共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
应用MODIS地表反照率产品MCD43C3,结合青藏高原自然带数据、积雪覆盖率和植被指数数据,采用一元线性回归方法分析了2000~2016年青藏高原地表反照率的分布及变化特征,结果表明:1）高原地表反照率空间分布差异大,整体上东南部低、西北部高,受地形和地表覆盖影响较大。2）高原地表反照率四季的空间分布变化明显,高海拔山脉和高寒灌丛草甸是高原地表反照率年内和年际变化的敏感地区。3）高原地表反照率年变化介于0.19~0.26,一定程度上表现为“双峰单谷”型,与地表覆盖类型的季节变化密切相关。4）高原地表反照率年际变化整体呈缓慢波动减小的趋势,平均变率约为－0.4×10-3 a-1,减小的区域约占高原总面积的66%,川西 —藏东针叶林带的西南部地区减小得最快,减小速率超过1.0×10-2 a-1。5）高原地表反照率减小与冰川消融和积雪减少密切相关,高原植被覆盖改善也是一个重要因素。 相似文献
2.
藏北高原地面加热场的季节变化 总被引：18，自引：12，他引：18
利用五道梁１９９３年９月～１９９５年８月的辐射收支资料，分析了该地区地面加热场的季节变化特征，结果表明：春，秋季地面加热场强度有明显的急增加减过程，正是加热场的这种突变引起了季节的明显转换，冬季地面积雪多的年从那面加热场强度较弱，第二年夏季加热场强度则较强；地面加热场强度的季节变化明显，夏季强，冬季弱；冬季地面积雪时间较长时，由于地表反射率增大，地中释放的土壤热通量较无雪时减少，可能造成该地区地面 相似文献
3.
利用MODIS卫星资料反演中国地区晴空地表短波反照率及其特征分析 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
利用MODIS地表双向反照率产品(MOD43B1),结合地表海拔高度和地表覆盖类型资料,计算并分析了中国地区晴空反照率的时空分布,以及地表反照率与地形和地表覆盖的关系.首先,利用改则自动气象站的地基观测对MODIS地表反照率进行了对比验证.验证结果表明卫星观测可以较好地反映反照率随时间的变化,MODIS地表反照率与地表实测反照率符合较好.年平均地表反照率与海拔高度有很好的相关,反照率的高值出现在高海拔山区.冬春季节,我国高海拔山区因积雪覆盖成为反照率的高值区;夏秋季节,地表反照率主要受地表土壤湿度和植被盖度的影响,沙地和沙漠地带反照率最高.最后,计算了中国典型地表类型的反照率随时间的变化,结果表明大部分地表类型的反照率具有较大的时间变化,地表反照率在春秋季节较大,夏季反照率较小. 相似文献
4.
青藏高原地表特征时空分布 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9
通过利用地理信息数据库、卫星反演参数、气象观测数据,分析了我国青藏高原地区地表植被覆盖、地表反照率分布、地表蒸发分布、地表积雪分布.结果显示,随着青藏高原地表年平均气温的显著升高,青藏高原部分区域地表覆盖特征也发生了改变.在青藏高原南缘湿润大区降水充分地区,地表反照率相对较低,潜热蒸发量最大,1982～2000年期间地表植被覆盖呈明显增加趋势.青藏高原地区积雪覆盖在各个气候区域也呈现同步变化特征,自1970～1989期间,降雪量呈持续增加趋势,但之后至2000年期间,全区降雪量呈下降趋势,其中积雪覆盖变化最强烈的时段发生在10月～4月之间,变化幅度最大的区域位于青藏高原的东南部区域. 相似文献
5.
In this research, we studied the effects of black carbon (BC) aerosol radiative forcing on seasonal variation in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) using numerical simulations with the NASA finite-volume General Circulation Model (fvGCM) forced with monthly varying three-dimensional aerosol distributions from the Goddard Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport Model (GOCART). The results show that atmospheric warming due to black carbon aerosols subsequently warm the atmosphere and land surfaces, especially those over Eurasia. As a result, the snow depth in Eurasia was greatly reduced in late winter and spring, and the reduction in snow cover decreased the surface albedo. Our surface energy balance analysis shows that the surface warming due to aerosol absorption causes early snow melting and further increases surface-atmosphere warming through snow/ice albedo feedback. Therefore, BC aerosol forcing may be an important factor affecting the snow/ice albedo in the NH. 相似文献
6.
The effects of terrestrial ecosystems on the climate system have received most attention in the tropics, where extensive deforestation and burning has altered atmospheric chemistry and land surface climatology. In this paper we examine the biophysical and biogeochemical effects of boreal forest and tundra ecosystems on atmospheric processes. Boreal forests and tundra have an important role in the global budgets of atmospheric CO2 and CH4. However, these biogeochemical interactions are climatically important only at long temporal scales, when terrestrial vegetation undergoes large geographic redistribution in response to climate change. In contrast, by masking the high albedo of snow and through the partitioning of net radiation into sensible and latent heat, boreal forests have a significant impact on the seasonal and annual climatology of much of the Northern Hemisphere. Experiments with the LSX land surface model and the GENESIS climate model show that the boreal forest decreases land surface albedo in the winter, warms surface air temperatures at all times of the year, and increases latent heat flux and atmospheric moisture at all times of the year compared to simulations in which the boreal forest is replaced with bare ground or tundra. These effects are greatest in arctic and sub-arctic regions, but extend to the tropics. This paper shows that land-atmosphere interactions are especially important in arctic and sub-arctic regions, resulting in a coupled system in which the geographic distribution of vegetation affects climate and vice versa. This coupling is most important over long time periods, when changes in the abundance and distribution of boreal forest and tundra ecosystems in response to climatic change influence climate through their carbon storage, albedo, and hydrologic feedbacks. 相似文献
7.
Land use and land cover change (LUCC) can modify the physical and thermodynamic characteristics of the land surface, including surface roughness, albedo, and vegetation fraction, among others. These direct changes can result in a series of impacts on regional climate. In this paper, the simulated results over China under the scenario of LUCC using weather research and forecasting model are presented. The period for the simulation is from December 2006 to December 2011. Two experiments are initialized by the LUCC datasets derived from the MODIS data of 2001 and 2008, respectively. The results show that the LUCC in most areas of China reduces the surface albedo and increases the surface temperature. Especially in the Hetao Plain, the magnitude of increased surface temperature is above 0.5 °C in winter, and the increase in winter is more obvious than in summer. The precipitation in the Hetao Plain increases. The sensible heat in most parts of East China is reduced, while the latent heat is increased in most areas of China. 相似文献
8.
Guy Schurgers Uwe Mikolajewicz Matthias Gröger Ernst Maier-Reimer Miren Vizcaíno Arne Winguth 《Climate Dynamics》2007,29(4):357-373
Transient experiments for the Eemian (128–113 ky BP) were performed with a complex, coupled earth system model, including
atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere and marine biogeochemistry. In order to investigate the effect of land surface parameters
(background albedo, vegetation and tree fraction and roughness length) on the simulated changes during the Eemian, simulations
with interactive coupling between climate and vegetation were compared with additional experiments in which these feedbacks
were suppressed. The experiments show that the influence of land surface on climate is mainly caused by changes in the albedo.
For the northern hemisphere high latitudes, land surface albedo is changed partially due to the direct albedo effect of the
conversion of grasses into forest, but the indirect effect of forests on snow albedo appears to be the major factor influencing
the total absorption of solar radiation. The Western Sahara region experiences large changes in land surface albedo due to
the appearance of vegetation between 128 and 120 ky BP. These local land surface albedo changes can be as much as 20%, thereby
affecting the local as well as the global energy balance. On a global scale, latent heat loss over land increases more than
10% for 126 ky BP compared to present-day. 相似文献
9.
青藏高原与中国其他地区气候突变时间的比较 总被引：25，自引：5，他引：20
基于1961～2006年中国地面观测气温和降水资料,对青藏高原地区以及中国其他6个地区地表气温、降水的变化趋势和突变时间进行了检测和比较。结果发现,(1)地表气温:1961～2006年青藏高原地区年和四季的地表气温都呈增加趋势。年平均地表气温在20世纪80年代中期开始变暖,但显著快速增暖的突变发生在90年代中期,该时间比东北、华北、西北和淮河地区晚,与长江中下游和华南地区接近,不同季节青藏高原地区与其他地区变暖突变时间的差别也各有不同,但所有季节快速变暖突变的时间都比东北地区晚,中国东部陆地地区年和冬季平均地表气温表现出北早南晚的经向差异;(2)降水:1961～2006年青藏高原地区年降水量没有检测到显著的变化趋势,冬春降水量显著增加,而夏季降水有微弱的减少,秋季降水显著减少。降水突变的信号明显比温度突变的信号弱,年降水量和春季降水都没有检测到突变的发生,降水突变方向(增或减)和突变时间在区域与区域之间以及不同季节之间都存在较大差异。由上可见,青藏高原气候的显著快速变化比中国东部长江以北地区有明显的滞后现象,尤其是冬春温度变化,这可能是由于青藏高原地区积雪增加导致的反照率增加和冰川融化吸热对青藏高原变暖的减弱作用所致。 相似文献
10.
地表反照率表征地球表面对太阳辐射的反射能力,是影响地表辐射能量收支平衡的关键参数。本文以淮河流域为例,利用MODIS（MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）数据,采用网格趋势分析、异常变化分析、相关分析和灰色关联度分析等方法,分析了淮河流域2005～2015年地表反照率的时空变化规律,以及土地利用类型、地形因子、地表参数和气候等影响因子。结果表明:淮河流域年平均地表反照率整体呈“北高南低、东高西低”的空间分布规律,变化在0.043～0.223,平均值为 0.145。低值区主要集中于水体密集和山区丘陵地带,且标准差相对较小;高值区主要集中于流域中部及东部平原地带,且标准差较大。61.5%的区域地表反照率呈增加趋势,且存在季节性差异,夏季平均地表反照率最大,春季次之,秋季最小,冬季则由于降雪覆盖和农田利用的影响波动幅度较大。淮河流域地表反照率与归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）、地表温度、气温和降水在大部分区域呈正相关,面积占比分别达到90.23%、82.32%、85.41%和93.70%。灰色关联度分析表明,不同土地利用类型（水体除外）下年均地表反照率受各因子影响排序为:NDVI>气温>地表温度>降水,空间变化受各因子影响排序为:NDVI>降水>地表温度>气温>高程。 相似文献
11.
中国农田下垫面变化对气候影响的模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
使用同期的美国国家环境预报中心/能源部(NCEP/DOE)再分析资料驱动区域气候耦合模式AVIM-RIEMS2.0,从遥感卫星图像资料中获取3期中国土地利用/覆盖数据中的农田植被类型,将其分别引入到AVIM-RIEMS2.0模式进行积分,研究中国农田下垫面变化对东亚区域气候的影响。结果表明:中国农田变化对气候影响具有冬季弱、夏季强的季节性变化,夏季气温和降水的差异在一些地区通过了95%的显著性检验;20世纪80年代农田扩张,林地、草地为主的植被类型转化为农田,植被变化区域的叶面积指数降低,反照率升高,且通过了95%的显著性检验,使得中国东部地区的气温由南到北呈现增加—减少—增加—减少的相间变化趋势,而降水的变化趋势大体相反;20世纪90年代农田面积减少,除东北地区外,农田变化引起的植被变化与80年代基本相反,叶面积指数变化、反照率以及由此导致的气候各要素也呈现大体相反的变化趋势;不同时期农田变化引起的植被类型转化的差异,使850 hPa风场变化趋势基本相反,可能是导致气温和降水变化趋势差异的主要原因之一。 相似文献
12.
Uncertainties in the climate response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations are quantified in a perturbed land surface parameter experiment. The ensemble of 108 members is constructed by systematically perturbing five poorly constrained land surface parameters of global climate model individually and in all possible combinations. The land surface parameters induce small uncertainties at global scale, substantial uncertainties at regional and seasonal scale and very large uncertainties in the tails of the distribution, the climate extremes. Climate sensitivity varies across the ensemble mainly due to the perturbation of the snow albedo parameterization, which controls the snow albedo feedback strength. The uncertainty range in the global response is small relative to perturbed physics experiments focusing on atmospheric parameters. However, land surface parameters are revealed to control the response not only of the mean but also of the variability of temperature. Major uncertainties are identified in the response of climate extremes to a doubling of CO2. During winter the response both of temperature mean and daily variability relates to fractional snow cover. Cold extremes over high latitudes warm disproportionately in ensemble members with strong snow albedo feedback and large snow cover reduction. Reduced snow cover leads to more winter warming and stronger variability decrease. As a result uncertainties in mean and variability response line up, with some members showing weak and others very strong warming of the cold tail of the distribution, depending on the snow albedo parametrization. The uncertainty across the ensemble regionally exceeds the CMIP3 multi-model range. Regarding summer hot extremes, the uncertainties are larger than for mean summer warming but smaller than in multi-model experiments. The summer precipitation response to a doubling of CO2 is not robust over many regions. Land surface parameter perturbations and natural variability alter the sign of the response even over subtropical regions. 相似文献
13.
HEIFE绿洲区太阳总辐射和地表反射率的分光谱特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
太阳辐射的分光测量在许多研究和应用领域中都具有十分重要的意义．本文利用HEIFE临泽子站进行的太阳总辐射和反射辐射的分光观测资料，研究了黑河绿洲区太阳总辐射和地表反射率的光谱特征．研究结果表明：在太阳总辐射的光谱能量分布中，紫外和可见光部分的比倒偏小，近红外部分则偏太．在其从冬到夏的季节变化中紫外和可见光部分是由小到大，近红外部分剐是由大到小。在其日变化中0．5μm以下波段是中午大早晚小；0．7μm以上波段是中午小，早晚大；0．5-0．7μm波段的日变化不明显。紫外波段的相对日变化幅度最大．地表反射率的光谱特性有明显的季节变化，变化特征与地表植被状况有关．各波段地表反射率的日变化型有一定的季节差异，其中波长小于0．7μm部分较为明显，并与地表植被状况有关．在裸露地表各波段反射率与太阳高度角的关系中，近红外波段随太阳高度角增加而增大，紫外和可见光波段则随太阳高度角增大而减小．全波段反射率随太阳高度角增大而增大主要是近红外波段的贡献．这是裸露地表光谱反射率的重要特征之一。 相似文献
14.
This study describes the first order impacts of incorporating a complex land-surface scheme, the bare essentials of surface transfer (BEST), into the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre (BMRC) global atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). Land seasonal climatologies averaged over the last six years of integrations after equilibrium from the GCM with BEST and without BEST (the control) are compared. The modeled results are evaluated with comprehensive sources of data, including the layer-cloud climatologies from the international satellite cloud climatology project (ISCCP) data from 1983 to 1991 and the surface-observed global data of Warren et al., a five-year climatology of surface albedo estimated from earth radiation budget experiment (ERBE) top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiatioe fluxes, global grid point datasets of precipitation, and the climatological analyses of surface evaporation and albedo. Emphasis is placed on the surface evaluation of simulations of landsurface conditions such as surface roughness, surface albedo and the surface wetness factor, and on their effects on surface evaporation, precipitation, layer-cloud and surface temperature. The improvements due to the inclusion of BEST are: a realistic geographical distribution of surface roughness, a decrease in surface albedo over areas with seasonal snow cover, and an increase in surface albedo over snow-free land. The simulated reduction in surface evaporation due, in part, to the biophysical control of vegetation, is also consistent with the previous studies. Since the control climate has a dry bias, the overall simulations from the GCM with BEST are degraded, except for significant improvements for the northern winter hemisphere because of the realistic vegetation-masking effects. The implications of our results for synergistic developments of other aspects of model parameterization schemes such as boundary layer dynamics, clouds, convection and rainfall are discussed. 相似文献
15.
A new canopy radiation transfer and surface albedo scheme is developed as part of the land surface model EALCO (Ecological
Assimilation of Land and Climate Observations). The model uses a gap probability-based successive orders of scattering approach
that explicitly includes the heterogeneities of stands and crown elements and the radiation multiple scattering. The model
uses the optical parameters of ecosystem elements and physically represents ecosystem processes in surface albedo dynamics.
Model tests using measurements from a boreal deciduous forest ecosystem show that the model well reproduced the observed diurnal
and seasonal albedo dynamics under different weather and ecosystem conditions. The annual mean absolute errors between modeled
and measured daily albedo and reflected radiation are 0.01 and 1.33 W m−2, respectively. The model results provide a quantitative assessment of the impacts of plant shading and sky conditions on
surface albedo observed in high-latitude ecosystems. The contribution of ground snow to surface albedo in winter was found
to be less than 0.1 even though the canopy is leafless during this time. The interception of snow by the leafless canopy can
increase the surface albedo by 0.1–0.15. The model results show that the spectral properties of albedo have large seasonal
variations. In summer, the near infrared component is substantially larger than visible, and surface albedo is less sensitive
to sky conditions. In winter, the visible band component is markedly increased and can exceed the near infrared proportion
under cloudy conditions or when snow exists on the canopy. The spectral properties of albedo are also found to have large
diurnal variations under the clear-sky conditions in winter. 相似文献
16.
前冬北半球环状模对春季中国东部北方地区极端低温的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
对1959—2008年前冬(12—3月)北半球环状模与春季(3—5月)中国东部北方地区极端低温事件的关系进行诊断分析,发现前冬北半球环状模与春季中国东部北方地区极端低温事件存在显著负相关。当前冬北半球环状模偏强时,春季中国东部北方地区上空对流层高、低层分别出现位势高度的负、正异常,对应异常的下沉增温,东北冷涡偏弱,极端低温事件发生频次偏少,强度偏弱;反之,当前冬北半球环状模偏弱时,春季该地区极端低温事件发生的频次偏多,强度偏强。进一步研究表明,欧亚雪盖在前冬北半球环状模对春季中国东部北方地区极端低温的影响中起到潜在的桥梁作用,当前冬北半球环状模偏强(偏弱)时,同期欧亚大陆中高纬度地区偏暖(偏冷),欧亚雪盖面积较小(较大)。另外,欧亚雪盖面积异常具有较强的持续性,可以从前冬持续到春季。因此,当前冬欧亚雪盖面积较小时,春季欧亚雪盖面积也偏小,且对应春季东北冷涡强度偏弱,中国东部北方地区地表气温偏高,极端低温事件发生的频次偏少,强度偏弱;反之亦然。前冬北半球环状模与春季中国东部北方地区极端低温事件的负相关关系为预测中国东部北方地区春季极端低温事件的变化提供了一个潜在的前期信号。 相似文献
17.
A deforestation experiment is performed using the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique Atmospheric General Circulation Model (LMD GCM) to determine the climatic role of the largest vegetation formation in the Northern Hemisphere, localized mostly north of latitude 45°N, which is called the temperate and boreal forest. For this purpose, an iterative albedo scheme based on vegetation type, snow age, snowfall rate and area of snow cover, is developed for snow-covered surfaces. The results show a cooling of Northern Hemisphere soil and an increase in the snow cover when the forest is removed, as found by previous similar experiments.In our study this cooling is related to different causes, depending on the season. It is linked to modifications in the soil radiative properties, like surface albedo, due to the disappearance of forest, and consequently, to a greater exposure of the snow-covered soil underneath. It is also related to alterations in the hydrological cycle, observed mainly in summer and autumn at middle latitudes. The model shows a strong sensitivity to the coupled surface albedo — soil temperature — fractional snow cover response in the spring. A later and longer snowmelt season is also detected.This study adds to our understanding of climatic variation on longer time scales, since it is widely accepted that the formation and disappearance of different vegetation formations is closely related to climatic evolution patterns, in particular on the time scale of the glacial oscillations. 相似文献
18.
近年来,随着大气观测技术的快速发展,为冬季大雪年际变化研究提供了一些新的观测事实,增加了新的认识。认为大气环流对降雪的年际变化的影响只是重要方面之一。新的观测事实启示研究者,冬雪的年际变化和差异还可能与其他影响气候变化有更为复杂的因素——大气气溶胶特征有关。基于1980-2008年中国气象台站降水量资料和1980-2005年北方地区大气气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）资料,研究中国北方地区大范围多雨雪以及少雨雪年度变化与大气气溶胶分布特征的关系。结果表明：1980-2008年,中国北方地区典型的多雨雪年为1980、1984、1989、1993、1998、2003年和2006年;少雨雪年为1982-1983、1985-1988、1997、2001年和2005年。根据1980-2005年华北逐年冬半年雨雪总量与北方地区同期AOD相关分析,揭示中国北方地区雨雪年度变化与气溶胶光学厚度（AOD_550m）的年度变化存在正相关,相关系数达到0．001的显著性水平。同期资料AOD。。。分析表明,中国北方地区冬季多雨雪与少雨年大气气溶胶光学厚度差异显著,多雨雪年大气气溶胶光学厚度显著偏厚,中国华北北部、东北南部地区AOD正距平的平均值达到1×10。-5×10^-3,冬季北方地区少雨雪年与此差异显著,AOD为显著负距平,其平均值为-5×10^-3。 相似文献
19.
青藏高原积雪对气候影响的研究进展和问题 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13
系统地回顾了青藏高原积雪对天气气候影响的国内外研究进展,并对研究中存在的一些问题做出了评述。认识到积雪增加将导致亚洲夏季风减弱或爆发推迟,这是通过积雪-季风关系实现的。对反射率和融雪的相对重要性,尚未有一致意见。高原积雪作为一种重要的陆面强迫因子,和副高、阻高、冬夏季风、ENSO、海温等影响中国天气气候的因子有密切关系。在全球变暖的背景下,青藏高原积雪却出现了增加,对这一问题的研究具有重要的现实意义。高原积雪年代际变化的研究,有助于揭示我国近年来“南涝北旱”雨型的原因,同时有利于雨型反转时间的预测。 相似文献
20.
钟强 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1998,(2)
The combination of field experiments and satellite observations is the fundamental way tounderstand the characteristics of spatial-temporal variation in surface albedo over the Tibetan(Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau. Under the condition without snow cover, the relatively regular annualvariation cycle of the surface albedo can be expressed by an empirical formula. The effect of snowcover on the surface albedo in winter can be expressed by introducing two variables of snow forcingand sensitivity parameter. The existing satellite retrieved results of surface albedo may provide thedigital grid data for describing the geographical distribution. However, some satellite retrievedsurface albedos available over the Tibetan Plateau are obviously too low in winter. Taking thesatellite derived results in summer as the background field representative of geographicaldistribution and combining the empirical formula of annual cycle based on the surface observations,a dynamic model of surface albedo is developed for the need of modeling the climatic influence ofthe underlying surface forcing of the Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献