusion of the new parameterization produces substantial differences in the zonal mean
temperature and the geographic distribution of precipitation, radiative fluxes, and cloud cover with respect to the control
run. The vertical distribution of ice crystal size appears to be an important factor controlling the radiative heating rate
and the consequence of circulation patterns, and hence must be included in the cloud-radiation parameterization in climate
models to account for realistic cloud processes in the atmosphere. 相似文献
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Summary Erythemal ultraviolet (UV) doses reaching the earths surface depend in a complex manner on the amount of total ozone, cloud cover, cloud type and the structure of the cloud field. A statistical model was developed allowing the reconstruction of UV from measured total ozone and a cloud modification factor (CMF) for the GAW site Hohenpeissenberg, Germany (48°N, 11°E). CMF is derived from solar global radiation G, normalized against a Rayleigh scattering atmosphere. By this way the complex influence of the cloud field is accounted for by introduction of a measured parameter, exposed also to this complex field. The statistical relations are derived from the period 1990–1998 where UV measurements and relevant meteorological parameters are available. With these relations daily UV doses could be reconstructed back to 1968. Tests show that the model works remarkably well even for time scales of a minute except for situations with high albedo. The comparison of measured and calculated UV irradiances shows that the model explains 97% of the variance for solar elevations above 18° on average over the period 1968–2001. The reconstruction back to 1968 indicates that maximum UV irradiances (clear days) have increased due to long-term ozone decline. Clouds show seasonally depending long-term changes, especially an increase of cirrus. Consequently the UV doses have increased less or even decreased in some months in comparison to the changes expected from the ozone decline alone. In May to August total cloud frequency and cloud cover have decreased. Therefore, the average UV doses have increased much more than can be explained by the ozone decline alone. It is also shown that the optical thickness of cirrus clouds has increased since 1953. The higher frequency of cirrus is caused in part by more frequent contrails. Besides that an observed long-term rise and cooling of the tropopause favors an easier cirrus formation. However, whether climate change and an intensification of the water cycle is responsible for the cirrus trends has not been investigated in detail. 相似文献
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Summary Three different climates have been identified by our evaluation of AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data
using APOLLO (AVHRR Processing scheme Over Land, Clouds and Ocean) for a five-years cloud climatology of the Alpine region.
The cloud cover data from four layers were spatially averaged in boxes of 15 km by 14 km. The study area only covers 540 km
by 560 km, but contains regions with moderate, Alpine and Mediterranean climate. Data from the period July 1989 until December
1996 have been considered. The temporal resolution is one scene per day, the early afternoon pass, yielding monthly means
of satellite derived cloud coverages 5% to 10% above the daily mean compared to conventional surface observation. At non-vegetated
sites the cloudiness is sometimes significantly overestimated. Averaging high resolution cloud data seems to be superior to
low resolution measurements of cloud properties and averaging is favourable in topographical homogeneous regions only. The
annual course of cloud cover reveals typical regional features as foehn or temporal singularities as the so-called Christmas
thaw. The cloud cover maps in spatially high resolution show local luff/lee features which outline the orography. Less cloud
cover is found over the Alps than over the forelands in winter, an accumulation of thick cirrus is found over the High Alps
and an accumulation of thin cirrus north of the Alps.
Received December 17, 1999 Revised July 18, 2000 相似文献
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利用FY-2C卫星数据反演云辐射特性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文利用FY-2C静止卫星提供的可见光、中红外和热红外观测数据, 开展了水云光学厚度、粒子有效半径和云顶温度的云参数遥感探测理论和反演方法研究。基于FY-2C可见光、中红外(3.75 μm)与热红外(11 μm)通道辐射率对云光学厚度、 云滴有效半径、云顶温度辐射参数的敏感性分析, 提出三通道同时反演云的光学厚度、云滴有效半径及云顶温度的迭代方案; 通过个例分析进行了云参数反演试验, 并将结果与MODIS的云反演产品进行了对比, 最后对反演误差进行了分析。主要结论如下:(1) 个例反演得到的云参数与各通道探测数据有着较好的对应关系, 迭代计算标准偏差在允许的计算精度范围内(<0.89%), 反演结果具有合理性; (2) 通过与MODIS云反演产品的对比可以看到, 两者云光学厚度、云滴有效半径的均值和直方图分布都非常一致, 而MODIS的云顶温度比FY-2C反演值要高, 考虑到FY-2C的 11 μm通道测量的辐射值与MODIS相比偏小, 因此认为我们的反演方法与MODIS方法的精度是相当的。 相似文献