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1.
Conservation tillage and input use 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
N. D. Uri 《Environmental Geology》1997,29(3-4):188-201
There continues to be a question as to the overall effectiveness of conservation tillage practices in reducing the impact
of agricultural production on the environment. While it is generally recognized that water runoff and soil erosion will decline
further, as tillage and mulch tillage systems are not used more extensively on cropland, what will happen to pesticide and
fertilizer use remains uncertain. To gain some insight into this, the conservation tillage adoption decision is modelled.
On the assumption that the decision to adopt conservation tillage is a two-step procedure, the first decision is whether or
not to adopt a conservation tillage production system and the second concerns the extent to which conservation tillage should
be used – appropriate models of the Cragg and Heckman (dominance) type are estimated. Based on farm-level data on corn production
in the United States for 1987, the profile of a farm on which conservation tillage was adopted is that the cropland had above-average
slope and experienced above-average rainfall, the farm was a cash grain enterprise, and it had an above-average expenditure
on pesticides and a below-average expenditure on fuel and custom pesticide applications. Additionally, for a farm adopting
a no-tillage production practice, an above-average expenditure was made on fertilizer.
Received: 18 September 1995 · Accepted: 6 December 1995 相似文献
2.
Improper cultivation practices are seriously degrading native forest ecosystems in northern Iran. Hence, the objectives of this study are to compare selected soil properties, runoff amount, erosion and also introducing equations to predict the runoff and soil erosion in three types of land use (forest, garden and cultivated). A simple portable rainfall simulator has been set in 90 random points to create experimental rainfall. Result showed that changes in natural forest led to a significant clay, organic carbon of soil, total N and antecedent soil moisture decrease and sand, pH and bulk density increasing. The rainfall runoff experiments indicate that runoff content of the natural forest soils was 35 % and respectively 38.45 % higher than the garden and cultivated land soils .This result could be related to the higher antecedent soil moisture in natural forest compared with the other land uses. According to the obtained results, garden soil erosion and cultivated land was 1.351 and respectively 1.587 times higher than the forest. The correlation matrix revealed that runoff content was positively correlated with antecedent soil moisture, bulk density and silt, and negatively with soil organic carbon, total N and sand. Also, soil organic carbon, total N, clay and sand showed negative correlation with soil erosion, while there is a positive correlation between erosion and silt, bulk density, pH and antecedent soil moisture. The results of multiple linear regression showed that runoff in forest, garden and cultivated land can be predicted with correlation coefficient of 0.637, 0.547 and 0.624, respectively. The correlation coefficients of 0.798, 0.628 and 0.560 in equations indicate their moderate potential in simulating soil erosion. 相似文献
3.
Soil moisture variability and the depth of water stored in the arable layer of the soil are important topics in agricultural research and rangeland management. In this study, we use the distributed rainfall-runoff (DR2) model to perform a detailed mapping of topsoil moisture status (SMS) in a mountain Mediterranean catchment. This model, previously tested in the same study area against the Palmer Z-index, is run at monthly scale for the current scenario of land uses and under three scenarios that combine the land abandonment and the application of the new common agricultural policy (CAP) of the European Union. Under the current conditions, runoff yield is scarce and presents a high spatial variability when monthly rainfall intensity and depth are low, and infiltration processes mainly lead to water storage in the soil. When rainfall intensity is high, runoff accumulation along the hillslopes controls the depth of available water in the soil, and SMS is more homogeneous. On average, scrublands and pasture have the wettest values, crops of winter cereal and abandoned fields have intermediate conditions, and areas of bare soil and forest have the driest conditions all the year around. The abandonment and no revegetation of the low productive fields located in steep areas and the collapse of their landscape linear elements (LLEs) produce not only an increase of 2.3 % of the overall SMS in the catchment in comparison with the current scenario but also an increment of the effective runoff that cross the cultivated areas of the lowlands and the runoff depth that reach the wetlands, increasing the soil erosion risk and compromising the conservation of the lakes. When the new green areas of the CAP are installed in the upper part of the fields of the lowlands and around the lakes, the runoff depth and thus siltation risk clearly decreases but also SMS decreases 1.7 and 1.1 % considering the current land uses and adding revegetation practices in the abandoned fields, respectively. Hence, a management scenario where: (1) abandoned fields are covered with a dense cover of shrubs, (2) the LLEs are preserved, (3) the green areas of the PAC are created, and (4) runoff harvesting practices are applied to partially compensate the water deficit, will help to preserve the humidity of the soil and will be of interest to keep the agricultural land use around the protected lakes of the study area. 相似文献
4.
Igor Bogunovic Darija Bilandzija Zeljko Andabaka Domagoj Stupic Jesús Rodrigo Comino Marija Cacic Luka Brezinscak Edi Maletic Paulo Pereira 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(15):340
The use of machinery in vineyards is increasing soil compaction and erosion. However, there is a lack of information about the impacts of different management practices on soil conditions of vineyards. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess soil compaction in Croatian vineyards under four different management systems: no-tillage (NT) system, conventional tillage (CT), yearly inversed grass covered (INV-GC) and tillage managed (INV-T) treatments. Four key top-soil (0–20 cm) parameters were assessed in the different land uses: bulk density (BD), penetration resistance (PR), soil water content (SWC) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes. Tractor traffic increased the BD and PR in all treatments, with exception of CT treatment, as consequence of tillage. SWC showed higher values in INV-GC treatment during the dry period; meanwhile, it was similar during the wet season in every management type. Lower CO2 fluxes were found in INV-GC and NT than in the CT and INV-T treatments. 相似文献
5.
6.
土壤碳蓄积量变化的影响因素研究现状 总被引：37，自引：2，他引：37
土壤碳库的动态平衡影响作物产量和土壤肥力的高低，是土壤肥力保持和提高的重要研究内容。简要评述了土壤理化特性、温度和降水变化、大气CO2浓度上升、人类的农业活动对土壤有机碳蓄积量的影响，介绍了当前对土壤碳蓄积量动态变化的研究进展，认为应加强气候变化和土地利用/土地覆被变化与土壤碳循环研究的结合，提高对陆地生态系统碳循环变化的认识，并需要从生态环境保护的利益和可持续发展的理论出发，进一步加强土地管理方式的改变，促进土壤有机质的积累，提高土壤对碳的固定。 相似文献
7.
Assessment of erosion status of a watershed is an essential prerequisite for integrated watershed management. It not only assists in chalking out suitable soil and water conservation measures to arrest erosion and conserve water but also helps in devising best management practices to enhance biomass production in watersheds. Keeping this in view, the present study has been undertaken by involving geospatial-statistical techniques to determine the critical and priority areas for soil and water conservation in Suketi watershed of the lower Himachal Himalayan region. A novel weighted sum analysis technique was used for ranking each of hydrological unit by obtaining the weightages from various morphometric parameters. This technique offers dynamic, effective and sustainable approach over traditional prioritization methods in which significance of each parameter were considered equally. Considering this approach, sub-watersheds were delineated into low, medium and high priority zones. The results illustrate that about 52 % of sub-watersheds of Suketi watershed are in moderate to high erosion and runoff susceptible zones. Therefore, these potential areas can be considered for preferential soil and water conservation planning. The results obtained from the study will be useful for various stakeholders such as agriculturists, water resource managers, conservation measures planners and decision policy makers for better management practices and decision making. The geospatial-statistical technique can be used for effective estimation of erosion status of watersheds leading to watershed prioritization for taking up soil and water conservation measures in watershed systems. Finally, this technique can be very useful in remote, rugged and inaccessible watersheds with absence of soil erosion and runoff monitoring. 相似文献
8.
Soil erosion is a serious global environmental problem which limits the survival and development of human beings. In our country, due to the special physical geography and socio-economic conditions, soil erosion intensity is great, which is particularly prominent in Loess Plateau region. Therefore, preventing and controlling soil erosion, as well as reducing soil erosion in Loess Plateau have become the key to solving environmental problems in the region. Soil erosion on Loess Plateau is serious, and grassland vegetation has good effects on soil and water conservation, which can improve ecological environment well. After the implementation of the project about returning farmland to grassland on Loess Plateau, the ecological benefits mainly focused on soil and water conservation benefits, soil improvement benefits, water conservation benefits and species diversity benefits, etc. Grassland vegetation has an irreplaceable role in the construction of the ecological environment on Loess Plateau. Therefore, the role of grassland in preventing soil erosion has received more and more attention. Scholars have done lots of research involved in the relationship between grassland coverage and soil erosion, impacts of grassland on hydrodynamic parameters, effects of grassland on soil properties, reduction effects of grassland on runoff and sediment, and soil erosion process on grassland slope. However, there is little research on erosion effect induced by grassland cover. This paper mainly pointed out the following questions: First, grassland cover is influenced by many factors, but the relationship with soil erosion from the dynamic mechanism is rarely discussed; Second, there is no well-developed theory of overland flow erosion at present, which limits the study of hydrodynamic parameters on grassland slope; Third, establishment of mathematical model between grassland cover and soil resistance can accelerate the quantitative analysis of grassland influence on erosion; Fourth, comprehensive analysis of influencing factors on water reduction and sediment reduction effect on grassland are insufficient; Fifth, there are not many mechanisms to analyze the erosion process of grassland slope by using the hydrodynamic characteristics of slope; sixth, research results on grassland-induced erosion are mainly focused on leading to soil dry layer and we should continue to strengthen in the future. This paper summarized the previous results, and supplemented some studies about erosion caused by grassland, then pointed out the existing problems in current research and the areas that need to be strengthened in the future, aiming at reducing soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. 相似文献
9.
An evaluation of the contribution of soil micromorphology to the study of ancient arable agriculture
This article provides an overview of the development of soil micromorphological studies of ancient agriculture and the current position of research in this field. The stance adopted by the authors is deliberately combative, and it is hoped that the article will stimulate discussion of the current limitations and potentialities of the technique. The findings of this review may be summarized in three proposals: (1) Soil micromorphology cannot be used at present to identify cultivation in ancient soils. Ambiguous or multiple interpretations of soil micromorphological features are unlikely to be resolved, so that the detection of large scale agricultural features in the field (cultivation marks, lynchets) will remain the most secure and direct guides to the presence of a former cultivated soil. Indirect evidence on inferred land use can be provided from pollen and land snail evidence. (2) Micromorphology should retain a key role in the determination of the impact of agriculture on soils, encompassing issues such as erosion, soil structure, fertility, and biological activity. These can be related to agricultural practice: methods of tillage, manuring, soil conservation, and fallowing. (3) Three areas of micromorphological research can be proposed that address the impact of agriculture on soil: (a) the study of well-sealed, buried agricultural soils which have a clearly understood archaeological context; (b) the study of recent soils with known agricultural histories; (c) the establishment of controlled experiments with ancient agricultural techniques. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
10.
基于水土保持的流域生态环境需水研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
针对现有生态环境需水量的计算主要基于现状而导致其实用性不足的特点,提出了根据流域或区域对生态环境功能的需求来确定其生态建设规模并计算其生态环境需水量的思想。以位于黄土高原的安塞纸坊沟流域为例,针对该流域以水土流失为首要生态环境问题的特点,在已有的土壤侵蚀与土地利用结构关系研究的基础上,基于水土保持目标确定土地利用结构,进而计算出该流域的生态环境需水量,并对不同土地利用情景以及不同水土保持目标进行了对比分析。研究表明,综合考虑水土保持效益与生态环境用水代价,纸坊沟流域以允许土壤流失量1 000 t/(km2·a)为目标为宜,此时该流域生态环境需水量约为1.77×106 m3,占该流域年降水总量的39.0%。通过与基于生态系统现状的计算结果相比较,说明提出的思想更为合理。 相似文献
11.
Noel D. Uri 《Environmental Geology》2000,40(1-2):41-52
Increase in the use of conservation practices by agriculture in the United States will enhance soil organic carbon and potentially
increase carbon sequestration. This, in turn, will decrease the net emission of carbon dioxide. A number of studies exist
that calibrate the contribution of various individual, site-specific conservation practices on changes in soil organic carbon.
There is a general absence, however, of a comprehensive effort to measure objectively the contribution of these practices
including conservation tillage, the Conservation Reserve Program, and conservation buffer strips to an change in soil organic
carbon. This paper fills that void. After recounting the evolution of the use of the various conservation practices, it is
estimated that organic carbon in the soil in 1998 in the United States attributable to these practices was about 12.2 million
metric tons. By 2008, there will be an increase of about 25%. Given that there is a significant potential for conservation
practices, which could lead to an increase in carbon sequestration, there are a number of policy options that can be pursued.
These include education and technical assistance, financial assistance, research and development, land retirement, and regulation
and taxes.
Received: 27 December 1999 · Accepted: 14 March 2000 相似文献
12.
Caetano Luiz Beber Rafael da Rosa Couto Paulo Emílio Lovato Jean-Philippe Guillemin Bernard Nicolardot Ricardo Bergamo Schenato Jucinei José Comin 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(14):532
The green revolution laid the foundations of modern agriculture, by using science and technology to produce more from same resources. The pesticides contributed to agricultural output in the last decades; however, their use has resulted in environmental pollution, health problems, soil and water contamination and negative impact on biota. The impacts of agricultural activities to the environment depended on the practices adopted during the production process. Measurement tools to assess the impacts of those practices are necessary to improve agricultural systems and must be evaluated in different ecosystems. Different soils, climates and crops impose many phytosanitary arrangements. This complex network and the fact that most of the indicators and measurement tools are developed for temperate climates makes it difficult to quantify the environmental impacts under subtropical regions. The I-Phy index is a predictive indicator that assesses the risks of pesticide usage in agriculture and identifies as to which practices generate the main environmental impacts of pesticides. The objective of this study was to test the suitability of the I-Phy index for subtropical conditions and, if suitable, compare the pesticide risk between two regions. Five crops were assessed under three different cropping systems: no-tillage, minimal tillage and conventional tillage. The I-Phy index was sensitive in both regions and capable of identifying that no-tillage generally presented risks of environmental pollution slightly lower than the other tillage systems. The results of I-Phy index showed that high environmental vulnerability of the fields and the numerous applications of active ingredients with high risks resulted in high risks of general contamination. The application of I-Phy on these two case studies showed the indicator can be useful as a support tool to farmers, research and extension institutions pursuing management practices with lower impact on the environment. 相似文献
13.
旅游业的环境影响综合评价与对策 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
旅游业对自然环境有正反两方面的影响。反面影响包括对水体和大气环境的影响,对动植物的影响,对土壤和沙丘的侵蚀,以及影响审美。正面影响包括建立自然保护区,保护海洋、植被、湿地,促进连际土地开发和教育民众。促进旅游业永续发展的对策有：对旅游业进行选择;对旅游区进行环境规划;对旅游业的环境影响进行实验追踪,建立综合性模式研究旅游业的累积环境影响。 相似文献
14.
土地利用结构与生态过程 总被引：56，自引：0，他引：56
本文从土地利用与土壤水分、土地利用与土壤养分、土地利用与水土流失3个方面系统讨论了土地利用结构与生态过程研究的现状和特征,指出:1)土地利用结构对土壤水分的影响涉及生态系统、坡面、小流域和区域等系列尺度,土地利用的分布及景观特点影响土壤水分的时空变异;2)土地利用对土壤养分的影响表现在土地利用的镶嵌格局影响土壤养分的分布和迁移,土地利用的变化可以引起土壤养分的变化;3)土地利用与水土流失关系密切,土地利用的改变能够减少或增加径流和土壤侵蚀.尺度不同,土地利用与水土流失的机制也不尽相同.土地利用结构与生态过程的研究,还需要注重大尺度和多尺度上的综合研究. 相似文献
15.
融雪侵蚀在中国及世界上许多地区都有发生,其对表层土壤的破坏作用越来越为人们所认识,已成为土壤侵蚀研究中的重要问题之一。在总结相关研究成果的基础上,分析了影响积雪和融雪的气候、海拔、地形地貌及土地利用等因素。在融雪侵蚀影响因素方面,认为融雪径流、表层土壤解冻深度、解冻期表层土壤可蚀性是影响融雪侵蚀发生的特殊因素。同时指出,融雪侵蚀预报模型中冻融作用对土壤水分迁移的影响、未完全解冻层对表层土壤水分的影响以及坡面融雪过程研究是未来融雪侵蚀研究中应重点解决的问题。 相似文献
16.
17.
Kerry Pile 《GeoJournal》1996,39(1):59-64
In South Africa the science and practice of soil conservation have been dominated by a technical approach which does not take into account the perceptions, knowledge and needs of people living in rural areas. Attempts to incorporate land users into soil conservation programmes have not had much influence on conservation policies. In order to compare the scientifically-based physical appraisals of an area with the community's perceptions of soil erosion on their land, a project was established in a rural area of KwaZulu/Natal. This paper briefly reviews soil conservation policy in former homeland areas. It then considers the historical development of the community of Cornfields and their responses to changing government policies. The research indicates that rural dwellers have valuable knowledge concerning soil conservation, but that the neglest of such communities by agricultural and conservation authorities has led to the unsustainable use of the land. The area is severely eroded and soils in the area are amongst the most highly erodible in the province. Therefore levels of degradation would be high even without dense human occupation. This evidence is clearly important in future conservation planning and recommendations are made regarding a policy for the management of soil resources in rural areas. 相似文献
18.
土地利用变化对中国土壤碳储量变化的间接影响 总被引：31，自引：0，他引：31
中国土壤有机碳储量及其在全球变暖背景下的变化趋势是影响全球碳循环的一个重要因素。土地利用变化对土壤有机碳储量既有直接影响,也有间接影响。一方面,土地利用变化直接改变了生态系统的类型,从而改变了生态系统的净初级生产力（NPP）及相应的土壤有机碳的输入。另一方面,土地利用变化潜在地改变了土壤的理化属性,从而改变了土壤呼吸对温度变化的敏感性系数（常用Q10表示）。在全球变暖背景下,Q10值的改变显著影响着土壤有机碳释放的强度。利用生态系统碳循环过程模型（CASA模型）反演了不同土地利用类型下的Q10值,并评价了土地利用类型的改变对土壤有机碳储量变化的间接影响。研究结果表明,林地与草地转换成耕地后将增大土壤呼吸的Q10值,此外,人类通过灌溉、氮肥的施用也能增大土壤呼吸的Q10值,从而使得全球变暖背景下土壤呼吸的碳通量有所增强。 相似文献
19.
Aerial photograph interpretation on erosion trends from 1961 to 1998 showed that by 1998, approximately 17 and 50% of agricultural
land in Ndome and Ghazi respectively had been permanently lost due to the combined effect of rill, inter-rill, and gully erosion,
and sand deposition. Although abnormally heavy rains received between 1996–98 caused much of the present land damage, the
severity of the damage was enhanced by inappropriate and persistent human perturbations in the land-system notably through
vegetative degradation and destruction of soil structure through inappropriate tillage practices. With soil organic matter
contents of 1.6 and 1.9%, and clay ratios of 10.1 and 10.6 for Ndome and Ghazi, respectively, the areas inherent erodibility
was considered as high thus pointing to the need for careful use and management of the soil resource. That farmers appreciated
only land quality indicators that were visible to the naked eye and that directly affected their subsistence, revealed a knowledge
gap that saw damages from intrinsic processes like rill and inter-rill erosion proceed unnoticed. This paper argues that the
spread of erosion damage in rural agro-ecosystems is survival-driven. And as a remedy to this problem, there is need for the
diversification of livelihood endeavours to alternative off-farm income sources to reduce pressure on the already fragile
land resource. Further, being the ultimate implementers of conservation technologies and by virtue of the multiplicity and
inter-relation of rural household needs, adoption of an integrated erosion management approach with food security as paramount
presents the most practical entry point for sustainable land management in such rural agro-ecosystems.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
常用的水土保持措施是退耕还林,但淮河流域是中国重要的农业产区,大规模实行退耕还林并不现实,所以通过调整耕地类型来减少水土流失可能是解决社会经济发展和生态保护矛盾的好方法。为研究不同耕地类型对流域水文要素及产沙的影响,考虑水田和旱地两种耕地类型对淮河息县水文站上游流域构建SWAT模型,构造A(实际耕地利用方式)、B(所有耕地为水田)和C(所有耕地为旱地)三种耕地类型情景,比较不同耕地类型情景下流域水文要素及产沙的变化情况。研究结果表明:所构建的SWAT模型在息县流域径流及泥沙模拟中具有良好的适用性,R2和NSE(Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency)均达到0.75以上;水田和旱地两种不同耕地类型对流域多年年均蒸散发及多年平均径流量影响较小,但对流域产沙量影响较大,在汛期更为明显,模拟期内每平方公里水田每年最多比旱地少产沙491.8t,平均每年少产沙约208.7t。采取水田耕种比旱地耕种更有利于减少息县流域内的水土流失。 相似文献