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1.
The Kalahari Manganese Deposit (KMD) is the largest land-based manganese deposit, hosting approximately 80% of the world's known, mineable manganese resources. The deposit, located near Kuruman in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, is one of five erosional relics of the Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.2 Ga) Hotazel Formation, with sedimentary manganese ores occurring as up to 50 m thick beds interbedded with banded iron-formation (BIF) and hematite lutite.The study focuses on the manganese ores of the Nchwaning–Gloria mining area of the northern KMD. In this area, pronounced mineralogical and major element alteration was imparted on the sedimentary manganese ores by a structurally-controlled hydrothermal fluid flow event. Most notable effects of hydrothermal alteration are the decomposition and leaching of Ca- and Mg-carbonate, and marked residual enrichment of manganese. On the basis of mineral assemblage, grade, texture and geochemical characteristics, three ore types were distinguished in the studied sample set, classified into least altered (LA), partially altered (PA) and advanced altered (AA) types. Advanced altered ores may be further classified into five different types, based on mineral assemblages that contain hausmannite and/or braunite as significant minerals. The rare earth element (REE) geochemistry of these fundamental ore types was studied in detail, to document REE mobility during hydrothermal alteration.Total REE concentrations in LA ores were found to be very low (14–22 ppm) and remarkably uniform, within the range typically observed for BIF. Hydrothermal alteration results in residual enrichment and a much larger scatter in REE contents. A small Ce anomaly observed in the protolith remains similar in magnitude when observed in PAAS-normalised REE plots. The data define, however, a power trend in the (Ce/Ce*) vs (Pr/Pr*) diagram. Such behaviour is interpreted in terms of a conservative system that was predominantly protolith-buffered. Local remobilisation of REE during hydrothermal alteration is attributed to the dissolution of diagenetic apatite and redistribution of hydrothermal trace minerals, including neoformed apatite, monazite and cerianite. 相似文献
2.
鹰咀山锰矿床产出在桐柏—大别造山带中，目前已发现有4条锰矿（化）体，其产出受控于红安群黄麦岭组和七角山组。本文基于矿区锰矿勘查工作和室内观察、测试研究相结合等手段，对研究区含矿岩系（建造）特征、矿体及矿石矿物特征、成矿过程和找矿标志等方面进行了分析探讨。结果表明：鹰咀山锰矿为沉积变质型矿床，锰矿（化）体主要赋存在黄麦岭组云母石英片岩夹硅质（有时含少量泥质）大理岩建造的岩性段中；矿石类型主要为片岩型锰矿石和大理岩型锰矿石，矿石中锰矿物主要为硬锰矿、软锰矿、菱锰矿、锰白云石和黑锰矿等；初步认为锰矿的形成经历了沉积、变质改造和次生氧化富集的成矿阶段；含锰硅质大理岩和含锰云母石英片岩可作为该地区锰矿的典型找矿标志，该标志对鄂东北地区锰矿找矿具有重要意义。 相似文献
3.
A. I. Brusnitsyn 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2010,52(7):551-565
A mineralogical investigation of metamorphosed manganese rocks was carried out at ore deposits related to the Devonian volcanic
complexes of the Magnitogorsk paleovolcanic belt of the South Urals. The mineralogical appearance of these rocks is determined
by three consecutively formed groups of mineral assemblages: (1) assemblages occupying the main volume of orebodies and formed
during low-grade regional metamorphism (T = 200−250°C, P = 2–3 kbar); (2) assemblages of segregated and metasomatic veinlets that fill the systems of late tectonic fractures; and
(3) assemblages of near-surface supergene minerals. Sixty-one minerals have been identified in orebodies and crosscutting
hydrothermal veinlets. The major minerals are quartz, hematite, hausmannite, braunite, tephroite, andradite, epidote, rhodonite,
caryopilite, calcite, and rhodochrosite. The mineral assemblages of metamorphosed manganese rocks (metamanganolites) are characterized.
Chemical compositions of braunite, epidote-group minerals, piemontite, pyroxenes, rhodonite, pyroxmangite, and winchite are
considered. The bibliography on geology and mineralogy of the South Ural manganese deposits is given. 相似文献
4.
V. N. Kuleshov 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2012,47(3):217-233
Study of carbonate inclusions in the Mamatwan-type oxide ores (braunite lutites) made it possible to reveal residual microbial
structures in them. Their presence in manganese ores, the type of manganese oxide mineralization, isotope signatures of manganese
carbonates, and available literature data on the geology of the Kalahari manganese field suggest that manganese ore formation
was widespread at the postsedimentary stage of transformation of the primary microbial sediment. The deposit can be referred
to the hydrothermal-metasomatic type. 相似文献
5.
The Postmasburg Mn/Fe-ores occur exclusively in dolomitic Precambrian sinkhole structures with siliceous breccias and shales as hostrocks. The main manganese minerals are braunite and bixbyite, apart from secondary alteration products of the psilomelane-manganomelane family. Various generations of ore minerals could be identified. The ore mineralization is subdivided into three different genetic types. They are classified either as pure karst deposits or as combined formations of karst origin and shallow marine sedimentation due to the transgression of the Banded Iron Formation (BIF) sea. Post-sedimentary metamorphism is identified as very low grade. The development of the different ore types is illustrated schematically. 相似文献
6.
In the northwestern part of the Kalahari manganese field low-grade carbonate-rich Mamatwan-type ore is altered to high-grade
oxide-rich Wessels-type ore in association with normal faults. Mass balance calculations, based on the assumption that manganese
was geochemically immobile, suggest that upgrading of the manganese ore can be attributed to leaching of Mg, Ca, CO2 and SiO2 from the sedimentary ore with residual enrichment of Mn. Hydrothermal alteration resulted in development of about 10 to 20%
of secondary porosity in the ores and the orebed was compacted to two thirds of its original stratigraphic thickness.
Received: 28 May 1996 / Accepted: 22 January 1997 相似文献
7.
滇黔桂地区代表性锰矿包括贵州松桃大塘坡锰矿、广西大新下雷锰矿、遵义铜锣井锰矿和云南砚山斗南锰矿.本文利用显微镜、X衍射仪、扫描电镜等仪器,通过研究滇黔桂地区典型锰矿矿相学特征,结合碳酸盐岩研究方法,查明产于南华系大塘坡组第一段(Nh1d1)贵州松桃大塘坡锰矿矿物组合包括菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、锰白云石、锰方解石、石英、伊利石,微相为SMF2、沉积相FZ1(盆地相),形成于沉积环境伸展阶段;产于上泥盆统五指山组(D3w)广西大新下雷锰矿矿物组合包括褐锰矿、锰钾矿、菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、蔷薇辉石、透闪石、石英,微相为SMF2和SMF15-M、沉积相FZ7(台地相),形成于沉积环境伸展阶段;产于中二叠统茅口组第二段(P2m2)遵义铜锣井锰矿矿物组合包括菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、锰方解石、锰白云石、硫锰矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、高岭石、伊利石、菱铁矿,微相为SMF15-C和SMF17、沉积相FZ7(台地相),形成于沉积环境收缩阶段;产于中三叠统法郎组(T2f)其矿物成分包括云南砚山斗南锰矿矿物组合包括褐锰矿、水锰矿、钙菱锰矿、含锰方解石、方解石、石英,微相为SMF4和SMF13、沉积相FZ4(斜坡相),形成于沉积环境伸展阶段. 相似文献
8.
The Lapa gold deposit contains reserves of 2.4 Mt at 6.5 g/t Au and is one of the few deposits located directly within the Cadillac–Larder Lake Fault Zone (CLLFZ), a first-order crustal-scale fault that separates the Archean Abitibi Subprovince from the Pontiac Subprovince to the south. Gold mineralization is predominantly hosted in highly strained and altered, upper greenschist–lower amphibolite facies mafic to ultramafic rocks of the Piché Group. Auriferous ore zones consist of finely disseminated auriferous arsenopyrite–pyrrhotite?±?pyrite and native gold disseminated in biotite- and carbonate-altered wall rocks. Native gold, which is also present in quartz ± dolomite–calcite veinlets, is locally associated with Sb-bearing minerals, especially at depth ≤1 km from surface where the deposit is characterized by a Au–Sb–As association. At vertical depth greater than 1 km, gold is associated with arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite (Au–As association). The mineralogy and paragenesis of the Lapa deposit metamorphosed ore and alteration assemblages record the superposition of three metamorphic episodes (M1, M2, and M3) and three gold mineralizing events. Spatial association between biotitized wall rocks and auriferous arsenopyrite indicates that arsenopyrite precipitation is concomitant with potassic alteration. The predominant Au–As association recognized across the deposit is related to gold in solid solution in arsenopyrite as part of a pre-M2 low-grade auriferous hydrothermal event. However, the occurrence of hornblende?+?oligoclase porphyroblasts overprinting the biotite alteration, and the presence of porous clusters and porphyroblasts of arsenopyrite with native gold and pyrrhotite indicate an auriferous metasomatic event associated with peak M2 prograde metamorphism. Late retrograde metamorphism (M3) overprints the hornblende–oligoclase M2 assemblage within the host rocks proximal to ore by an actinolite–albite assemblage by precipitation of free gold and Sb–sulfosalts at lower P–T. The complex relationships between ore, structural features, and metamorphic assemblages at Lapa are related to the tectonometamorphic evolution of the Cadillac–Larder Lake Fault Zone at different times and crustal levels, and varying heat and fluid flow regimes. The Lapa deposit demonstrates that early, low-grade gold mineralization within the Cadillac–Larder Lake Fault Zone has benefited from late gold enrichment(s) during prograde and retrograde metamorphism, suggesting that multi-stage processes may be important to form gold-rich orogenic deposits in first order crustal-scale structures. 相似文献
9.
田蓬组地层成矿元素高背景值,为有利之矿源层。加里东期~印支期区域变质作用与成矿密切相关。变质热液长期、持续作用,矿源层内成矿元素随热液迁移,有利赋矿部位富集改造形成层控矿床。 相似文献
10.
V. T. Kazachenko E. V. Perevoznikova S. N. Lavrik 《Russian Journal of Pacific Geology》2012,6(2):173-188
The particularity of the formation of the skarn lodes of the Cretaceous-Paleogene Belogorsk deposit is the intense replacement
of the early mineral assemblages (the decomposition of garnet, pyroxene, and pyroxenoids) with decreasing temperature, the
increase in the amount of magnetite at the expense of Fe released from the decomposed minerals, and the formation of quartz
and volatile-rich compounds (calcite, fluorite, amphibole, and sulfides). The geochemical and mineralogical similarity suggests
a genetic relation between the manganese skarn lodes of the Belogorsk deposit (the Ol’ginsk ore district) and the stratabound
bodies of the manganese silicate rocks (the Triassic contact metamorphosed metalliferous sediments) of the adjacent Shirokaya
Pad area (as a source of matter). 相似文献
11.
茶潦锰矿位于塔山岩体北侧外接触带,锰矿层呈层状顺层产于晚奥陶世天马山组一段(O3tm1)中,严格受地层控制。目前矿区已发现两个近于平行的锰矿层,其走向延伸超过3 km,倾向延伸超过200 m。含锰岩系岩性主要为灰色中-薄层状板岩夹浅变质杂砂岩,或板岩与浅变质杂砂岩互层,在岩相古地理上代表次深海近源陆屑浊积盆地亚相。矿石按自然类型属原生氧化锰矿石,主要矿石矿物有褐锰矿、软锰矿和水锰矿。矿石结构主要有他形晶结构、隐晶质结构、交代结构。矿石构造主要有块状构造、条带状构造。野外观察和综合研究获得的证据表明,该矿床为沉积变质型锰矿床。 相似文献
12.
Until its closure in 1997, the Serra do Navio deposit, located in Amapá Province, Brazil, was one of the most important sources of high-grade manganese ore to the North American market. The high-grade manganese oxide ores were derived by lateritic weathering from metasedimentary manganese protoliths of the Serra do Navio Formation. The local geological context and nature of this protolith succession are not well understood, due to poor surface outcrop conditions, and intense deformation. However, based on similar age, regional tectonic setting and lithology the Paleoproterozoic volcanosedimentary succession that includes the Serra do Navio Formation is widely believed to be similar in origin and laterally equivalent to the Birimian Supergroup in West Africa. For the present investigation several diamond drill cores intersecting the protolith succession were studied. Detailed petrographic and whole rock geochemical studies permit distinction of two fundamental lithological groups comprising of a total of five lithotypes. Biotite schist and graphitic schist lithotypes are interpreted as former metapelites. A greywacke or pyroclastic protolith cannot be excluded for the biotite schist, whereas the graphitic schist certainly originated as a sulfide-rich carbonaceous mudstone. Rhodochrosite marble, Mn-calcite marble and Mn-silicate rock are grouped together as manganiferous carbonate rocks. Manganese lutite constitutes the most probable protolith for rhodochrosite marble, whereas Mn-calcite marble was derived from Mn-rich marl and Mn-silicate rock from variable mixtures of Mn-rich marl and chert.The sedimentary succession at the Serra do Navio deposit is similar to that encountered at many other black shale and chert-hosted Mn carbonate deposits. A metallogenetic model is proposed, predicting deposition of manganese and closely associated chert in intra-arc basins, in environments that were bypassed by distal siliciclastic (carbonaceous mud) and proximal pyroclastic/siliciclastic detritus. Positive Ce anomalies and δ13CVPDB values of − 4.3 to − 9.4 per mill suggest that manganiferous carbonates derived during suboxic diagenesis from sedimentary Mn4+ oxyhydroxide precipitates. Metamorphic alteration of manganese carbonate–chert assemblages resulted in the formation of Mn-silicates, most importantly rhodonite and tephroite; porphyroblastic spessartine formed where Mn-carbonate reacted with aluminous clay minerals. Microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions in spessartine porphyroblasts suggests that peak metamorphic conditions reached the upper greenschist facies (1–2 kbars and 400–500 °C). Retrograde metamorphism is marked by partial re-carbonation, expressed by the formation of small volumes of rhodochrosite, and Mn-calcite that are closely associated with quartz, chlorite and minor amounts of sulfides related to post-metamorphic veinlets. It is this metamorphosed succession that sourced the high-grade manganese oxide ores during prolonged lateritic weathering. 相似文献
13.
东昆仑大干沟一带铜金锑矿特征及找矿意义 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
东昆仑地区处于中朝、塔里木-柴达木、扬子和印度板块的拼合部位,元古宙以来经历了多期次的裂解和拼合。该区以Au、Co、Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg、Sb、As元素组合为特征,其中多处已证实为矿致异常,共发现矿床、矿点等198处,初步显示了良好的找矿前景。目前在大干沟一带已发现铜多金属矿化带一条、金锑含矿构造蚀变带一条。矿化特征基本一致,均赋存于中三叠统闹仓坚沟组北西西向脆韧性剪切带内及两侧的灰白-烟灰色方解石石英脉内,且具有南侧金锑矿化、北侧铜多金属矿化的分带特征。 相似文献
14.
Low-grade carbonate-rich manganese ore of sedimentary origin in the giant Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa, is upgraded to high-grade todorokite–manganomelane manganese ore by supergene alteration below the unconformity at the base of the Cenozoic Kalahari Formation. Incremental laser-heating 40Ar/39Ar dating of samples from the supergene altered manganese ore suggest that chemical weathering processes below the Kalahari unconformity peaked at around 27.8 Ma, 10.1 Ma and 5.2 Ma ago. Older ages are dominant in the upper part of the weathering profile, while younger ages are characteristic of the deeper part of the profile. Younger ages partially overprint older ages in the upper part of the weathering profile and demonstrate the downward progression of the weathering front by as little as 10 cm per million years. The oldest age obtained in the weathering profile, namely 42 Ma, is considered a minimum estimate for the onset of the post African I cycle of weathering and erosion that followed the break up of Gondwanaland and formation of the Cretaceous to early Cenozoic African land surface. The youngest ages, recorded at around 5 Ma, in turn, correspond well to the Pliocene transition from humid to arid climatic conditions in Southern Africa. 相似文献
15.
观音梁子锰矿赋存于寒武系邱家河组中,是龙门山中段在邱家河组中新发现的工业锰矿床。通过矿区勘探工作及室内观察、测试等手段,对矿区成矿地质背景、含锰岩系、矿体及矿石矿物特征、矿床成因、找矿前景等方面进行了初步总结分析。研究发现,观音梁子锰矿为典型的沉积型锰矿床,矿体呈层状产于邱家河组三段硅质白云岩中,延伸较稳定,严格受层位的控制;矿石类型为菱锰矿型,主要由菱锰矿、硫锰矿、水锰矿等组成。早寒武世,龙门山地区由于地壳拉张裂陷形成深海盆地,在还原环境下,锰元素与碳酸根直接结合形成碳酸锰矿物,稳定的物源、深海还原环境为锰矿富集提供了有利的成矿环境。观音梁子锰矿的发现,证实了龙门山北段邱家河组含锰层位的存在,为龙门山中段的锰矿找矿提供了契机,同时显示了寒武系邱家河组具有良好的找锰远景。 相似文献
16.
17.
石炭系阿羌岩组为本区的矿源层.灰绿色糜棱岩化强蚀变安山岩、英安岩夹中层状大理岩的绿岩组合是本区的主要含矿层位,矿体在空间分布上有明显的层控特点,是本区最具找矿意义的地层.从矿区地层岩性、变质作用、岩浆作用、脆-韧性变形作用等主要控矿因素综合分析,成矿物质来源于火山活动和沉积作用,后经变质作用和岩浆作用的改造,形成绿岩带中与火山-沉积作用有关的沉积变质型金、铜、铁矿床,同时经脆-韧性变形,具有构造蚀变岩型金铜和磁铁矿型金铁铜共生的特征,区域变质、岩浆热液、韧性剪切共同作用促使了本矿床的形成.认为本矿床属于多型共生的多元矿床. 相似文献
18.
A. I. Brusnitsyn 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2006,48(3):193-214
The mineralogy of slightly metamorphosed manganese ore at the South Faizulino hydrothermalsedimentary deposit in the southern Urals has been studied; 32 minerals were identified. Quartz, hausmannite, rhodochrosite, tephroite, ribbeite, pyroxmangite, and caryopilite are major minerals; calcite, kutnahorite, alleghanyite, spessartine, rhodonite, clinochlore, and parsettensite are second in abundance. This mineralic composition was formed in the process of gradual burial of ore beneath the sequence of Middle Devonian-Lower Carboniferous rocks. The highest parameters of metamorphism are T ≈ 250°C and P ≈ 2.5 kbar. The relationships between minerals and their assemblages made it possible to reconstruct the succession of ore transformation with gradually increasing temperature and pressure. Manganese accumulated in the initial sediments as oxides and a gel-like Mn-Si phase. Rhodochrosite and neotocite were formed at the diagenetic stage. In the course of a further increase in temperature and pressure, neotocite was replaced with caryopilite; ribbeite, tephroite, pyroxmangite, and other silicates crystallized afterwards. In addition to the PT parameters, the formation of various metamorphic mineral assemblages was controlled by the Mn/(Mn + Si) ratio in ore and X CO2 in pore solution. The latter parameter was determined by the occurrence of organic matter in the ore-bearing rocks. Ore veinlets as products of local hydrothermal redistribution of Mn, Si, and CO2 were formed during tectonic deformations in the Middle Carboniferous and Permian. 相似文献
19.
新疆温泉县哈尔达坂层控型铅锌矿床的发现及其找矿意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
哈尔达坂铅锌矿床位于西天山西段别珍套山一带,属赛里木铜、铅锌、铌、钽、钨、磷成矿带,矿体赋存于中元古界长城系一套浅变质的海相陆源碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩中;含矿层延伸稳定,主要矿体呈似层状、透镜体状顺层产出。矿石具条带状、角砾状、浸染状构造;矿石中金属矿物主要为方铅矿、闪锌矿;脉石矿物主要为方解石、白云石,矿石矿物组合简单,与哈萨克斯坦捷克利层控型铅锌矿床对比,矿床的产出环境、形成时代、赋矿层位、矿体特征、矿石质量特征等均极为相似。初步分析,认为其成因类型均属层控型,该类型铅锌矿床在西天山前寒武纪地层中属首次发现,证实了捷克利层控型铅锌成矿带向东延至我国新疆境内赛里木湖一带,对本地区今后的铅锌找矿工作具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献