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1.
Flood mitigation involves the management and control of floodwater movement, such as redirecting flood runoff through the use of floodwalls and flood gates, rather than trying to prevent floods altogether. The prevention and mitigation of flooding can be studied on three levels: on individual properties, small communities, and whole towns or cities. The current study area is located in Hurghada on the Red Sea, which is considered an important area for coastal tourism. The study area is located at distance 7.50 km from El Gouna city along the Red Sea and east of Hurghada–Al Ismaileya road. The aim of this research is to derive the runoff flow paths across the study area and their flow magnitudes under different rainfall events of 10, 25, 50, and 100 year return periods in order to design the flood mitigation measures to protect such important areas. Field data (e.g., topographic data and rainfall intensities) were collected for the study area. The results indicated that the site is exposed to high flash flood risk and protection work is required. In order to protect the area from flood risks, locations of number of drainage channels and dams were selected and designed based on flood quantity and direction. The proposed mitigation system is capable of protecting this crucial area from flood risks and increases the national income from tourism. This study can be applied in different areas of Egypt and the world. 相似文献
2.
What do people think about the flood risk? An experience with the residents of Talcahuano city,Chile
In the province of Concepción (Chile), floods are considered one of the main natural hazards. One of the most important cities of this area is Talcahuano. During the last years, Talcahuano has been affected by a number of flood episodes, as a consequence of an increase in the frequency of extraordinary atmospheric events, along with a higher exposure to the flood risk caused by an intense urban development. On 27 February 2010, an 8.8° earthquake (Richter scale) occurred in central southern Chile and originated the tsunami which flooded a large percentage of the residential area and military base of the Talcahuano city. This flood event affected a population higher than 180,000 people (including 23 casualties and invaluable economic and environmental losses). The objective of this study is to investigate the social perception and knowledge of Talcahuano residents affected by different types of flood, including tsunami, emphasizing which are their risks, vulnerability, resilience and coping capacity concepts. In addition, the kind of measures that have been proposed to improve their capacity to face floods after having suffered the natural disaster will be determined. This social assessment has been carried out based on a survey to permanent residents. Research results reveal that their endogenous and exogenous characteristics have resulted determinant to explain their perception. 相似文献
3.
Disasters resulting from climate change are shown to be important determinants of people’s life choice decisions. In the literature, travel behavior choice and life choices are usually addressed separately under disasters such as flood and cyclone. However, travel behavior may be interdependent with other life choices, jointly shaping people’s adaptation decisions. To this end, the paper advances the literature by exploring the interrelationship between changes in travel behavior and job and residential location under flood disasters, while separating coastal and inland observations. For this purpose, a stated preference survey was conducted in 14 cities of Bangladesh in early 2013. An analysis approach based on structural equation modeling was developed to investigate the correlations between travel behavior change and job and residential location changes. Model estimation results suggest that flood impacts have significant influences on inland people’s life choices, while coastal people’s life choices are mainly affected by flood adaptation responses and attitudes. Significant correlations between travel behavior change and job and residential location changes are found for both observations. Moreover, both coastal and inland people tend not to change residential locations if changes in job location and travel behavior are made. Inland people may not change travel behavior if their job and/or residential locations are changed, but coastal people’s job and residential location changes are associated with changes in travel behavior. Travel behavior change is found to have more of an effect on residential location change than job location change in both regions. These findings conclude that the two-way relationship between travel behavior and life choices should be taken into account in future analyses, and thus adaptation policies to climate change disasters could be better linked with people’s behavioral responses. 相似文献
4.
Floods in Greece, a statistical and spatial approach 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
Flooding is one of the most important types of disasters in southern Europe recording many victims and extended damages over the last century. The increased pressure for urban expansion together with the high population density has increased flood risk considerably in the region. Greece is not an exception in this regime, having a very rich flooding record since the ancient times. In this work, an extensive catalogue of flooding phenomena during the last 130?years in Greece has been compiled based on numerous sources. Based on this record the temporal and spatial distribution of flood events and victims was examined. In total, 545 events were identified, causing 686 human casualties and inflicting extensive damage across the country. Results showed seasonality patterns with more events clustering in November. They also showed that urban environments tend to present a higher flood recurrence rates than mountainous and rural areas. An increasing trend in reported flood event numbers during the last decades was discovered, even though the number of human casualties remains relatively stable during the same period. Moreover, spatial patterns were identified highlighting areas and administrational entities with higher flood recurrence rates across the country. 相似文献
5.
The natural environment plays an important role in adventure tourism. Specific environments are often necessary for certain types of adventure tourism and unique settings are seen to enhance the value of adventure tourism experiences. Given the importance of the environment in adventure tourism, the interplay between humans and the environment in this context should be given further attention. Although much research has examined the physical environmental impacts caused by specific activities considered adventure tourism, the impact of the environment on the behavior of adventure tourists has only briefly been touched upon. Environmental attitudes are said to be an indicator of environmentally conscious behavior. In the tourism context, however, conflicting results have been found as to whether or not environmental attitudes drive consumer behavior. Therefore, the manner in which environmental attitudes, using the New Environmental Paradigm scale, influence the motivations of participants in adventure tourism is investigated using the case of commercial adventure tourism in South Africa. The results show that the environmental attitudes of this group of tourists were relatively low and that the links between environmental attitudes and adventure tourism motivations are relatively weak. Therefore, the impact of general environmental attitudes on adventure tourist behavior is questionable. 相似文献
6.
Gustav Visser 《GeoJournal》2004,60(3):283-299
South Africa has recorded considerable growth in tourism activity over the past decade. In the light of the vast range of
economic sectors that gain from tourism development, the national government has instituted a range of incentives and initiatives
to stimulate tourism development, with the expansion of tourism infrastructure aimed at high-end tourists forming a key component
of this strategy. Little investment has, however, been made in tourism infrastructure targeting those markets that prefer
to avoid high-end tourism facilities. In this respect backpacker tourists and their preferred accommodation type, backpacker
hostels, are a case in point. Despite backpacker tourism being largely ignored in national tourism development initiatives,
backpacker tourism is increasingly popular in South Africa. This paper focuses on the recent proliferation of backpacker tourism
in this country and seeks to convey the results of the first nation-wide exploration in this regard. The paper has two main
objectives. Firstly, it seeks to present broad-ranging empirical data concerning this tourist cohort and their preferred accommodation
type- backpacker hostels — in the South African context. Secondly, it aims to demonstrate why backpacker tourists and hostels
hold much potential for local development initiatives in South Africa. In the light of the findings of this study, the paper
concludes that the expansion of backpacker tourism to this country might form an appropriate means by which to achieve a range
of local development objectives. 相似文献
7.
国内外洞穴旅游安全研究综述 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
安全是洞穴旅游的生命线,是洞穴旅游活动正常开展的前提和保障。利用CNKI、维普数据、Springer Link、Elsevier SDOL、EBSCO、SAGE JOURNALS、Wiley等中外文数据库并结合纸质文献,共获得与洞穴旅游安全相关的文献79篇。通过文献梳理发现:洞穴旅游安全是一个研究时间短暂的新兴学术领域,至今仅有25年的研究历史;研究成果较为分散,主题不突出,现有研究成果多属于洞穴或洞穴旅游研究中的“捎带”成果,至今尚无以洞穴旅游安全为主题的独立研究成果;现有研究成果主要涉及洞穴旅游安全的表现、影响因素以及对策等领域,研究内容限于浅表层次;研究尺度以微观为主。洞穴旅游安全作为洞穴旅游的新分支,是一个新的研究领域,在未来应综合运用洞穴学、安全学、旅游学等的相关理论与方法,从确保洞穴旅游环境、旅游者、旅游从业者等安全的角度出发,扩展洞穴旅游安全研究的内容;近期可着重对其理论架构、安全认知、安全风险评估以及安全救援体系等展开研究。 相似文献
8.
An agent-based model for risk-based flood incident management 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Effective flood incident management (FIM) requires successful operation of complex, interacting human and technological systems.
A dynamic agent-based model of FIM processes has been developed to provide new insights which can be used for policy analysis
and other practical applications. The model integrates remotely sensed information on topography, buildings and road networks
with empirical survey data to fit characteristics of specific communities. The multiagent simulation has been coupled with
a hydrodynamic model to estimate the vulnerability of individuals to flooding under different storm surge conditions, defence
breach scenarios, flood warning times and evacuation strategies. A case study in the coastal town of Towyn in the United Kingdom
has demonstrated the capacity of the model to analyse the risks of flooding to people, support flood emergency planning and
appraise the benefits of flood incident management measures. 相似文献
9.
Anton Gosar 《GeoJournal》1989,19(3):277-283
This paper outlines the structure of international tourism in Yugoslavia and then discusses thevarious impacts its development has had, notably changes in the population structure. The growth of international tourism has enabled a nontraumatic restructuring of the younger generation island and coastal population away from fishing and farming to employment in tourism. Tourism has revived some Yugoslav regions, especially the Adriatic Coast, in a demographic and economic sense and has made possible further development. 相似文献
10.
Mohammad Karamouz Ali Razmi Sara Nazif Zahra Zahmatkesh 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(11):395
Due to increasing flood severities and frequencies, studies on coastal vulnerability assessment are of increasing concern. Evaluation of flood inundation depth and extent is the first issue in flood vulnerability analysis. This study has proposed a practical framework for reliable coastal floodplain delineation considering both inland and coastal flooding. New York City (NYC) has been considered as the case study because of its vulnerability to storm surge-induced hazards. For floodplain delineation, a distributed hydrologic model is used. In the proposed method, the severities of combined inland and coastal floods for different recurrence intervals are determined. Through analyzing past storms in the study region, a referenced (base) configuration of rainfall and storm surge is selected to be used for defining flood scenarios with different return periods. The inundated areas are determined under different flooding scenarios. The inundation maps of 2012 superstorm Sandy in NYC is simulated and compared with the FEMA revised maps which shows a close agreement. This methodology could be of significant value to the planners and engineers working on the preparedness of coastal urban communities against storms by providing a platform for updating inundation maps as new events are observed and new information becomes available. 相似文献
11.
Non Okumura Sebastiaan N. Jonkman Miguel Esteban Bas Hofland Tomoya Shibayama 《Natural Hazards》2017,88(3):1451-1472
This paper presents a methodology for tsunami risk assessment, which was applied to a case study in Kamakura, Japan. This methodology was developed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of a risk-reducing system against such hazards, also aiming to demonstrate that a risk assessment is possible for these episodic events. The tsunami risk assessment follows these general steps: (1) determination of the probability of flooding, (2) calculation of flood scenarios, (3) assessment of the consequences and (4) integration into a risk number or graph. The probability of flooding was approximated based on the data provided by local institutes, and the flood scenarios were modeled in 1D using the Simulating WAves till SHore model. Results showed that a tsunami in Kamakura can result in thousands of casualties. Interventions such as improvements in evacuation systems, which would directly reduce the number of casualties, would have a large influence in risk reduction. Although this method has its limits and constraints, it illustrates the value it can add to existing tsunami risk management in Japan. 相似文献
12.
Brian S. Duffield 《GeoJournal》1984,9(1):27-35
Conclusion This review must be seen alongside others which have attempted to explore the relationship between geography (and geographers) and the study of leisure and recreation (Coppock 1980, 1982a). It serves to confirm the wide-ranging and diverse contribution that geographers have made in this field and the ways in which the study of tourism has reflected developments in the wider discipline. It also confirms the very close and intimate connection between studies of tourism and social and economic policy in Britain and indicates the way in which geographers have attempted to shape policy and have in turn been influenced by the needs and demands of policymakers. The rewards of such interaction are clear and yet costs have also been incurred by the academic geographic community. Not the least of these costs is that tourism studies have been predominantly of an empirical nature and conceptual and theoretical advance has inevitably tended to lag behind these empirical investigations. It is to be hoped that the study of the geography of tourism, having now demonstrated its credentials to policymakers and decision-makers alike, can secure for itself a more central place within geographic teaching and research so that these lacunae can be remedied. 相似文献
13.
Urban impervious surfaces are considered as key indicator of urbanization intensity and environmental quality. Due to their significant impact on surface runoff, flood frequency, and water quality, impervious surfaces have been identified as an important indicator for examining the hydrological impact of urbanization. The amount and distribution of impervious surfaces have been estimated using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Little research, however, has been conducted to predict future impervious surface distributions. To address this problem, we developed an integrated residential/commercial growth and impervious surface distribution model to predict urban impervious surface distribution. Taking Milwaukee River Basin, Wisconsin as a case study, we simulated future residential and commercial developments using a CA model. Further, we developed a linear regression model to predict impervious surface distributions in residential and commercial land uses. Analysis of results suggests that the proposed model performs significantly better than the traditional approaches. 相似文献
14.
Assessing the immediate and short-term impact of flooding on residential property participant behaviour 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The past decade has seen an increase in the number of significant natural disasters that have caused considerable loss of life as well as damage to all property markets in the affected areas. In many cases, these natural disasters have not only caused significant property damage, but in numerous cases, have resulted in the total destruction of the property in the location. With these disasters attracting considerable media attention, the public are more aware of where these affected property markets are, as well as the overall damage to properties that have been damaged or destroyed. This heightened level of awareness has to have an impact on the participants in the property market, whether a developer, vendor seller or investor. To assess this issue, a residential property market that has been affected by a significant natural disaster over the past 2 years has been analysed to determine the overall impact of the disaster on buyer, renter and vendor behaviour, as well as prices in these residential markets. This paper is based on data from the Brisbane flood in January 2011. This natural disaster resulted in loss of life and partial and total devastation of considerable residential property sectors. Data for the research have been based on the residential sales and rental listings for each week of the study period to determine the level of activity in the specific property sectors, and these are also compared to the median house prices for the various suburbs for the same period based on suburbs being either flood affected or flood free. As there are 48 suburbs included in the study, it has been possible to group these suburbs on a socio-economic basis to determine possible differences due to location and value. Data were accessed from realestate.com.au, a free real estate site that provides details of current rental and sales listings on a suburb basis, RP Data a commercial property sales database and the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The paper found that sales listings fell immediately after the flood in the affected areas, but there was no corresponding fall or increase in sales listings in the flood-free suburbs. There was a significant decrease in the number of rental listings follow the flood as affected parties sought alternate accommodation. The greatest fall in rental listings was in areas close to the flood-affected suburbs indicating the desire to be close to the flooded property during the repair period. 相似文献
15.
The impact of tourism on coastal areas 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Erdmann Gormsen 《GeoJournal》1997,42(1):39-54
The manifold influences of tourism on coastal areas are analysed from three different angles: (1) The development of seaside tourism including the changes of socio-economic and settlement patterns; (2) its cultural impact on the local population; (3) its environmental aspects. Point 1 is described with the help of a model showing four peripheries in space and time: (I) the North Sea and Baltic coasts since the 18th century; (II) Southern Europe during the 19th century; (III) the North African shores around 1950; (IV) the tropical oceans after 1965. Within every periphery, several phases (pioneer, domestic, international) can be distinguished according to the origin of tourists, the investment, the know-how etc. While the beginning of every phase is dominated from abroad, later-on national actors play an increasing role. This applies also to point 2, which refers mainly to developing countries. As for point 3, mass tourism may result detrimentally on water supply, sensitive coastal landscapes, socio-cultural identity etc. Among the questions to be raised are: How far are industrial societies responsible for any negative impacts of tourism, and what are the chances for, and a general consciousness on, a sustainable tourism development? 相似文献
16.
Kuei-Hsien Liao 《Natural Hazards》2014,71(1):723-750
Despite massive investment in flood control infrastructure (FCI), neither cities nor rivers have been well served—flooding continues to challenge cities around the world, while riverine ecosystems are degraded by FCI. Although new flood hazard management concepts have shifted the focus away from FCI, many cities continue to count on FCI to prevent flood damage. It is assumed that existing built-up areas can only count on FCI, as large-scale retreat is often impossible. However, flood adaptation—retrofitting the built environment to prevent damage during flooding—as an option is often ignored. This paper argues against the continual use of FCI to prevent flood damage by reviewing FCI’s established problems. The paper examines human–river interactions associated with FCI, focusing on the feedback mechanisms in the interactions, with a case study on the Lower Green River (LGR) valley in King County, Washington, USA. An urban ecology research model is employed to organize the case study, where interactions between floodplain urbanization, FCI, flow and sediment changes, flood risk, and riverine ecosystem are explored and two feedback mechanisms—river adjustment and flood risk perception—are explicitly addressed. The resulting complex dynamics, in terms of cross–scale interactions, emergence, nonlinearity, and surprises, are synthesized and limitations of FCI outlined. Flood adaptation is explored as a plausible alternative to flood control to nurture flood resilience. A management scenario of flood adaptation for the City of Kent—the largest municipality in the LGR valley—is developed to discuss the implications of flood adaptation on flood risk and river restoration. 相似文献
17.
Damage to residential buildings due to flooding of New Orleans after hurricane Katrina 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This article analyzes the direct damage to residential buildings caused by the flooding of New Orleans after hurricane Katrina
in the year 2005. A public dataset has been analyzed that contains information on the economic damage levels for approximately
95,000 residential buildings in the flooded area. The relationship between the flood characteristics and economic damage to
residential buildings has been investigated. Results of hydrodynamic flood simulations have been used that give insight in
water depths and flow velocities in the study area. In general, differences between the three polders in the observed distributions
of damage estimates are related to differences in flood conditions. The highest damage percentages and structural damage mainly
occurred in areas where higher flow velocities occurred, especially near the breaches in the Lower 9th Ward neighborhood.
Further statistical analysis indicated that there is not any strong one-to-one relationship between the damage percentage
and the water depth or the depth–velocity product. This suggests that there is considerable uncertainty associated with stage-damage
functions, especially when they are applied to individual structures or smaller clusters of buildings. Based on the data,
a more general approach has been proposed that could be used to distinguish different damage zones based on water depth and
flow velocity for an area that is affected by flooding due to breaching of flood defenses. Further validation of existing
damage models with the dataset and further inclusion of information on building type in the analysis of damage levels is recommended. 相似文献
18.
Lucy Kaplan 《GeoJournal》2004,60(3):217-227
Skills development for tourism has attracted only a limited scholarship in the developing world. In this paper the role of
skills development in advancing South Africa's tourism-led development strategy is investigated. Skills development has a
central role to play in ensuring the effective and sustainable transformation and development of the tourism industry in developing
countries and, in the case of South Africa, in ensuring that poorer South Africans begin to benefit from this industry. It
is argued that the current lack of an integrated and co-ordinated approach to tourism skills development seriously limits
the potential of skills development to impact positively on tourism transformation and development in South Africa.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Pramod Kumar Sharma 《Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards》2018,12(3):218-233
Flood hazard evaluation is an important input for Nuclear Power Plants external events safety studies. In the present study, flood hazard at various nuclear sites in India due to rainfall has been evaluated. Hazard estimation is a statistical procedure by which rainfall intensity versus occurrence frequency is estimated from historical records of rainfall data and extrapolated with asymptotic extreme value distribution. Rainfall data needed for flood hazard assessment are daily annual maximum rainfall (24?h data). The observed data points have been fitted using Gumbel, power law and exponential distribution, and return period has been estimated. To study the stationarity of rainfall data, a moving window estimate of the parameters has been performed. The rainfall pattern is stationary in both coastal and inland regions over the period of observation. The coastal regions show intense rainfall and higher variability than inland regions. Based on the plant layout, catchment area and drainage capacity, the prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) site is unlikely to be flooded. 相似文献
20.
Maori images have long been a part of the international tourist image of New Zealand. However, Maori people have increasingly been asserting their rights to control and manage their own resources. The purpose of the present paper is to analyse the implications of Maori perspectives on the promotion, interpretation and management of tourism resources and to discuss the potential short and long-term implications of such perspectives on tourism development.The paper discusses the implications of the Waitangi Tribunal hearings and the overall assertion of Maori rights over tourism resources. While the articulation of Maori rights is by no means universal, several case studies illustrate potential implications of Maori control and ownership for the New Zealand tourism industry. The paper concludes that the implementation of the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi provides a basis for reconciling the interpretive and management demands of Maoritanga with the tourism industry in a manner which can have positive outcomes for both. 相似文献