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1.
Based on the stable isotope composition in 15N and 13C of different potential sources of organic matter and consumers of an intertidal Zostera marina meadow located in San Simón Bay (Ría de Vigo, NW of Spain), a simplified food web of this community was reconstructed. For this purpose, some alternatives in different steps of the most used methodology of stable isotope dietary analysis were developed that cope with some of the limitations associated to the interpretation of isotopic signals for food web analysis, those of uncertainty on the fractionation value, mathematical model to use for the diet resolution and shortage of the isotope number for discriminating many food sources. The application of this protocol to the studied community reported similar results to those from other studies based on similar trophic webs, emphasizing the importance of local primary producers, especially microphytobenthos, which could be available for several primary consumers through resuspension forced by tidal hydrodynamic. The good agreement with previous results suggests that the proposed protocol is a feasible alternative to elucidate the most plausible trophic relationships in complex trophic webs using stable isotopes analysis. 相似文献
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Biomagnification in marine systems: the perspective of an ecologist 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
Gray JS 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,45(1-12):46-52
Biomagnification is the process where xenobiotic substances are transferred from food to an organism resulting in higher concentrations compared with the source. It is widely believed that this is a general phenomenon for marine food webs. An analysis of 148 papers with biomagnification in the title shows that under half show biomagnification. Of studies on metals only organic mercury shows biomagnification and most metals are regulated and excreted and do not biomagnify. Of the studies on organic compounds 67% claimed to show biomagnification. However, bioconcentration (uptake from the surrounding water) is the most usual way that organic compounds are accumulated in organisms from invertebrates to and including fish. Only in sea-birds and marine mammals is food intake the major route and where biomagnification can be clearly shown. Body concentrations of organic compounds vary with lipid content and thus in order to compare across species normalisation to uniform lipid content should be done. Yet often this is not done so data purporting to show biomagnification merely relate to differing lipid content in the different species studied. Finally suggestions are made as to how data can be collected to better interpret the process of biomagnification in marine food webs. 相似文献
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A simple model of the dynamics of a bubble plume is incorporated in the one dimensional model of reservoir dynamics DYRESM and tested against a data set from Myponga Reservoir in South Australia. The comparisons show that the model provides a reasonably good simulation of the dynamics, and allows use of the combined model for determining the behaviour of aerators under a number of operational strategies. It is shown that a peak efficiency in excess of 15% may be achieved from a single bubble plume, and that the total efficiency of an aerator operating with a fixed airflow rate and fixed configuration over a full season may be increased markedly from 1.5% to about 5.5% by a simple control method. It is suggested that total efficiencies of the order of 15% may be achieved by more complex control strategies. 相似文献
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地震自发破裂模拟是震源动力学研究的重要内容,了解复杂的断层动力学破裂过程对深入认识震源特征和解释运动学反演结果具有重要意义.基于边界积分方程方法的破裂模拟已经被广泛使用,大多采用的是平面断层模型的结构化网格划分.由于实际的断层往往具有较为复杂的几何特征,为了更为灵活地刻画断层几何复杂性,我们建立断层模型的三角形网格离散方案,通过精确的解析解形式来计算断层各个单元之间的应力格林函数,联立滑动弱化摩擦准则和非奇异边界积分方程,对断层的自发破裂过程进行了模拟.在简单的平面断层模型下,将计算结果与前人的结果进行了对比,验证了方法的正确性与有效性.对于几种常见的复杂断层模型,例如弯折、阶跃、含障碍体断层等,我们模拟了其破裂过程并对计算结果进行了比较与分析.模拟结果表明,非结构化网格划分的边界积分方程方法能够很好地模拟平面矩形断层或由其组成的规则断层,同时也能成功地模拟具有复杂几何形状的不规则断层上的动力学破裂过程.本研究的结果显示了边界积分方程方法在模拟复杂断层系统的动力学破裂问题上具有较广阔的应用前景. 相似文献
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van den Brink NW Riddle MJ van den Heuvel-Greve M van Franeker JA 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(1):128-132
We demonstrate that pelagic Antarctic seabirds show significant decreases in concentrations of some persistent organic pollutants. Trends in Adélie penguins and Southern fulmars fit in a general pattern revealed by a broad literature review. Downward trends are also visible in pelagic fish, contrasting sharply with steady or increasing concentrations in Antarctic benthic organisms. Transfer of contaminants between Antarctic pelagic and benthic food webs is associated with seasonal sea-ice dynamics which may influence the balance between the final receptors of contaminants under different climatic conditions. This complicates the predictability of future trends of emerging compounds in the Antarctic ecosystem, such as of the brominated compounds that we detected in Antarctic petrels. The discrepancy in trends between pelagic and benthic organisms shows that Antarctic biota are still final receptors of globally released organic contaminants and it remains questionable whether the total environmental burden of contaminants in the Antarctic ecosystem is declining. 相似文献
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Supporting brace sizing in structures with added linear viscous fluid dampers: A filter design solution 
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下载免费PDF全文 Viscous fluid dampers have proved to be effective in suppressing unwanted vibrations in a range of engineering structures. When dampers are fitted in a structure, a brace is typically used to attach them to the main structure. The stiffness of this brace can significantly alter the effectiveness of the damper, and in structures with multiple dampers, this can be a complex scenario to model. In this paper, we demonstrate that the effects of the brace compliance on the damper performance can be modelled by way of a first‐order filter. We use this result to formulate a procedure that calculates the stiffness required by the supporting brace to provide a specified effectiveness of the damping action. The proposed procedure assumes that viscous dampers have been sized in a previous design step based on any optimal methodology in which, as is usually the case, the presence of supporting braces and their dynamic effects were neglected. Firstly considering a one degree‐of‐freedom system, we show that the proposed method ensures a desired level of damper efficiency for all frequencies within a selected bandwidth. Then the analysis is extended to the case of multi‐degree‐of‐freedom systems to show that the design criteria can be applied in a straightforward and successful manner to more complex structures. © 2014 The Authors. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
7.
《Limnologica》2016
In this study, we investigated the long-term (2-year) response of a detritus-based food web to resource depletion simulated in microcosms filled with lake sediment. The effects of resource depletion on the food web were estimated from the biomass responses of a simplified, size-based trophic network comprising three trophic levels: (1) bacteria, (2) bacterivorous meiofauna, and (3) omnivore/predacious nematodes and oligochaetes. The results showed that sediment bacteria and organic carbon stock were not affected by resource depletion, whereas oligochaetes, large nematodes and some bacterivores, such as rotifers and ostracods, decreased dramatically. At the same time, resource depletion had no negative effect on minute bacterivorous nematodes and harpacticoid copepods, suggesting their release from competition with other bacterivores and/or their release from potential predation by large nematodes and oligochaetes. Our results globally confirmed classical trophic dynamics models in which a shortage in resources dampens food-chain length. Yet, low resources did not completely eliminate all large invertebrates, and did not affect the standing stock of detritus and bacteria, suggesting that detritus-based food webs could show a remarkable resilience to the effects of resource depletion. 相似文献
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There are few studies on the hydrogeology of sedimentary rock aquitards although they are important controls in regional ground water flow systems. We formulate and test a three-dimensional (3D) conceptual model of ground water flow and hydrochemistry in a fractured sedimentary rock aquitard to show that flow dynamics within the aquitard are more complex than previously believed. Similar conceptual models, based on regional observations and recently emerging principles of mechanical stratigraphy in heterogeneous sedimentary rocks, have previously been applied only to aquifers, but we show that they are potentially applicable to aquitards. The major elements of this conceptual model, which is based on detailed information from two sites in the Maquoketa Formation in southeastern Wisconsin, include orders of magnitude contrast between hydraulic diffusivity (K/S(s)) of fractured zones and relatively intact aquitard rock matrix, laterally extensive bedding-plane fracture zones extending over distances of over 10 km, very low vertical hydraulic conductivity of thick shale-rich intervals of the aquitard, and a vertical hydraulic head profile controlled by a lateral boundary at the aquitard subcrop, where numerous surface water bodies dominate the shallow aquifer system. Results from a 3D numerical flow model based on this conceptual model are consistent with field observations, which did not fit the typical conceptual model of strictly vertical flow through an aquitard. The 3D flow through an aquitard has implications for predicting ground water flow and for planning and protecting water supplies. 相似文献
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位于冷弯薄壁型钢构件腹板的槽孔,可延长构件两边的热量传递路线,减弱冷弯薄壁钢构件作为墙板龙骨引起的冷桥效应。常温下冷弯薄壁构件的屈曲破坏模态已非常复杂,包括整体屈曲、局部屈曲和畸变屈曲等,且不同的屈曲破坏模态可能会相互影响。火灾下冷弯薄壁构件的破坏机理将更为复杂,根据常规的稳定理论难以求解其火灾下的临界荷载。本文利用有限元方法对火灾下腹板开槽冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢的受力性能进行了模拟,研究了单元类型、材料模型、初始几何缺陷以及求解方法等因素对分析结果的影响,为同类构件抗火性能的有限元模拟分析提供了建模依据。 相似文献
10.
We present a Gaussian packet migration method based on Gabor frame decomposition and asymptotic propagation of Gaussian packets. A Gaussian packet has both Gaussian‐shaped time–frequency localization and space–direction localization. Its evolution can be obtained by ray tracing and dynamic ray tracing. In this paper, we first briefly review the concept of Gaussian packets. After discussing how initial parameters affect the shape of a Gaussian packet, we then propose two Gabor‐frame‐based Gaussian packet decomposition methods that can sparsely and accurately represent seismic data. One method is the dreamlet–Gaussian packet method. Dreamlets are physical wavelets defined on an observation plane and can represent seismic data efficiently in the local time–frequency space–wavenumber domain. After decomposition, dreamlet coefficients can be easily converted to the corresponding Gaussian packet coefficients. The other method is the Gabor‐frame Gaussian beam method. In this method, a local slant stack, which is widely used in Gaussian beam migration, is combined with the Gabor frame decomposition to obtain uniform sampled horizontal slowness for each local frequency. Based on these decomposition methods, we derive a poststack depth migration method through the summation of the backpropagated Gaussian packets and the application of the imaging condition. To demonstrate the Gaussian packet evolution and migration/imaging in complex models, we show several numerical examples. We first use the evolution of a single Gaussian packet in media with different complexities to show the accuracy of Gaussian packet propagation. Then we test the point source responses in smoothed varying velocity models to show the accuracy of Gaussian packet summation. Finally, using poststack synthetic data sets of a four‐layer model and the two‐dimensional SEG/EAGE model, we demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the migration method. Compared with the more accurate but more time‐consuming one‐way wave‐equation‐based migration, such as beamlet migration, the Gaussian packet method proposed in this paper can correctly image the major structures of the complex model, especially in subsalt areas, with much higher efficiency. This shows the application potential of Gaussian packet migration in complicated areas. 相似文献
11.
为了在复杂地表条件下实现地震波走时计算,提出了一种基于线性插值和窄带技术的走时计算新方法.其中,线性插值用于局部走时计算,窄带技术用于局部波前捕获和追踪.为了逼近起伏地表,采用三角网和矩形网相结合的方法对速度模型进行剖分.为了得到局部走时计算公式,利用费马（Fermat）原理和关于入射点位置的限定条件.有关编程实践和数值试验表明：新方法不仅可以有效、灵活地处理地表高程的剧烈变化,而且还具有很好的适应性和稳定性,得到的计算结果满足波前传播规律. 相似文献
12.
The use of seabirds as sentinels of the condition of aquatic ecosystems has been well-established. Large environmental perturbations to aquatic food webs (e.g., chemical contamination, overfishing, particulate pollution) have all been detected or monitored by tracking seabirds at colonies. However, seabirds may elicit more subtle, sublethal responses that can also be used to track ecosystem health, or the health of seabird populations. In this article, we advocate for field researchers to plan a priori to collect a broader suite of samples when handling seabirds, and to reach out for collaboration with specialists (e.g., parasitologists, wildlife veterinarians). Collectively, such efforts will greatly improve our ability to establish baseline physiological and chemical levels for seabirds, against which we can detect future changes in aquatic ecosystems. 相似文献
13.
The effects of freshwater flushing on marine heterotrophic protists--implications for ballast water management. 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Survivorship of ballast-entrained marine heterotrophic protists was examined following freshwater flushing. The recovered taxa, including typical marine rhizopods such as Platyamoeba murchelanoi, Labyrinthula spp, Pontifex maximus, Thecamoeba orbis, and the ciliate Condylostoma arenarium, were reared in waters of various salinities. After 2 months, the original salinity subsample retained five protist taxa, the freshwater six, including the amoeba Cochliopodium bilimbosum, the brackish water 22 taxa, and the seawater 19 taxa. Since protists form a major component of marine microbial food webs, their survival may be instrumental in supporting complex ballast-entrained food webs. Our study raises questions as to the reliability of open-ocean exchange (OOE) or freshwater flushing as effective control measures. 相似文献
14.
Marina G. Persova Yuri G. Soloveichik Denis V. Vagin Dmitry S. Kiselev Alexander M. Grif Yulia I. Koshkina Anastasia P. Sivenkova 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(7):2217-2253
We propose the approach to 3D inversion of airborne electromagnetic data, which is intended for discovering subvertical bodies overlapped by essentially inhomogeneous conductive layers. The approach is based on the geometric inversion in which a geoelectrical medium is parameterized with the use of block structures. During the inversion, the coordinates of the borders between the blocks and the rows of the blocks as well as resistivities inside them are determined. In order to solve the forward problem of the airborne electromagnetic survey, we use the non-conforming optimized mesh with the hexahedral cells, which enables us to reduce the number of degrees of freedom and smoothly approximate the curved borders of a geological medium. For a more reliable discovery of subvertical objects, we propose to carry out 3D inversions at several rotations of block structures relative to the flight lines. The workability of this approach is demonstrated using the data which are synthesized for complex geoelectrical models with topography, inhomogeneous overlapping layers and target subvertical bodies oriented differently relative to the flight lines. The results of this investigation show that, in some way or other, the elongated subvertical object is discovered and its orientation (the direction of its long side) is defined at different rotations of block structures used in 3D inversions. However, the most accurate recovery of the subvertical object length is achieved when the direction of its long side almost coincides with the direction of one of the block structures axes. Thus, the block structures rotations allow not only more reliably discovering a target object in complex geoelectrical conditions, but also more exactly defining its orientation and length. 相似文献
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地震定位是地震监测与减灾研究重要基础.基于均匀或横向均匀介质模型,利用震源轨迹确定震源位置的交切法具有稳健和效率高的优点,但定位精度较低,特别是震源深度.为提高震源定位精度,我们提出适用于三维复杂速度模型的地震定位交切法.将地壳速度模型由均匀或横向均匀介质模型扩展为三维复杂速度模型;均匀或横向均匀介质模型对应的原假设为球面或双曲面的震源轨迹通过最小走时树射线追踪技术予以确定.确定震源位置的震源轨迹以到时差作为约束条件;将震源定位于震源轨迹交汇最密集的点处,即总的到时差残差(RDT)最小的点处.定位结果的不确定性可通过RDT值较小节点的空间分布予以定性表示.考察了准确速度模型、扰动速度模型、扰动观测到时及地震在台网外等4种情况下改进方法的地震定位效果,结果表明改进的交切法可用于三维复杂速度模型的地震定位;综合利用P波与S波的到时差信息,可明显改善震源位置约束;使用多条震源轨迹进行定位,有助于减少由随机因素导致的定位误差. 相似文献
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The effect of landform variation on vegetation patterning and related sediment dynamics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Semi‐arid ecosystems are often spatially self‐organized in typical patterns of vegetation bands with high plant cover interspersed with bare soil areas, also known as ‘tiger bush’. In modelling studies, most often, straight planar slopes were used to analyse vegetation patterning. The effect of slope steepness has been investigated widely, and some studies investigated the effects of microtopography and hillslope orientation. However, at the larger catchment scale, the overall form of the landscape may affect vegetation patterning and these more complex landscapes are much more prevalent than straight slopes. Hence, our objective was to determine the effect of landform variation on vegetation patterning and sediment dynamics. We linked two well‐established models that simulate (a) plant growth, death and dispersal of vegetation, and (b) erosion and sedimentation dynamics. The model was tested on a straight planar hillslope and then applied to (i) a set of simple synthetic topographies with varying curvature and (ii) three more complex, real‐world landscapes of distinct morphology. Results show banded vegetation patterning on all synthetic topographies, always perpendicular to the slope gradient. Interestingly, we also found that movement of bands – a debated phenomenon – seems to be dependent on curvature. Vegetation banding was simulated on the slopes of the alluvial fan and along the valley slopes of the dissected and rolling landscapes. In all landscapes, local valleys developed a full vegetation cover induced by water concentration, which is consistent with observations worldwide. Finally, banded vegetation patterns were found to reduce erosion significantly as compared to other vegetation configurations. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
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Downscaling methods assist decision makers in coping with the uncertainty regarding sustainable local area developments. In particular, they allow investigating local heterogeneities regarding water, food, energy, and environment consistently with global, national, and sub-national drivers and trends. In this paper, we develop a conceptual framework that integrates a partial equilibrium Global Biosphere Management Model (GLOBIOM) with a dynamic cross-entropy downscaling model to derive spatially explicit projections of land uses at 1-km spatial resolution from 2010 to 2050 relying on aggregate land demand projections. The fusion of the two models is applied in a case study in Heihe River Basin to analyze the extent of potential cropland, grassland, and unused land transformations, which may exacerbate already extensive water consumption caused by rapid expansion of irrigated agriculture in the case study region. The outcomes are illustrated for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios. The kappa coefficients show that the downscaling results are in agreement with the land use and land cover map of the Heihe River Basin, which indicates that the proposed approach produces realistic local land use projections. The downscaling results show that under both SSP scenarios the cropland area is expected to increase from 2010 to 2050, while the grassland area is projected to increase sharply from 2010 to 2030 and then gradually come to a standstill after 2030. The results can be used as an input for planning sustainable land and water management in the study area, and the conceptual framework provides a general approach to creating high-resolution land-use datasets. 相似文献