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1.
Ground motion records obtained in recent major strong earthquakes have provided evidence that ground motions recorded near the near-fault regions differ in many cases from those observed further away from the seismic source. As the forward directivity and fling effect characteristics of the near-fault ground motions, they have the potential to cause more considerable damage to structures during an earthquake. Therefore, understanding the influence of near-fault ground motions on the performance of structures is critical to mitigate damage and perform effective response. This paper presents results of a study aimed at evaluating the effects of near-fault and far-fault ground motions on seismic performance of concrete gravity dams including dam-reservoir-foundation interaction. Koyna gravity dam is selected as a numerical application. Four different near-fault ground motion records with an apparent velocity pulse are used in the analyses. The earthquake ground motions recorded at the same site from other events that the epicenter far away from the site are employed as the far-fault ground motions. The seismic performance evaluation method based on the demand-capacity ratio, the cumulative overstress duration and the spatial extent of overstressed regions is presented. The concrete damaged plasticity model including the strain hardening or softening behavior is employed in nonlinear analyses. Nonlinear seismic damage analyses of the selected concrete dam subjected to both near-fault and far-fault ground motions are performed. The results obtained from the analyses show the effects of near-fault ground motions on seismic performance of concrete gravity dams and demonstrate the importance of considering the near-fault ground excitations. 相似文献
2.
基于小波分析方法,从NGA数据库的3 551条地震记录中选取189条速度脉冲地震动,地震动均转换成发生最强脉冲的方向。基于Newmark方法,分析了近断层速度脉冲地震动作用引起的边坡永久位移值。结果表明：近断层速度脉冲地震动对边坡产生特殊的破坏作用,表现在滑动位移值大、滑动体破坏力强等方面;边坡永久位移值与速度脉冲地震动的峰值速度具有高度相关性,位移值较大时尤为明显。建立了基于单变量形式的峰值速度及双变量形式的峰值速度、峰值加速度两种边坡永久位移预测模型,模型简单实用,与回归数据具有很好的相关性,前者更适用于预测对实际工程影响较大的永久位移值,且离散性较小。提出的预测模型为考虑近断层地震动速度脉冲特性影响的边坡永久位移值的概率地震灾害分析提供了基础。 相似文献
3.
The effect of reservoir length on seismic performance of gravity dams to near- and far-fault ground motions 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In this article, the effect of reservoir length on seismic performance of gravity dams to near- and far-fault ground motions
is investigated. For this purpose, four finite element models of dam–reservoir–foundation interaction system are prepared
by using the Lagrangian approach. In these models, the reservoir length varies from H to 4H (H: the height of dam). The Folsom gravity dam is selected as a numerical application. Two different ground motion records of
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are used in the analyses. One of ground motions is recorded in near fault; the other is recorded
in far fault. Also, the two records have the same peak ground acceleration. The study mainly consists of three parts to assess
the effects of reservoir length on the seismic performance of the concrete gravity dam. In the first part, the linear time-history
analyses of the four finite element models prepared for the Folsom gravity dam are performed. In the second part, the seismic
performance of the dam is evaluated according to demand–capacity ratio and cumulative inelastic duration. Finally, the nonlinear
time-history analyses of the finite element models of the dam are carried out by using Drucker–Prager yield criteria for dam
concrete. It is seen from the analyses results that the seismic behavior of the concrete gravity dams is considerably affected
from the length of the reservoir. The reservoir length of 3H is adequate for concrete gravity dams. The selection of ground motion is on of the important parts of seismic evaluation
of gravity dams. Also, the frequency characteristics of the ground motion having the same peak ground acceleration affect
the seismic performance of the dam. The near-fault ground motions are generally creates more stress on the dam body than far-fault
ground motions. The used performance approach provides a systematic methodology for assessment of the seismic performance
and necessity of nonlinear analyses for dam systems. 相似文献
4.
针对现行水工抗震规范中对近断层地震缺乏考虑这一实际问题,首先讨论了近断层、远场地震动的差别,对比了近断层、远场地震动对地下洞室地震响应的影响,继而提出一种新的人工合成近断层地震动时程的方法,并采用合成的近断层地震动时程对某水电站地下洞室群进行了近断层地震稳定性专门研究。结果表明：与常规地震分析中考虑的远场地震动相比,近断层脉冲型地震动的主要特征为Vmax/Amax和Dmax/Amax（Vmax、Dmax、Amax分别为速度峰值、位移峰值、加速度峰值）指标更大,且近断层脉冲型地震动的主要能量集中在1 Hz以下的频段;在相同峰值加速度幅值、相同反应谱的前提下,近断层地震动对高边墙、大跨度地下工程的破坏程度远比远场地震动大;较之前人的研究方法,文中提出的近断层脉冲型地震动合成方法考虑了[1/Tp, 1] Hz这一频段内的地震波信息,更具合理性;在设定的计算条件下,地下厂房洞室群有在近断层地震动作用下发生失稳的危险性,需要进一步针对近断层地震动进行专项风险性评价,以讨论是否需要增设针对性的抗震支护措施。 相似文献
5.
Influence of vertical ground motion on seismic-induced displacements of gravity structures 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Andrzej Sawicki W&#x;odzimierz Chybicki Marek Kulczykowski 《Computers and Geotechnics》2007,34(6):485-497
A method enabling assessment of seismic-induced movements of gravity block is proposed. This method is based on dynamic analysis of the block subjected to both horizontal and vertical ground accelerations, and resultant forces acting on the block. There are two kinds of the motion. The first one is trivial, as it is a common motion of the block and subsoil. The second is a relative motion of the block with respect to subsoil, depending on combination of ground accelerations and the resultant of horizontal forces. Attention is focused on the influence of vertical ground motion on seismic-induced displacements of the structure. Experimental investigations performed in order to validate a numerical algorithm are described, and then experimental data are compared with numerical predictions. A good agreement is obtained. Then, the dynamics analysis of the block is presented for harmonic and pseudo-stochastic ground motions in order to illustrate the algorithm proposed. The results of computations show that, for some typical data and ground accelerations corresponding to strong earthquakes, large permanent displacements of the block take place, as observed in real conditions. 相似文献
6.
近断层地震对桥梁的影响日益引起关注.本研究提出了桥梁?土?桩基全局建模方法,强调了更详细的桥墩及土壤非线性的真正好处,它可以比一系列轴载更真实地描述物理现象.协同SHAKE91程序并利用p-y曲线、t-z曲线和q-z曲线建立土?桩基非线性模型,采用双线性模型模拟桥墩及桩基础的滞回特性,建立不良地质发育区铁路桥梁?土?桩基多跨简支梁桥体系模型,计算其弹塑性地震响应,分析Ap/vp等对桥梁的弹塑性地震响应的影响.研究结果表明:桥梁横竖向响应受Ap/vp影响特点不同,相比墩底固结工况,考虑桩基后桥梁横向地震响应减小;对于竖向响应,在Ap/vp > 10时桥梁竖向地震响应降低,说明竖向地震在较高频率影响桥梁地震响应. 相似文献
7.
The characteristics of the strong ground motion accelerograms from the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake are investigated in detail
in this study. The emphasis is on the comparison of the response spectra for the fault normal (FN) and fault parallel (FP)
components of the ground motions. The results show that the near-fault records with directivity effects characterize themselves
with increased base shear demands rather than increased displacement demands for both the FN and FP components and a narrower
velocity sensitive region for the FN component. This study also shows that the effectiveness of base isolation may vary from
site to site and for a given site, from component to component. The site effects in the Marmara region during the 1999 Kocaeli
earthquake are examined. Site amplifications are predicted by the classical spectral ratio (CSR) and the receiver function
(RF) methods. The CSR method gives higher estimates for the site amplifications compared to the RF method and is in better
conformity with the observed damage during the Kocaeli earthquake. The districts of Istanbul that are especially susceptible
to site amplification hazard are determined. It is apparent from the results that the site amplification hazard risk is the
highest for Avcilar and Bakirkoy districts. This study also shows that for sites which have the risk of soil amplification
for long-period structures, liquefaction may not be beneficial as a natural base isolator, and may result in shifting the
eigenperiod of the low- and mid-rise structures to the critical periods with high site amplifications. This may be especially
the case for Avcilar and Bakirkoy districts. In Fatih, Bakirkoy, and Cekmece districts, the predominant period of the ground
motion is calculated to be very close to the eigenperiods of the typical residential buildings. Therefore, these three districts
are expected to experience heavier damages in future earthquakes due to resonance effects. 相似文献
8.
土工结构地震滑动位移统计分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土工结构在地震荷载下的滑动位移是评估结构安全性能的重要参数。采用一种新型的地震波选择方法,在强震数据库中选择修改地震波,以有效地在结构动力分析中引入不同特征地震波的影响。通过一个简单的土工结构地震滑移模型,系统地分析了结构基本周期和滑动面屈服系数对地震滑移概率及相应滑移距离的影响,并提出了滑动体在不同地震场景和基本周期条件下的滑移概率和累积滑动位移的统计模型,对基于性能的土工结构抗震设计具有重要的参考意义。 相似文献
9.
Fatih Mosque and its Kulliye (complex) are one of the most important historical monuments in Istanbul. Since it has been built between 1463 and 1470, Fatih Mosque had been subjected to nine strong earthquakes and suffered various degrees of structural damage at every case, including the latest August 17, 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake (Mw = 7.4, epicentral distance approximately 100 km). Recently, a project has been initiated first to study the possible causes of earthquake damage and then develop retrofitting and strengthening techniques to protect this invaluable monument from further damages in the future earthquakes. As part of this investigation, local site soil conditions had been determined and site behavior during earthquakes had been studied in detail. In this paper, the results of 1-D site response analysis, which included convolution and deconvolution analyses utilizing the strong ground motions recorded during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake are presented. The results of the analyses had demonstrated the considerable degree of site amplification, compatible with the recorded motions and the damage suffered. The expected site behavior during a probable future earthquake is also studied using a site specific simulated bedrock motion, and earthquake parameters to be used in dynamic structural analysis are estimated. 相似文献
10.
考虑场地和震源机制的近断层地震动衰减特性的研究 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
在收集了世界范围内自由场地的近断层地震记录基础上 ,综合考虑台站场地和震源构造机制的差别 ,应用统计分析方法对近断层地震动的峰值加速度、峰值比、特征比值及特定周期处的反应谱的衰减关系进行了研究 ,并和集集地震得到的结果进行了比较 ,发现场地和震源机制的共同作用对近断层地震动的影响是很显著的 ,为抗震设计规范的研究提供了参考 相似文献
11.
This paper presents probabilistic assessment of seismically-induced slope displacements considering uncertainties of seismic ground motions and soil properties.A stochastic ground motion model representing both the temporal and spectral non-stationarity of earthquake shakings and a three-dimensional rotational failure mechanism are integrated to assess Newmark-type slope displacements.A new probabilistic approach that incorporates machine learning in metamodeling technique is proposed,by combining relevance vector machine with polynomial chaos expansions(RVM-PCE).Compared with other PCE methods,the proposed RVM-PCE is shown to be more effective in estimating failure probabilities.The sensitivity and relative influence of each random input parameter to the slope displacements are discussed.Finally,the fragility curves for slope displacements are established for sitespecific soil conditions and earthquake hazard levels.The results indicate that the slope displacement is more sensitive to the intensities and strong shaking durations of seismic ground motions than the frequency contents,and a critical Arias intensity that leads to the maximum annual failure probabilities can be identified by the proposed approach. 相似文献
12.
多点、多向地震作用下非圆弧滑面边坡稳定分析通用条分法 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
在地震边坡稳定性分析当中,往往采用单点地震动输入,但实际地震动是随着时间和空间变化的。为了研究边坡在多点、多向地震作用下的稳定性,地震动输入采用考虑地震动的空间时间变化特性的人工合成多点、多向地震动,并将之转化为作用于边坡上的多点、多向地震荷载,在陈祖煜院士所提出的通用条分法的基础之上,推导了适用于任意形状滑面、即满足力的平衡又满足力矩平衡的多点、多向地震作用下边坡稳定通用条分法的极限平衡微分方程,并给出了求解动力安全系数的方法,通过两个算例验证了方法的可行性。 相似文献
13.
Design ground motions are typically governed by large earthquakes at close distances, but the increasing number of near-field recordings manifest the large variability in near-source ground-motion amplitudes which result in significant differences in the building response. In the near-field, this variability arises mainly from source-directivity effects, which generate strong near-fault velocity pulses. We investigate the effect of source complexity on the generation of velocity pulses using a geometrical approach to quantify directivity at near-fault sites based on kinematic rupture models. We propose selection algorithms that can be implemented as search strategies for directivity-related strong ground motion records which may serve as ground motion selection tools in large databases for structural analysis and liquefaction studies. We find that the existence of directivity pulses is strongly related to slip heterogeneity on the fault plane, i.e. that the location and size of asperities (large slip areas) determine directivity pulse generation. In this context we quantify several pulse properties, testing a variety of approaches, and develop predictive relationships between a number of source parameters and pulse properties. We find strong dependence of pulse period on total area of asperities, as well as on a geometrical directivity parameter. The empirical observations on velocity pulse generation determined by the proposed selection procedure are compared with the predictions using the geometrical directivity model. The results are important for determining the probability of observing a pulse at a site as a function of magnitude, distance, and slip heterogeneity on the fault plane. 相似文献
14.
Near-fault strong motion complexity of the 2000 Tottori earthquake (Japan) from a broadband source asperity model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The October 6/2000 Tottori earthquake that occurred in central Japan was an intermediate size strike-slip event that produced a very large number of near field strong motion recordings. The large amount of recorded data provides a unique opportunity for investigating a source asperity model of the Tottori earthquake that, combined with a hybrid strong motion simulation technique, is able to reproduce the observed broadband frequency near-fault ground motion.
We investigated the optimum source asperity parameters of the Tottori earthquake, by applying a Genetic Algorithm (GA) inversion scheme to optimise the fitting between simulated and observed response spectra and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values. We constrained the initial model of our inversion by using the heterogeneous slip distribution obtained from a kinematic inversion of the source of previous studies. We used all the observed near-fault ground motions (−100 m) from the borehole strong motion network of Japan (KiK-Net), which are little affected by surficial geology (site effects).
The calculation of broadband frequency strong ground motion (0.1–10 Hz) is achieved by applying a hybrid technique that combines a deterministic simulation of the wave propagation for the low frequencies and a semi-stochastic modelling approach for the high frequencies. For the simulation of the high frequencies, we introduce a frequency-dependent radiation pattern model that efficiently removes the dependence of the pattern coefficient on the azimuth and take-off angle as the frequency increases. The good agreement between the observed and simulated broadband ground motions shows that our inversion procedure is successful in estimating the optimum asperity parameters of the Tottori earthquake and provides a good test for the strong ground motion simulation technique.
The ratio of background stress drop to average asperity stress drop from our inversion is nearly 50%, in agreement with the theoretical asperity model of Das and Kostrov [Das, S., Kostrov, B.V., 1986. Fracture of a single asperity on a finite fault: a model for weak earthquakes? Earthquake Source Mechanics, AGU, pp. 91–96.], and an empirical ratio of asperities to rupture area [Seismol. Res. Lett. 70 (1999) 59–80.].
The simulated radiation pattern is very complex for epicentral distances within half the fault length, but it approaches the radiation of a double-couple point source for larger distances.
The rupture velocity and rise time have a significant influence on the Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) distribution around the fault. An increase in rupture velocity produces a similar effect on the ground motion as a reduction in rise time. 相似文献
15.
排桩冻结法深基坑施工监测与反馈分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
对于润扬大桥南锚碇排桩冻结法深大基坑,冻结作用使基坑的受力过程变得更为复杂,根据排桩冻结法基坑结构和场地工程地质条件,建立了大型安全监测系统。本文介绍了润扬大桥南锚碇场地工程地质条件、排桩冻结法基坑的结构和南锚碇基坑监测方案、分析了南锚排桩冻结法深基坑各项监测数据的变化规律,包括侧向土压力、内支撑轴力、排桩钢筋应力和排桩水平位移随时间变化规律,并基于施工监测进行了反馈分析,保障了南锚碇排桩冻结法深基坑的安全与稳定。监测结果分析表明,排桩冻结法是基坑工程的一种可行的施工工法,润扬大桥南锚碇排桩冻结法深大基坑的成功实践为今后类似工程的建设积累了宝贵经验。 相似文献
16.
基于2008年5月12日汶川Ms8.0级地震的强震台站记录,对比发震断层两侧的峰值加速度与地表破裂带上同震位移的分布特点,探讨了地震动强度分布特征与地表破裂位移分布之间的相关关系。分析近断层典型台站的强震动记录时程特征,获得了强地震动记录中所包含的断层破裂过程和破裂习性信息,从强震观测记录的角度进一步证实了汶川地震主震的多次破裂特征。结果表明,汶川地震主震至少包含了4次地震破裂事件,最主要的前两次破裂事件分别对应映秀—北川断裂段和北川—南坝断裂段的破裂过程,后两次破裂事件释放的能量相对较小,应该是第二次破裂过程触发局部次级破裂所引起的。此外,垂直于断层的峰值加速度剖面揭示的发震断层的高倾角逆冲特性,与地震地质调查和小震精定位等确定的相应结果是一致的。 相似文献
17.
强地震动作用下层状岩体破坏的物理模拟研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
岩体地震动力破坏现象是常见但研究较少的复杂课题。利用物理模拟试验,研究了层状岩体边坡在强地震动作用下的变形破坏问题。按结构面走向平行和垂直地震动方向,对不同岩体结构特征的模型施加不同的幅值和频率的水平向地震动荷载,进行岩体的振动破坏试验。结果表明,结构面空间展布方向与地震动荷载的相互关系不同、结构面软弱程度不同,岩体变形破坏的形式和分布特征也不相同。岩体的动力破坏主要是岩体结构的破坏,即岩体结构的宏观破坏和微观损伤,岩体结构特征是控制其动力变形破坏的主要因素。极大的不均匀性是岩体动力破坏的显著特点,这与大量极震区岩体破坏的现象类似。但岩体动力破坏模式的建立和定量的力学分析还需更多研究。 相似文献
18.
A. Demoulin J. Campbell A. De. Wulf A. Muls R. Arnould B. Görres D. Fischer T. Kötter M. Brondeel D. Van. Damme J. M. Jacqmotte 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2005,94(4):515-524
We present the HARD project of GPS monitoring of vertical ground motion in NE Ardenne and Eifel (western Europe). Its main purposes are to get a better insight into the present-day rates of vertical ground motion in intraplate settings and to identify the various causes of these motions. Since 1999, we have carried out yearly campaigns of simultaneous GPS measurements at 12 sites situated so as to sample the different tectonic subunits of the study area and especially to record potential displacements across the seismogenic Hockai fault zone. Five campaigns (1999–2003) have been processed currently. Key issues of the data processing with the Gamit software are discussed and first results are presented. Though temporally consistent in many cases, the obtained vertical motion rates are spatially highly variable. They are also much too high (several mm/year) to support a tectonic interpretation, and a long-term influence of groundwater level variations is proposed to account for the observed motions. This influence should be distinguished from seasonal variations and from inter-survey variations linked to the varying degree of soil and subsoil drying off during the successive spring surveys. 相似文献
19.
Strong ground motion estimation in the Sea of Marmara region (Turkey) based on a scenario earthquake 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We perform a broadband frequency bedrock strong ground motion simulation in the Marmara Sea region (Turkey), based on several fault rupture scenarios and a source asperity model. The technique combines a deterministic simulation of seismic wave propagation at low frequencies with a semi-stochastic procedure for the high frequencies. To model the high frequencies, we applied a frequency-dependent radiation pattern model, which efficiently removes the effective dependence of the pattern coefficient on the azimuth and take-off angle as the frequency increases. The earthquake scenarios considered consist of the rupture of the closest segments of the North Anatolian Fault System to the city of Istanbul. Our scenario earthquakes involve the rupture of the entire North Anatolian Fault beneath the Sea of Marmara, namely the combined rupture of the Central Marmara Fault and North Boundary Fault segments. We defined three fault rupture scenarios based on the location of the hypocenter, selecting a preferred hypocentral location near a fault bend for each case. We analysed the effect of location of the asperity, within the Central Marmara Fault, on the subsequent ground motion, as well as the influence of anelasticity on the high-frequency attenuation characteristics. The fault and asperity parameters for each scenario were determined from empirical scalings and from results of kinematic and dynamic models of fault rupture. We calculated the resulting time series and spectra for ground motion at Istanbul and evaluated the sensitivity of the predictions to choice of model parameters. The location of the hypocenter is thus shown to be a critical parameter for determining the worst scenario earthquake at Istanbul. We also found that anelasticity has a significant effect on the regional attenuation of peak ground accelerations. Our simulated ground motions result in large values of acceleration response spectra at long periods, which could be critical for building damage at Istanbul during an actual earthquake. 相似文献
20.
A series of centrifuge shaking table model tests are conducted on 4?×?4 pile groups in liquefiable ground in this study, achieving horizontal–vertical bidirectional shaking in centrifuge tests on piles for the first time. The dynamic distribution of forces on piles within the pile groups is analysed, showing the internal piles to be subjected to greater bending moment compared with external piles, the mechanism of which is discussed. The roles of superstructure–pile inertial interaction and soil–pile kinematic interaction in the seismic response of the piles within the pile groups are investigated through cross-correlation analysis between pile bending moment, soil displacement, and structure acceleration time histories and by comparing the test results on pile groups with and without superstructures. Soil–pile kinematic interaction is shown to have a dominant effect on the seismic response of pile groups in liquefiable ground. Comparison of the pile response in two tests with and without vertical input ground motion shows that the vertical ground motion does not significantly influence the pile bending moment in liquefiable ground, as the dynamic vertical total stress increment is mainly carried by the excess pore water pressure. The influence of previous liquefaction history during a sequence of seismic events is also analysed, suggesting that liquefaction history could in certain cases lead to an increase in liquefaction susceptibility of sand and also an increase in dynamic forces on the piles. 相似文献