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1.
Hydro-meteorological influences and multimodal suspended particle size distributions in the Belgian nearshore area (southern North Sea) 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
Michael Fettweis Matthias Baeye Byung Joon Lee Peihung Chen Jason C. S. Yu 《Geo-Marine Letters》2012,32(2):123-137
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration and particle size distribution (PSD) were assessed in a coastal turbidity
maximum area (southern North Sea) during a composite period of 37 days in January–April 2008. PSDs were measured with a LISST
100X and classified using entropy analysis in terms of subtidal alongshore flow. The PSDs during tide-dominated conditions
showed distinct multimodal behaviour due to flocculation, revealing that the building blocks of flocs consist of primary particles
(<3 μm) and flocculi (15 μm). Flocculi comprise clusters of clay minerals, whereas primary particles have various compositions
(calcite, clays). The PSDs during storms with a NE-directed alongshore subtidal current (NE storms) are typically unimodal
and characterised by mainly granular material (silt, sand) resuspended from the seabed. During storms with a SW-directed alongshore
subtidal current (SW storms), by contrast, mainly flocculated material can be identified in the PSDs. The findings emphasise
the importance of wind-induced advection, alongshore subtidal flow and highly concentrated mud suspensions (HCMSs) as regulating
mechanisms of SPM concentration, as well as other SPM characteristics (cohesiveness or composition of mixed sediment particles)
and size distribution in a high-turbidity area. The direction of subtidal alongshore flow during SW storm events results in
an increase in cohesive SPM concentration, HCMS formation, and the armouring of sand; by contrast, there is a decrease in
cohesive SPM concentration, no HCMS formation, and an increase in sand and silt in suspension during NE storms. 相似文献
2.
利用ADCP和LISST-100仪观测悬浮物浓度的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用黄河口海床基声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)的周日观测资料对悬浮物浓度进行了反演,反演过程中综合考虑了球面扩散、声学近场的非球面扩散、海水和悬浮颗粒的吸收衰减以及其他因素对回声信号的影响,结果表明在粒径保持相对稳定的情况下,利用ADCP仪回声强度反演悬浮物浓度具有较高的精度.结合现场激光粒度仪(LISST-100)测得的粒径分布信息在反演过程中考虑了粒径修正,重点讨论了观测区域粒径变化对结果的影响,结果表明粒径的剧烈变化会降低体积后向散射强度与悬浮物浓度之间的相关性.大颗粒物质的存在使计算得到的悬浮物浓度偏高,粒径修正虽然在一定程度上消除了这种影响,但线性拟合的相关性并未提高. 相似文献
3.
AbstractSporosarcina pasteurii (ATCC 11859) is a nitrogen-circulating bacterium capable of precipitating calcium carbonate given a calcium source and urea. This microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is able to infill inter-granular porosity and act as a biological clogging agent, thus having a wide potential application in strengthening coastal foundations, preventing erosion by seas and rivers and in reducing sand liquefaction potential in coastal areas. A successful MICP application requires the understanding of the primary parameters that influence the microbially mediated process to achieve its engineering goals, such as injection scheme, chemical concentrations, retention times, and injection rates. However, the granular morphology has generally been oversimplified to ideal shape without enough consideration in previous studies. The following explores the critical micro-scale influence of particle morphology on mechanisms of microbially induced clogging. Spherical, non-spherical and angular particles were used as granular aggregates in permeating column experiments with the resulting permeability and calcium carbonate content of the treated aggregates examined. Microscopic examination (SEM) defines the features of the distribution of microbially precipitated calcium carbonate and the forms of clogging. The results show: (1) given a fixed duration of treatment, the calcium carbonate content for the spherical particle aggregate is significantly higher than that for near-spherical and angular particle aggregates; (2) for identical durations of treatment, the maximum permeability reduction occurs for angular particles (rather than for spherical particles with the highest carbonate content). This suggests that the microscopic distribution of calcium carbonate is significantly influenced by particle morphology, exerting a critical control in the effectiveness of clogging. SEM images indicate that the microbial calcium carbonate precipitates encapsulate the spherical particles as a near-uniform shell and occlude the pore space only by increasing the shell thickness. In contrast, the near-spherical and angular particles are only partially coated by a calcium carbonate film with scattered crystals of vaterite and calcite further clogging the void space. The polyhedral nature of the non-spherical particles tends to result in a slot-shaped pore structure which critically defines the hydraulic conductivity of the ensemble medium. As the microbial vaterite and calcite continue to accumulate on the particle surface, these slot-shaped pore structures become increasingly more tortuous – resulting in a noticeable reduction of permeability at a lower calcium carbonate content. 相似文献
4.
Fine cohesive, suspended sediments appear in all estuarine environments in a predominately flocculated state. The transport and deposition of these flocs is influenced by their in-situ and primary particle size distribution. Especially the size of the inorganic particles influences the density and hence the settling velocity of the flocculated material. To describe both the changes in primary particle size of suspended particulate matter as well as the variability of floc sizes over time and space, the data of In-Situ Particle-Size Distributions (ISPSDs), Primary Particle Size Distributions (PPSDs) and Suspended Sediment Concentrations (SSCs) were collected. For this, Laser In-Situ Scattering and Transmissiometry (LISST) measurements as well as the water samples were collected in the German Elbe and Weser estuaries, covering seasonal variability of the SSC.The data of the ISPSDs show that the inorganic and organic Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), as found in the Elbe and Weser estuaries, mostly appears in a flocculated state. The substrate for organic matter is mainly imported from the seaside and transported into the estuaries as indicated by an upstream decrease of the amount of fine particles. In winter, when the freshwater discharge is high, different PPSDs are found in the case of the Elbe estuary in the Turbidity Maximum Zone (TMZ) as well as in the landward and in the seaward sections close to the TMZ. In summer, the distance between the seaward and the landward section is too low to obtain an individual PPSD within the Elbe TMZ.A missing correlation between the PPSD and ISPSD shows that the inorganic constituents do not have an influence on the in-situ floc size. Although flocs aggregate and disaggregate over a tidal cycle and with changing SSC, they do not change their PPSD. The microflocs are therefore strong enough to withstand further breakage into their inorganic constituents. 相似文献
5.
本文利用2010年枯季在珠江口进行的大、中、小潮LISST剖面及底边界层观测资料,分析了磨刀门河口枯季稳定存在的絮团三峰结构,即构建絮团的基本粒子的平均粒径约为8.3～9.0 μm,小絮团为36～100 μm,大絮团大于180 μm。小潮期,盐跃层捕集的悬浮泥沙以强絮凝过程为主,大絮团含量占优;中、大潮期,平均粒径普遍增大,絮凝占优。潮内的动力变化对絮团多峰结构及形态参数的影响不明显,絮凝与解凝处于动态平衡。结合坐底三角架的湍流资料和简化的群体平衡模型(Population Balance Equation,PBE),进一步揭示了絮团变化的湍流动力机制。高流速下的强紊动剪切力,直接导致大絮团被破坏形成小絮凝体,絮凝体平均粒径减小,反之絮凝强于解凝作用。同时,基于高斯矩积分方法求解PBE,得到的粒径分布基本与观测值吻合,说明在有较好的现场湍流与粒径观测资料的条件下,PBE包含的湍流动力机制可以用来研究黏性泥沙的絮凝过程。 相似文献
6.
根据2012年夏季和2016年冬季在南黄海中部利用原位激光粒度仪(laser in situ scattering and transmissometry,LISST)进行调查获得的实测数据,对两种平均粒径计算方法的结果进行比较研究,并对产生差别的原因进行分析。结果表明:无论在夏季和冬季,在温度跃层以上粒度分布以粗颗粒为主,两种计算方法差值较小,可以相互替代。在温盐跃层以下层位,细颗粒组分增加,导致二者计算差值变大。端元分析表明较高的平均粒径值倾向于造成平均粒径差值增大。矩值法强调了粗颗粒组分的贡献,而平均粒级法对细颗粒组分的贡献更加敏感,后者是更适用于将LISST观测数据应用于陆架海区现代沉积环境研究的粒径参数计算方法。本文为使用LISST在陆架海区进行现代沉积过程研究提供了参考。 相似文献
7.
Cloud-free moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) images of the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Estuary(ZRE) taken between 2002 and 2012 are retrieved and used to study the spatial and temporal patterns of suspended sediment concentrations(SSCs) across the estuary under runoff, wind, and tropical storm conditions.Five typical dispersal patterns of suspended sediments in the estuary are defined: Case I shows generally low SSCs under low dynamics; Case Ⅱ shows a river-dominant dispersal pattern of suspended sediments from the outlets,particularly from Modaomen, Jiaomen, Hengmen, and others; Case Ⅲ shows wind-dominant dispersal of high SSCs derived from the west shoal and southwesterly transport under a strong NE wind; Case IV is the combination of relatively large runoff and wind; and Case V is caused by a strong tropical storm with high river discharge and wind, which is characterized by the high SSCs across the entire estuary that are transported eastward by winddriven and buoyancy currents outside the estuary. Runoff is a dominant factor that controls seasonal and annual SSC variations in the ZRE, with the area of high SSCs being largest in the summer and smallest in the spring. The correlation coefficients between the monthly averaged river-suspended sediment discharge and the area of the high SSCs are approximately 0.6. The wind power over the west shoal increases with a wind speed, which induces more sediment resuspension and shows a close relationship between the wind speed and high SSC area. 相似文献
8.
作者采用浊度计和声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)在近海区域连续、定点观测的应用中,利用浊度与悬沙浓度之间良好的线性关系,对潮汐半月周期内的浊度和ADCP后向散射声强数据进行相关性分析,讨论了小、中、大潮期间利用ADCP后向散射声强反演悬沙浓度的可靠性,反演过程中综合考虑了声学近场非球面扩散和本底噪声的影响。结果表明,在实验海域中,小潮情况下,各水层内悬浮泥沙成分较为稳定,ADCP后向散射声强与浊度变化相关性较高,达到0.91;而在大潮情况下,ADCP后向散射声强与浊度变化的相关性降低,悬沙浓度及成分容易在海流的影响下发生变化。 相似文献
9.
Charles Q. Barrie 《Marine Geology》1983,53(3):199-209
Makkovik Bay, a low-relief fjord on the coast of Labrador at 55°N, has a complex sequence of Late Glacial to contemporary sediments. X-ray diffraction analysis of the <2-μm fraction of glacial detritus, a 10,000-yrs B.P. proglacial marine horizon and contemporary estuarine sediments shows dominance of feldspar and mica, lesser amounts of quartz, chlorite and amphibole, and minor quantities of smectite and kaolinite. Significant down-fjord variations in mica were observed only in proglacial marine sequences, and are attributed to physical sorting by size in the upper water layer in a highly stratified estuary. The lack of variation of clay minerals in the contemporary muds is related to the origin of the mud from erosion, mixing and redistribution of proglacial sediments as relative sea level fell during glacio-isostatic rebound. 相似文献
10.
基于分析模型的太湖悬浮物浓度遥感监测 总被引：21，自引：1，他引：20
悬浮物浓度是水质评价的一项重要指标,利用遥感技术准确获取区域面状水域悬浮物浓度信息,是遥感监测水质参数的一项重要任务。利用地面实测的14个样点的光谱数据,将2004年7月26日太湖TM数据的DN值,校正为遥感反射率,并利用Gordon模型和太湖水体固有光学特性,建立水体反射率模拟的分析模型,模拟水体R(0-),进而利用TM数据反演水体悬浮物浓度,并绘制太湖悬浮物浓度分布图。将悬浮物浓度反演的结果与14个样点的实测结果相比较,其中,有79%的样点的估计精度高于70%,有64%的样点的估计精度高于80%。 相似文献
11.
Tad Murty 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(4):331-332
Optimal interpolation in the spatial domain is limited by computer storage requirements and the computational effort to invert the autocovariance matrix. The procedure can be simplified by use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT), where matrix inversion is replaced by a quotient of power spectral density (PSD) functions in the spectral domain. Such a methodology is developed and utilized to estimate an altimetric mean sea surface from a single 35‐day cycle of ERS‐1. ERS‐1 radial orbit error is first reduced by minimizing dual crossover residuals with TOPEXIPoseidon through solution for a sinusoidal correction for each ascending and descending arc along with the relative altimeter bias. A regular grid for ascending (descending) arcs is then formed by use of the equator‐crossing longitudes and the along‐track displacement. Gaps in the altimeter data set are filled by use of a reference model. PSDs derived from the data and reference surface enable computation of the least‐Squares estimator in the spectral domain, from which the optimally interpolated surface heights for ascending (descending) arcs are derived by the inverse Fourier operator. The resolution is bounded across track by the Nyquist frequencies, which for the 35‐day repeat period correspond to 1.44° longitudinal spacings or 160 km. For consistency, the along‐track resolution is reduced to a comparable level. The combination of the ascending and descending sea surface heights yields a surface up to the isotropic frequency that corresponds to surface spherical harmonics of degree and order 250. Comparisons show that the model performs almost as well as the Ohio State University model present on the TOPEXIPoseidon CD‐ROMs. 相似文献
12.
《Coastal Engineering》2005,52(2):103-118
The ability of a 1.2-MHz Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) to measure suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and particle size variation in a mud-dominated environment has been investigated. Experiments were conducted in the Bay of Banten, Indonesia, where clays and silts in the range of 3–55 μm are prevalent. The ADCP backscatter depends both on SSC and on the size of the scatterers. Over the time span of several separate deployments, which lasted 20 days at most, SSC was found to be proportional to the acoustically normative grain size squared. Using this relation, the ADCP could be calibrated to yield depth profiles of SSC. The obtained calibrations, however, were spatially and seasonally dependent. Differences between the calibrations could not be completely ascribed to variation in grain size distributions, due to the largely unknown influences of aggregates and organic scatterers. The ADCP backscatter measurements provided insight into diurnal events of erosion and subsequent deposition. An increase or decrease of SSC generally coincided with a raise or decline of the average grain size in the sediment suspension (respectively). 相似文献
13.
Numerical experiments in an idealized river mouth are conducted using a three-dimensional hydrodynamics model (EFDC model) to examine the impacts of suspended sediment concentration (SSC), settling velocity of sediment and tidal mixing on the formation and maintenance of estuarine hyperpycnal flows. The standard experiment presents an illustrative view of hyperpycnal flows that carry high-concentrated sediment and low-salinity water in the bottom layer (>1.0 m in thickness) along the subaqueous slope. The structure and intra-tidal variation of the simulated hyperpycnal flows are quite similar to those previously observed off the Huanghe (Yellow River) mouth. Results from the three control experiments show that SSC of river effluents is the most important parameter to the formation of hyperpycnal flows. High SSC will increase the bulk density of river effluents and thus offset the density difference between freshwater and seawater. Low SSC of river effluents will produce a surface river plume, as commonly observed in most large estuaries. Both the settling velocity of sediment particles and the tidal mixing play an important role in maintaining the hyperpycnal flows. Increasing settling velocity enhances the deposition of sediment from the hyperpycnal layer and thus accelerates the attenuation of hyperpycnal flows, whereas increasing tidal mixing destroys the stratification of water column and therefore makes the hyperpycnal flows less evident. Our results from numerical experiments are of importance to understand the initiation and maintenance of hyperpycnal flows in estuaries and provide a reference to the rapidly decaying hyperpycnal flows off the Huanghe river mouth due to climatic and anthropogenic forcing over the past several decades. 相似文献
14.
15.
本文通过建立一维水深平均悬沙模型,对典型潮流控制的水道内悬沙运动特征进行研究。模型以泥沙再悬浮、沉降和平流为主要物理过程,动力因素包含M2、S2分潮及余流,采用湄洲湾2007年8月潮位、潮流、悬沙、底质同步观测资料进行分析和验证。通过三角傅里叶分析,将悬沙的时间序列分解为12个主要的谐波分量,其中主要分量包括:M2分潮作用下产生的具有M2倍潮角速度的1/4日分潮项,M2与S2分潮共同作用下且角速度为两分潮角速度之和的1/4日分潮项,及水平悬沙梯度、余流与M2分潮共同作用下具有M2分潮角速度的半日潮项。悬沙在时间上的平均值受到余流、悬沙水平梯度、M2分潮流及悬沙起动条件等因素控制。余流导致了悬沙序列中相邻周期之间的不对称性。反映泥沙特性的参量对悬沙的曲线特征具有重要影响,泥沙沉降速度影响悬沙的相位,并影响其振幅;再悬浮有关的参量仅影响各谐波分量的振幅,但不影响相位。 相似文献
16.
Chen Jie Yao Zhen Jiang Chang-bo Wu Zhi-yuan Deng Bin Long Yuan-nan Bian Cheng 《中国海洋工程》2022,36(5):720-733
The motion of particle clouds (i.e., sediment clouds) usually can be found in engineering applications such as wastewater discharge, land reclamation, and marine bed capping. In this paper, a series of laboratory tests are conducted on coral sand to investigate the shape feature of the single particle and the mixing processes of the coral sand particle clouds. The shape of coral sand particle is measured and quantified. The experimental results demonstrate that the shape of coral sand particles tends to be spherical as the particle size decreases, and empirical equations were established to explain the variation of D50 and fS,50 of coral sand. Compared with the silica sand, the evolution of the coral sand particle cloud still experiences three stages, but the threshold for the Reynolds number of particle clouds entering the next stage changes. Further, the normalized axial distance of the coral sand particle clouds is 58% smaller. The frontal velocity exhibits similar varying tendency for the coral sand particle cloud. Considering the difference in shape between coral sand particles and silica sand particles, a semi-empirical formula was proposed based on the original silica sand prediction formula by adding the shape factor and the experimental data of 122 µm⩽D50⩽842 µm. It can predict the frontal velocity of the coral sand particle clouds.
相似文献17.
D.G. Bowers K.M. Braithwaite W.A.M. Nimmo-Smith G.W. Graham 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011,91(3):341-350
A correct understanding of the way in which light interacts with suspended particles is essential for quantitative interpretation of satellite visible band imagery of turbid shelf seas and estuaries. In this paper we describe new optical observations at 90 stations in the tidally energetic waters along the south and west coasts of Britain. The cross sectional area of the particles in suspension has been measured with a LISST laser diffraction instrument. Light scattering and absorption coefficients have been determined by applying Kirk’s method to radiometric measurements at 6 wavelengths. Results show that the scattering coefficient increases linearly with particle cross sectional area A per unit volume of water with a slope (scattering efficiency) of 1.96 (standard error 0.08) at 665 nm. Particle absorption coefficients aP also increase with particle cross sectional area but at the most turbid stations, particle absorption per unit area (aP/A) is observed to increase with the mean size of the particles in suspension. The particles are mostly mineral flocs which become more opaque as they grow larger and the photon path length through them increases. The implication of these results for remote sensing is that reflectance in the red part of the spectrum, which mainly depends on light scattering, is proportional to the cross sectional area of particles in suspension. Reflectance measurements in the green and blue parts of the spectrum, where particle absorption becomes more important, depend on the diameter of the particles as well as their cross sectional area. We show that simultaneous measurements of reflectance in the red and green parts of the spectrum can be used to derive both the area and size of the particles in suspension. 相似文献
18.
New methods are proposed for predicting the hindered settling conditions encountered by concentrated suspensions containing mixtures of sand particles and mud flocs. These methods, based on two-fraction formulations, are developed by consideration of the settling characteristics of monodisperse and polydisperse solid particle suspensions applied to cohesive/non-cohesive mixtures of mud flocs and sand particles. The behaviour of these predictive methods is evaluated over a wide range of mixture conditions and compared with existing formulations, with their parametric dependence on the relative volumetric concentrations and floc/particle sizes for the mud and sand constituents established. The results indicate that consideration of the full return flow effects generated by both fractions provides the best modelling framework for predicting the hindered settling conditions over a wide range of sand–mud mixtures. 相似文献
19.
Robert W. Owen Jr. 《Journal of Oceanography》1973,29(5):171-184
Relationships of light scattering to particle concentration and size distribution were experimentally determined to follow theoretical findings, both in laboratory suspensions and in a variety of conditions in the natural marine environment. Confirmation was obtained by electronic particle counts paired with scattering measurements that light scattering provides a measure of concentration of particle cross-section in the sea. The use of light scattering as a measure of particle bulk concentration is shown to require constancy of the distribution of particle size, which is met under prescribed circumstances in the upper part of the sea. A simple test can indicate the constancy of the size distribution. A tentative estimate is made of the effect particles have on the inherent properties of open ocean water. 相似文献
20.
John Hedley 《Geo-Marine Letters》2012,32(2):173-182
The optical scattering properties of non-spherical calcium carbonate particles were modelled using the finite difference time
domain (FDTD) method. This algorithm is computationally expensive but an implementation running on a standard computer’s graphics
processing unit (GPU) provided up to 40 times speed increase and made feasible several thousand model runs for particles up
to size parameter 33 (4 μm for a wavelength of 376 nm in water). The model evaluates all coefficients of the single-particle
Mueller matrix and, when applied to spheres in this size range, compares closely to Mie theory. The modelled unpolarised and
polarised angular irradiance scattering from elongate calcium carbonate spicules displayed many differences from that of spheres
of equivalent volume. Scattering features were observed that are not immediately obvious consequences of spicule geometry.
The extinction efficiency of these particles is also less than that of spheres of equivalent volume. These results suggest
both potential consequences of the non-sphericity of particles on instrument calibration and radiative transfer modelling,
and opportunities for information extraction by polarimetry. 相似文献