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1.
东海及琉球沟弧盆系的海底热流测量与热流分布 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8
利用钻井资料获得了东海陆架地区15个热流值，分析了海底热流测量的误差来源及数据精度，对东海及琉球沟弧盆系的热流值进行了分类整理，将海底热流分为可信热流值、较可信热流值和参考热流值，本文使用了前两类热流数据，共得305个，对研究区的热流站位进行了分析，发现热流测站分布很不均匀，冲绳海槽几个高热流异常区的热流测站总数占全部东海热流测站的一半多，仍有相当一些构造单元热流站住很少或者几乎没有热流值，总体上，研究区的热流分布明显地和沟弧盆系的构造特征相吻合，呈现北东向条带状分布，东海陆架为正常热流值区，冲绳海槽为高热流异常区，琉球群岛为正常热流值区，琉球海沟和菲律宾海都为低热流异常值区，根据热流推测冲绳海槽下存在深部热物质上拱，琉球海沟垭口之下存在海洋板块的俯冲，本研究区自东向西初步表现出长波长热流振荡现象，但由于测量数据稀少，目前还不能对此作更进一步的研究。 相似文献
2.
The dynamics of a lava flow is studied by a two-dimensional model describing a viscous fluid with Bingham rheology, flowing down a slope. The temperature in the flow is calculated assuming that heat is transferred through the plug by conduction and is lost by radiation to the atmosphere at the top of the flow. Taken into account is that the increasing crystallization takes place in the flow as a consequence of cooling. The lava viscosity and yield stress are expressed as a function of crystallization degree as well as of temperature: in particular it is assumed that yield stress reaches a maximum value above the solidus temperature, according to experimental data. Dynamical variables, such as velocity and thickness of the flow, are calculated for different values of the maximum crystallization degree and the flow rate. The model shows how the lava flow dynamics is affected by cooling and crystallization. The cooling of the flow is controlled by the increase of yield stress, which produces a thicker plug and makes the heat loss slower. The increasing crystallization has two opposing effects on viscosity: it produces an increase of viscosity, but at the same time produces an increase of yield stress and hence reduces the heat loss and keeps the internal temperature high. As a consequence, lava flows are significantly affected by the dependence of yield stress on temperature and scarcely by the maximum crystallization degree. 相似文献
3.
A dynamical model of lava flows cooling by radiation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Michele Dragoni 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1989,51(2):88-95
The behaviour of a lava flow is reproduced by a two-dimensional model of a Bingham liquid flowing down a uniform slope. Such a liquid is described by two rheological parameters, yield stress and viscosity, both of which are strongly temperature-dependent. Assuming a flow rate and an initial temperature of the liquid at the eruption vent, the temperature decrease due to heat radiation and the consequent change in the rheological parameters are computed along the flow. Both full thermal mixing and thermal unmixing are considered. The equations of motion are solved analytically in the approximation of a slow downslope change of the flow parameters. Flow height and velocity are obtained as functions of the distance from the eruption vent; the time required for a liquid element to reach a certain distance from the vent is also computed. The gross features of observed lava flows are reproduced by the model which allows us to estimate the sensitivity of flow dynamics to changes in the initial conditions, ground slope and rheological parameters. A pronounced increase in the rate of height increase and velocity decrease is found when the flow enters the Bingham regime. The results confirm the observation according to which lava flows show an initial rapid advance, followed by a marked deceleration, while the final length of a flow is such that the Graetz number is in the order of a few hundreds. 相似文献
4.
P. I. A. Kinnell 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(10):1393-1407
Simulations using a mechanistic model of raindrop driven erosion in rain‐impacted flow were performed with particles travelling by suspension, raindrop induced saltation and flow driven saltation. Results generated by both a high intensity storm, and a less intense one, indicate that, because of the effect of flow depth on the delivery of raindrop energy to the bed, there is a decline in sediment concentration, and hence soil loss per unit area, with slope length when particles are transported by raindrop induced saltation. However, that decline is reversed when the critical velocities that lead to flow driven saltation are episodically exceeded during an event. The simulations were performed on smooth surfaces and a single drop size but the general relationships are likely to apply for rain made up of a wide range of drop size. Although runoff is not always produced uniformly, as a general rule, flow velocities increase with slope length so that, typically, the distance particles travel before being discharged during an event increase with slope length. The effect of slope length on soil loss per unit area is often considered to vary with slope length to a power greater than zero and less that 1·0. The simulations show that effect of slope length on sediment discharge is highly dependent on the variations in runoff response resulting from variations in rainfall duration‐intensity‐infiltration conditions rather than plot length per se. Consequently, predicting soil loss per unit area using slope length with positive powers close to zero when sheet erosion occurs may not be as effective as commonly expected. Erosion by rain‐impacted flow is a complex process and that complexity needs to be considered when analysing the results of experiments associated with rain‐impacted flow under both natural and artificial conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
Hillslopes have complex three‐dimensional shapes that are characterized by their plan shape, profile curvature of surface and bedrock, and soil depth. To investigate the stability of complex hillslopes (with different slope curvatures and plan shapes), we combine the hillslope‐storage Boussinesq (HSB) model with the infinite slope stability method. The HSB model is based on the continuity and Darcy equations expressed in terms of storage along the hillslope. Solutions of the HSB equation account explicitly for plan shape by introducing the hillslope width function and for profile curvature through the bedrock slope angle and the hillslope soil depth function. The presented model is composed of three parts: a topography model conceptualizing three‐dimensional soil mantled landscapes, a dynamic hydrology model for shallow subsurface flow and water table depth (HSB model) and an infinite slope stability method based on the Mohr–Coulomb failure law. The resulting hillslope‐storage Boussinesq stability model (HSB‐SM) is able to simulate rain‐induced shallow landsliding on hillslopes with non‐constant bedrock slope and non‐parallel plan shape. We apply the model to nine characteristic hillslope types with three different profile curvatures (concave, straight, convex) and three different plan shapes (convergent, parallel, divergent). In the presented model, the unsaturated storage has been calculated based on the unit head gradient assumption. To relax this assumption and to investigate the effect of neglecting the variations of unsaturated storage on the assessment of slope stability in the transient case, we also combine a coupled model of saturated and unsaturated storage and the infinite slope stability method. The results show that the variations of the unsaturated zone storage do not play a critical role in hillslope stability. Therefore, it can be concluded that the presented dynamic slope stability model (HSB‐SM) can be used safely for slope stability analysis on complex hillslopes. Our results show that after a certain period of rainfall the convergent hillslopes with concave and straight profiles become unstable more quickly than others, whilst divergent convex hillslopes remain stable (even after intense rainfall). In addition, the relation between subsurface flow and hillslope stability has been investigated. Our analyses show that the minimum safety factor (FS) occurs when the rate of subsurface flow is a maximum. In fact, by increasing the subsurface flow, stability decreases for all hillslope shapes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
7.
Hahn Chul Jung James Hamski Michael Durand Doug Alsdorf Faisal Hossain Hyongki Lee A. K. M. Azad Hossain Khaled Hasan Abu Saleh Khan A.K.M. Zeaul Hoque 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(3):294-304
The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission will provide global, space‐based estimates of water elevation, its temporal change, and its spatial slope in fluvial environments, as well as across lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and floodplains. This paper illustrates the utility of existing remote sensing measurements of water temporal changes and spatial slope to characterize two complex fluvial environments. First, repeat‐pass interferometric SAR measurements from the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite are used to compare and contrast floodplain processes in the Amazon and Congo River basins. Measurements of temporal water level changes over the two areas reveal clearly different hydraulic processes at work. The Amazon is highly interconnected by floodplain channels, resulting in complex flow patterns. In contrast, the Congo does not show similar floodplain channels and the flow patterns are not well defined and have diffuse boundaries. During inundation, the Amazon floodplain often shows sharp hydraulic changes across floodplain channels. The Congo, however, does not show similar sharp changes during either infilling or evacuation. Second, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission measurements of water elevation are used to derive water slope over the braided Brahmaputra river system. In combination with in situ bathymetry measurements, water elevation and slope allow one to calculate discharge estimates within 2.3% accuracy. These two studies illustrate the utility of satellite‐based measurements of water elevation for characterizing complex fluvial environments, and highlight the potential of SWOT measurements for fluvial hydrology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
Systematic variations in atmospheric heat exchange, surface residence time, and groundwater influx across montane stream networks commonly produce an increasing stream temperature trend with decreasing elevation. However, complex stream temperature profiles that differ from this common longitudinal trend also exist, suggesting that stream temperatures may be influenced by complex interactions among hydrologic and atmospheric processes. Lakes within stream networks form one potential source of temperature profile complexity due to the spatially variable contribution of lake-sourced water to stream flow. We investigated temperature profile complexity in a multi-season stream temperature dataset collected across a montane stream network containing many alpine lakes. This investigation was performed by making comparisons between multiple statistical models that used different combinations of stream and lake characteristics to represent specific hypotheses for the controls on stream temperature. The compared models included a set of models which used a topographically derived estimate of the hydrologic influence of lakes to separate and quantify the effects of stream elevation and lake source-water contributions to longitudinal stream temperature patterns. This source-water mixing model provided a parsimonious explanation for complex stream-network temperature patterns in the summer and autumn, and this approach may be further applicable to other systems where stream temperatures are influenced by multiple water sources. Simpler models that discounted lake effects were more optimal during the winter and spring, suggesting that complex patterns in stream temperature profiles may emerge and subside temporally, across seasons, in response to diversity of water temperatures from different sources. 相似文献
9.
随着南海北部陆坡天然气水合物勘探工作的深入开展,在南海北部陆坡天然气水合物勘探区典型的集中了钻孔、探针和BSR三种测量方式获得的热流数据.为了解海底热流不同测量方式的差异,以及南海北部陆坡水合物勘探区的热流特征,文章以SH-2和SH-5孔作为典型站位,分别介绍三种热流测量方法并对两个站位的不同类型热流进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)在SH-2孔处探针热流与钻孔热流基本一致,但在SH-5孔处探针热流明显低于钻孔热流;采用钻孔实测沉积物平均热导率计算的SH-2和SH-5两个站位处的BSR热流都与相应钻孔热流基本一致.(2)根据地震剖面及相邻位置探针热流特征分析,SH-5站位处探针热流明显偏低,可能是受到流体活动的影响.(3)相对SH-2孔,SH-5孔具有较高的地温梯度和热流特征,可能是SH-5钻孔未钻到水合物的重要原因,而晚期泥底辟侵入可能是造成SH-5孔具有较高的温度场并导致原本赋存的水合物分解的原因. 相似文献
10.
A short length of channel on Pico Partido volcano, Lanzarote, provides us the opportunity to examine the dynamics of lava flowing in a channel that extends over a sudden break in slope. The 1–2-m-wide, 0.5–2-m-deep channel was built during the 1730–1736 eruptions on Lanzarote and exhibits a sinuous, well-formed channel over a steep (11° slope) 100-m-long proximal section. Over-flow units comprising smooth pahoehoe sheet flow, as well as evidence on the inner channel walls for multiple (at least 11) flow levels, attest to unsteady flow in the channel. In addition, superelevation is apparent at each of the six bends along the proximal channel section. Superelevation results from banking of the lava as it moves around the bend thus causing preferential construction of the outer bank. As a result, the channel profile at each bend is asymmetric with an outer bank that is higher than the inner bank. Analysis of superelevation indicates flow velocities of ~8 m s–1. Our analysis of the superelevation features is based on an inertia-gravity balance, which we show is appropriate, even though the down-channel flow is in laminar flow. We use a viscosity-gravity balance model, together with the velocities calculated from superelevation, to obtain viscosities in the range 25–60 Pa s (assuming that the lava behaved as a Newtonian liquid). Estimated volume fluxes are in the range 7–12 m3 s–1. An apparent down-flow increase in derived volume flux may have resulted from variable supply or bulking up of the flow due to vesiculation. Where the channel moves over a sharp break in slope and onto slopes of ~6°, the channel becomes less well defined and widens considerably. At the break of slope, an elongate ridge extends across the channel. We speculate that this ridge was formed as a result of a reduction in velocity immediately below the break of slope to allow deposition of entrained material or accretion of lava to the channel bed as a result of a change in flow regime or depth. 相似文献
11.
Using a laboratory gamma-ray spectrometer, 160 rock samples from different heat flow sites in India have been analysed for their U, Th and K contents. Heat generation has been estimated for the significant rock types. Of the six regions covered by this study, correction due to heat generation contrast and geologic structure was found necessary and has been applied in two regions. Heat flow/heat generation plots for two regions in the southernmost part of the shield follow the line characteristic of a normal continental heat flow province. The plots for the other four regions indicate a heat flow province with an intercept of 0.92 HFU and a slope of 14.8 km. From data available at present, these parameters are higher compared to those from the other shields. The higher parameters imply a higher temperature and heat flow at the Moho, indicating a region of “hotter” upper mantle in the Indian shield. 相似文献
12.
The errors in surface runoff prediction by neglecting the relationship between infiltration rate and overland flow depth 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Many simplifications are used in modeling surface runoff over a uniform slope. A very common simplification is to determine the infiltration rate independent of the overland flow depth and to combine it afterward with the kinematic-wave equation to determine the overland flow depth. Another simplication is to replace the spatially variable infiltration rates along the slope i(x, t) due to the water depth variations h(x,t) with an infiltration rate that is determined at a certain location along the slope. The aim of this study is to evaluate the errors induced by these simplications on predicted infiltration rates, overland flow depths, and total runoff volume. The error analysis is accomplished by comparing a simplified model with a model where the interaction between the overland flow depth and infiltration rate is counted. In this model, the infiltration rate is assumed to vary along the slope with the overland flow depth, even for homogeneous soil profiles. The kinematic-wave equation with interactive infiltration rate, calculated along the slopy by Richard's equation, are then solved by a finite difference scheme for a 100-m-long uniform slope. In the first error analysis, we study the effect of combining an ‘exact’ and ‘approximate’ one-dimensional infiltration rate with the kinematic-wave equation for three different soil surface roughness coefficients. The terms ‘exact’ and ‘approximate’ stand for the solution of Richard's equation with and without using the overland flow depth in the boundary condition, respectively. The simulations showed that higher infiltration rates and lower overland flow depths are obtained during the rising stage of the hydrograph when overland flow depth is used in the upper boundary condition of the one-dimensional Richard's equation. During the recession period, the simplified model predicts lower infiltration rates and higher overland flow depths. The absolute relative errors between the ‘exact’ and ‘approximate’ solutions are positively correlated to the overland flow depths which increase with the soil surface roughness coefficient. For this error analysis, the relative errors in surface runoff volume per unit slope width throughout the storm are much smaller than the relative errors in momentary overland flow depths and discharges due to the alternate signs of the deviations along the rising and falling stages. In the second error analysis, when the spatially variable infiltration rate along the slope i(x, t) is replaced in the kinematic-wave equation by i(t), calculated at the slope outlet, the overland flow depth is underestimated during the rising stage of the hydrograph and overestimated during the falling stage. The deviations during the rising stage are much smaller than the deviations during the falling stage, but they are of a longer duration. This occurs because the solution with i(x, t) recognizes that part of the slope becomes dry after rainfall stops, while overland flow still exists with i(t) determined at the slope outlet. As obtained for the first error analysis, the relative errors in surface runoff volume per unit slope width are also much smaller than the relative errors in momentary overland flow depths and discharges. The relation between the errors in overland flow depth and discharge to different mathematical simplifications enables to evaluate whether certain simplifications are justified or more computational efforts should be used. 相似文献
13.
In 2000, a 3D MCS survey was carried out on the Eastern Nankai Trough. A strong and widespread bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) was observed and mapped after a preserved amplitude 3D prestack migration of the seismic data. We use this BSR to calculate a heat flow map over the 3D survey area. This map presents some high and low heat flow areas, that cannot be correlated to known active wedge faults and previously observed fluid venting sites. Since the heat flow anomalies are not correlated to known major faults or fluid venting sites, large fluid circulation is not likely to explain the varying BSR-derived heat flow distribution. In order to explain this heat flow distribution quantitatively, we calculate the rates of erosion and sedimentation that are necessary to create these anomalies. These rates are in good agreement with observations on seismic profiles, and are locally consistent with a sedimentation rate calculated from slope basin depth, and reflect the distribution of erosion, landsliding and deposition on the margin slope. We therefore propose that the observed BSR-derived heat flow anomalies are mainly due to active erosion and sedimentation, and that heat flow distribution on the margin section of the 3D survey is controlled by surface processes. Fluid migration could occur where a BSR is absent, but is probably episodic or limited where a BSR is present, and does not affect the BSR-derived heat flow in this part of the margin. These surface processes are the consequence of the tectonic and seismic activity of the wedge and are influenced by the subduction of a wide oceanic ridge below the Eastern Nankai margin. 相似文献
14.
Lawrence A. Lawver John G. Sclater Thomas L. Henyey J. Rogers 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1973,19(2):198-208
Twenty-five new heat flow measurements made in the Gulf of California are presented. All the values except two at the mouth of the Gulf and two in the Sal si Puedes basin are high. The values ranged from 2.0 to greater than 10 μcal/cm2 sec (82 to > 420 mW/m2) with eight values greater than 5.2 (210 mW/m2). Due to high rates of sedimentation throughout the Gulf, the actual heat flow, in many cases, may be up to 25% greater than that recorded.Most of the heat flow stations are concentrated in the Farallon and Guaymas basins and show a marked increase towards the central deeps, where new crust is believed to be forming. The heat flow values in the Farallon basin show a sharp peak 10–15 km southeast of the central depression while those in the Guaymas basin peak in the depression.The heat flow profiles across the Guaymas and Farallon basins are remarkably similar to those observed on other well sedimented spreading centers such as the northern portion of the Explorer trough. Thus they may provide evidence that the crust is being created by an axially symmetric intrusion process with a major loss of heat due to hydrothermal circulation. The absence of magnetic anomalies in the Gulf has been attributed to the supposed presence of large grains in the intruded basalt. Large grains form by the slow cooling of the basalt under a layer of sediment. Prominent magnetic anomalies have been observed on the northern portion of the Explorer trough. Observational data suggest that the thermal processes at this ridge axis and the center of the Farallon basin are identical. We suggest that further careful study is needed in the Gulf before the slow cooling model is accepted as an explanation for the attenuation of the magnetic anomalies. 相似文献
15.
沉积盆地现今热流特征是岩石圈构造-热演化过程的综合反映和盆地热史恢复的必要约束条件,其总体变化趋势与热岩石圈厚度密切相关.本文根据新收集的珠江口盆地19口钻井温度数据,新增计算了19个大地热流数据,其中12个数据位于深水区（水深大于300 m）,丰富了该盆地深水区钻井地热数据.结合前人研究成果,绘制了该盆地的大地热流图,并分析了其热流分布特征.在此基础上通过求解一维热传导方程,计算得到36口井位处的热岩石圈厚度,量化了盆地大地热流与热岩石圈厚度间的关系.结果显示,珠江口盆地大地热流值介于24.2~121.0 mW·m-2,平均71.8±13.6 mW·m-2,新增盆地深水区钻井平均热流值高达84.5±4.4 mW·m-2.大地热流分布整体上从陆架区到陆坡区升高,而热岩石圈厚度整体分布趋势与大地热流相反.大地热流与热岩石圈厚度间存在良好的指数相关性. 相似文献
16.
The high-amplitude wide magnetic anomaly that covers a large area of the north-eastern – central Adriatic Sea in the Croatian offshore is ∼100 km wide and extends NW–SE for ∼350 km. The anomaly is located between the Dinarides and Apennines chains, in an interesting geodynamic scenario. The presence of intruded gabbroid rocks in the Croatian archipelago also contributes to making this intriguing and still not extensively investigated anomaly potentially significant to the geologic and geophysical context in which it is located. In this work, we model the Bouguer and magnetic anomalies across the Adriatic Sea. The 2D geophysical modeling was produced across four cross sections considering surface heat flow data to calculate the Curie depth. The magnetic susceptibilities and densities used for the synthetic bodies are in agreement with the literature and with those derived by previous models. The results suggest the presence of an uplifted magnetized basement with high magnetic susceptibility (0.075 SI units) to be the main contributor to the observed magnetic anomaly. This magnetic susceptibility is interpreted as representative of a gabbroid-intruded basement. The high-susceptibility basement is in lateral continuity with a relatively low susceptibility basement (0.025–0.038 SI units). The results of the geophysical modeling are compared with a conceptual geological model realized from the integration of surface, well and geophysical data, the latter concerning seismic, tomographic, magnetic and gravimetric anomalies and heat flow data. These data have been merged in an integrated data-base using MOVE software, and the geophysical modeling was performed using GM-SYS. The comparison allowed to confirm the hypothesis that the magnetic anomaly is related to the basement and to its position in the complex geodynamic evolution of the Apennines–Adriatic–Dinarides system. 相似文献
17.
Mass and heat transfer occurring across phase-interfaces in multi-phase flow in porous media are mostly approximated using equilibrium relationships or empirical kinetic models. However, when the characteristic time of flow is smaller than that of mass or heat transfer, non-equilibrium situations may arise. Commonly, empirical approaches are used in such cases. There are only few works in the literature that use physically-based models for these transfer terms. In fact, one would expect physical approaches to modeling kinetic interphase mass and heat transfer to contain the interfacial area between the phases as a variable. Recently, a two-phase flow and solute transport model was developed that included interfacial area as a state variable [36]. In that model, interphase mass transfer was modeled as a kinetic process. 相似文献
18.
海底热流数据是开展海洋地球动力学研究和油气资源评价的基础数据.南海北部陆坡深水区蕴含有丰富的油气和水合物资源,而该区热流站位很少.为了解陆坡深水区水合物有利区块的地热特征,利用剑鱼1型海底原位热流探针,在南海西沙海域和神狐海域成功获得了16个站位的热流值.测量结果表明,西沙海槽与白云凹陷都具有较高的热流值,西沙海槽区除1个站位结果不可信外,另2个站位所测海底表层地温梯度分别为105.3 和99.9℃·km-1,原位热流分别为89±1和87±1 mW·m-2;白云凹陷中部区域13个站位测得表层地温梯度变化于58.5~100.7 ℃·km-1,热流值除4个站位低于70 mW·m-2外,其余都变化于75±2~101±4 mW·m-2范围,比前人在白云凹陷东部获得的热流高.分析认为,西沙海槽和白云凹陷区域的高地热特征与陆坡深水区的高热背景、晚期断裂发育、底辟、岩浆侵入和热流体活动等有关. 相似文献
19.
This paper presents a nonlocal, derivative free model for transient flow in unsaturated, heterogeneous, and anisotropic soils. The formulation is based on the peridynamic model for solid mechanics. In the proposed model, flow and changes in moisture content are driven by pairwise interactions with other points across finite distances, and are expressed as functional integrals of the hydraulic potential field. Peridynamic expressions of the rate of change in moisture content, moisture flux, and flow power are derived, as are relationships between the peridynamic and the classic hydraulic conductivities; in addition, the model is validated. The absence of spacial derivatives makes the model a good candidate for flow simulations in fractured soils and lends itself to coupling with peridynamic mechanical models for simulating crack formation triggered by shrinkage and swelling, and assessing their potential impact on a wide range of processes, such as infiltration, contaminant transport, and slope stability. 相似文献
20.
We examine velocity statistics from a numerical simulation of the Nordic Seas with 4 km resolution, with a focus on the Norwegian shelf and slope. The model mean flow is dominated by its version of the Norwegian Atlantic Current, with two branches, one near the shelfbreak and the other near the 2000 m isobath. The model variances are surface-intensified and increase with water depth over the shelf; the variance ellipses also indicate topographic steering. Seasonality is more pronounced on the shelf than on the slope and the velocity probability distributions are weakly non-Gaussian, reflecting an excess of extreme velocities. All these aspects are broadly consistent with the observations. There are, however, differences with the observations. The topographic steering of the mean flow and of the variance ellipses is less pronounced in the model, a probable consequence of the model bathymetry, etopo5, being too smooth. The temporal and spatial coherence scales are too large by about a factor of 2, probably due to the model resolution. And correlations between velocity time series from the model and in situ moorings are generally small, despite the model having realistic forcing. The low predictability presumably reflects the degree of chaos in the flow and highlights the need for data assimilation. 相似文献