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Fractal sinuosity of stream channels 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
R. Scott Snow 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1989,131(1-2):99-109
Analysis of a diverse set of twelve stream channel planforms indicates that at scales relevant to river meandering, river traces are most reasonably treated as fractal curves. The atypically high degree of channel wandering apparent at such scales is a common characteristic of all single-channel streams, while identifiable meandering appears to be only one way in which this tendency is expressed. At smaller scales of view river paths have shapes of smooth curves appropriate to Euclidian geometry, and toward larger scales a distinct change in degree of wandering marks the transition to bends that are considered to be changes in general river course rather than parts of channel pattern. This analysis method provides a natural, objective calculation of river sinuosity as well as other parameters that more completely specify channel planform. 相似文献
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以2004年内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗Ms5．9地震为研究对象,对震中区域的地震活动参量b值进行时间扫描计算,Ms5．9地震前b值表现为高值回落;在选取的时空范围内,计算出震中区域平均波速比和地震空间相关长度,Ms5．9地震前波速比变化过程为下降一持续低值一回升发震,地震空间相关长度在震前趋势性上升,分析认为：可以把波速比的和地震空间相关长度的震前变化规律作为同一区域未来地震的预测依据。 相似文献
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华北地区成组地震前后的地电阻率异常特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
分析了自有地电阻率观测资料以来华北地区发生的三次成组地震前后的异常特征,其中包括1976年唐山地震组、1989年大同地震组和1998年张北地震组.结果发现(1)成组地震的地电阻率异常持续时间都比较长,主震发生后异常一般会继续下降或维持低值异常不恢复,整个成组地震的趋势背景非常清楚;(2)主震前异常台站范围比较广,异常台站数目比较多,后续地震的异常多集中在震源区;(3)成组地震结束后,异常一般都很快恢复.最后探讨了成组地震的地电阻率异常发展特征与孕震机理的关系. 相似文献
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进一步讨论了大中尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波与惯性重力波的非线性相互作用问题．从共振相互作用曲线来看，Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和惯性重力波可以在相当广泛的角谱范围内发生共振非线性相互作用．在一定条件下，一个大振幅波包可以激发两个小振幅波包不稳定增长而出现参量不稳定现象，这三个波包可以是同种类型或不同类型的波包．当两个大振幅波包发生相互作用时，非线性过程会产生另一个波包并使它增长，并且增长速度大于仅有一个大振幅波包时的增长速度．大尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包税发两个较小尺度惯性重力波的过程是一种重要的能量串级（ｃａｓｃａｄｅ）过程． 相似文献
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以隧道掘进机(Tunnel Boring Machine,TBM)为例模拟了隧道强干扰环境下,瞬变电磁超前探测的响应曲线,系统分析了异常体(以直立充水断层为例)与掌子面距离、围岩电阻率差异、TBM长度、异常体规模等条件下的曲线特征和影响规律,发现TBM干扰源表现为低电阻率目标特征,其影响主要集中在早期,对于电性差异较大或目标规模较大的低电阻率异常(充水断层)模型能够明显地通过衰减曲线区分.根据电磁场叠加原理,将隧道腔体中包含TBM模型的响应减去纯隧道腔体响应可以获得TBM的响应信号,以此作为干扰背景,从实际包含TBM和充水断层的隧道模型总响应中减除,获得去除TBM干扰的响应信号.通过8组算例进行对比,发现经过校正的衰减曲线与模型计算曲线吻合较好,视电阻率曲线差异相对较小,能够表现探测区域的电性分布情况,确认该方法在不同情况下的适用性.即使在TBM响应计算时给定背景电阻率与实际电阻率差异达到100%的情况下,依然能够通过校正获得合理的响应信号和视电阻率曲线.该方法不仅仅适用于隧道环境,对于其他诸如地面、航空、半航空、海洋瞬变电磁勘探同样适用. 相似文献
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将一种新的方法——频率-贝塞尔变换法（F-Jmethod）应用于日本NIED在关东盆地布设的MeSO-net台网的背景噪声数据中,证明频率-贝塞尔变换法可以有效地从背景噪声中提取高阶频散曲线.利用提取的基阶和高阶频散曲线反演关东盆地区域的沉积层和地震基岩层的S波速度结构,并将我们反演得到的S波速度结构与Koketsu等提出的日本综合速度结构模型进行对比讨论.我们的例子证明,在基阶面波的基础上,高阶面波能减少在反演中的非唯一性,得到更为准确的S波速度结构. 相似文献
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Andreas J. Kappos Georgios Panagopoulos Christos Panagiotopoulos Gregorios Penelis 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2006,4(4):391-413
The methodology followed by the Aristotle University (AUTh) team for the vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete (R/C) and unreinforced masonry (URM) structures is presented. The paper focuses on the derivation of vulnerability (fragility) curves in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), as well as spectral displacement (s
d), and also includes the estimation of capacity curves, for several R/C and URM building types. The vulnerability assessment methodology is based on the hybrid approach developed at AUTh, which combines statistical data with appropriately processed (utilising repair cost models) results from nonlinear dynamic or static analyses, that permit extrapolation of statistical data to PGA’s and/or spectral displacements for which no data are available. The statistical data used herein are from earthquake-damaged greek buildings. An extensive numerical study is carried out, wherein a large number of building types (representing most of the common typologies in S. Europe) are modelled and analysed. Vulnerability curves for several damage states are then derived using the aforementioned hybrid approach. These curves are subsequently used in combination with the mean spectrum of the Microzonation study of Thessaloniki as the basis for the derivation of new vulnerability curves involving spectral quantities. Pushover curves are derived for all building types, then reduced to standard capacity curves, and can easily be used together with the S
d fragility curves as an alternative for developing seismic risk scenarios. 相似文献
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Fragility curves express the probability of structural damage due to earthquakes as a function of ground motion indices, e.g., PGA, PGV. Based on the actual damage data of highway bridges from the 1995 Hyogoken‐Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake, a set of empirical fragility curves was constructed. However, the type of structure, structural performance (static and dynamic) and variation of input ground motion were not considered to construct the empirical fragility curves. In this study, an analytical approach was adopted to construct fragility curves for highway bridge piers of specific bridges. A typical bridge structure was considered and its piers were designed according to the seismic design codes in Japan. Using the strong motion records from Japan and the United States, non‐linear dynamic response analyses were performed, and the damage indices for the bridge piers were obtained. Using the damage indices and ground motion indices, fragility curves for the bridge piers were constructed assuming a lognormal distribution. The analytical fragility curves were compared with the empirical ones. The proposed approach may be used in constructing the fragility curves for highway bridge structures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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利用板块构造、活断层分布、地壳运动这三个方面的最新资料将台湾地区划分为东、西两个地震区和六个地震带。对各地震带11a来的地震目录计算了广义维数Dq和多标度分形谱f(α)，然后绘制成Dq—q曲线和多标度分形谱f(α)—α以及分维时程曲线。综合分析后发现：(1)地震活动的时间结构是多分形而非单一分形结构；(2)台湾地区在大震前后的1～2a内，大震所在的地震带内地震时间结构的Dq—q曲线和多标度分形谱f(α)—α大都出现异常形态；(3)功时程曲线分析可以为强震的时间预报提供有效的客观依据。 相似文献
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H.-J. Walther 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1983,11(4):411-421
An investigation was made into the effects of seven anion-active tensides and one non-ionic tenside on the growth and respiration of 19 strains of the bacteria genera Proteus, Pseudomonas, Aerobacter and Sarcina. A nutrient broth with phosphate buffer and partly glucose addition was used as the culture medium. Tenside was added either at the beginning of tests in the lag-phase of cultures or during the logarithmic growth phase. In addition, the development of resistance or adaptation were tested by establishing subcultures. The inhibitory effect of tensides depends on the combination of tenside/species of bacteria, gram-positive bacteria being more sensitive and the inhibitory effect being lower in their logarithmic growth phase. The time course of the inhibition of respiration after the addition of tenside to the medium shows different types of inhibition and adaptation, considerably extended lag-phases occurring frequently. 相似文献
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Robust models of geomorphic process–environment relationships are important to advance theoretical knowledge of geomorphic systems. Here, we examined a generalized additive modeling (GAM) based approach to provide new theoretical insights into process–environment relationships. More precisely, we (i) simulated the shapes of the relationships between geomorphic processes and environmental variables based on GAM and (ii) compared the shapes of the simulated response curves to (a) the hypothetical curves based on theory and (b) the response curves produced by generalized linear modeling (GLM). Hitherto, GLM was the most common technique to study the relationships between environmental gradients and geomorphic processes. The study is based on empirical cryoturbation and solifluction data and environmental variables from subarctic Finland. Our results showed that non‐linear relationships were more common than linear responses and the simulated GAM based response curves coincided more closely with the hypothetical response curves than did the response curves derived from GLM. The simulated response curves showed high potential in geomorphic hypothesis testing. In conclusion, our findings indicate that careful examination of the response curves may provide new insights into theoretical debates in the earth sciences. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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基于数据跟踪分析河北电磁台网环境干扰因素 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
以河北电磁台网2008—2016年地震前兆数据跟踪分析产品信息为数据源,归纳该台网主要环境干扰因素,主要干扰表现为降雨、高压直流输电、农田灌溉3种类型,约占干扰因素约88.47%。分析各类干扰因素成因、动态曲线变化特征,提取并总结电磁台网环境干扰典型实例及变化特征,为地震前兆异常变化地准确判断提供有效实例支持与技术参考;根据干扰成因和观测经验,通过同场地增加气象三要素观测可快速识别降雨干扰,通过地埋观测外线路、地磁场深井观测方式可避免或减小干扰,为排除环境干扰,探索抑制干扰的新方法服务。 相似文献
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T. G. Churikova B. V. Ivanov J. Eichelberger G. Wörner B. Browne P. Izbekov 《Journal of Volcanology and Seismology》2013,7(2):112-130
The data on the geochemistry of the rocks of Kizimen Volcano and results of microprobe studies of major and trace elements in plagioclase grains from acid lavas and basalt inclusions are presented. The characteristics of the Kizimen Volcano are the following: (1) basalt inclusions are abundant in acid lavas; (2) banded, mixed lavas occur; (3) the distribution curves of rare-earth elements of acidic lavas and basalt inclusions intersect; (4) Sr-Nd isotope systematics of the rocks and inclusions do not indicate mixture with crustal material; (5) plagioclase phenocrysts are of direct and reverse zonation; (6) olivine and hornblende, as well as acid and mafic plagioclases, coexist in the rocks. The studies revealed that the rocks are of a hybrid nature and originated in the course of repeated mixture of acid and mafic melts either with chemical and thermal interaction of melts or exclusively thermal ones. Study of the major- and trace-element distribution in zonal minerals provides an informative tool for understanding the history of the generation and evolution of melts in a magma chamber. 相似文献
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We propose a system for the analysis of magnetotelluric (MT) data, which makes use of the invariant characteristics of the impedance tensor such as the maximum and minimum induction curves and the phase tensor. We examine the coefficients of the appearance and normalization of principal values of the impedance tensor. By the case study for Koryakiya, it is shown that the three-dimensional (3D) mathematical modeling and the Wiese-Parkinson vectors allow one to correct the results of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) inversion of MT curves. Comparison between model and observed data based on the 1D inversion of MTS curves provides a pictorial view of the distortions of MT curves and their sensitivity to the parameters of a geological cross section. 相似文献
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Alfano's integral equation method, previously used to calculate VES theoretical curves in parallel or diverging dipping planes including an indefinite conductive medium (open structures), was applied to calculate VES theoretical curves in closed structures, i.e. when the conductive medium is limited in depth. The theoretical curves, as calculated for various cases, show slopes steeper than the corresponding two-layers curves and resistivity asymptotic values equal to those of the resistive layer; their trends can be used to evaluate the dips of contacts.Two surveys, carried out on similar superficial situations in the Appennines area, have been interpreted by means of the new theoretical curves, and have shown different structural situations in depth. 相似文献
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进一步讨论了大中尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波与惯性重力波的非线性相互作用问题．从共振相互作用曲线来看，Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和惯性重力波可以在相当广泛的角谱范围内发生共振非线性相互作用．在一定条件下，一个大振幅波包可以激发两个小振幅波包不稳定增长而出现参量不稳定现象，这三个波包可以是同种类型或不同类型的波包．当两个大振幅波包发生相互作用时，非线性过程会产生另一个波包并使它增长，并且增长速度大于仅有一个大振幅波包时的增长速度．大尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包税发两个较小尺度惯性重力波的过程是一种重要的能量串级（ｃａｓｃａｄｅ）过程． 相似文献
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《Geofísica Internacional》2014,53(4):385-398
Reflectance spectral curves were analysed by a derivative method. Derivative reflectance spectra revealed concealed peaks of both reflectance and absorption curves of Caribbean seawater and elements contained within it. Reflectance curves showed a predominant blue colour (400–500 nm) characteristic of Caribbean oligotrophic waters, conspicuous peaks result from the optical properties of chlorophyll a and seawater. Reflectance curves had a similar spectral response. This paper analyses reflectance spectra of surface seawater at 31 stations in the Caribbean Sea during the summer of 2001. 相似文献