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1.
《Geodinamica Acta》1999,12(6):371-375
Six cavities have been discovered in the Oletta massif. The massif, today constitued of Schistes lustrés with several metres of calcareous layers above them, has undergone intense fracturing. The networks of cavities are organised along north–south and subequatorial directions, and form a narrow bayonnet-network. All the elements in the galleries appear to be karstic: stalagmites, stalactites and calcitic deposits along the walls; but no trace of dissolution or excavation was found. Thus, the origin of the galleries is only tectonic, while the calcitic deposits result from the dissolution of the old, thick calcareous layers above, which are no longer present. The thickness and the volume of the calcitic deposits, which is variable depending on the galleries, indicates the chronology of the different tectonic periods which have fractured the massif. Five tectonic and successsive events have been detected. Calcitic datings confirm the timing of successional fracturing, indicating also the variable age of the fossiliferous Middle Pleistocene deposits found in these cavities.  相似文献   

2.
三峡库区奉节县宝塔坪小区大型复杂滑坡特征及成因机制   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11  
张加桂 《地质论评》2000,46(4):431-436
奉节县新城宝塔坪小区的地质灾害问题是当前学术界关注的焦点,也是库区具有普遍性问题。本文首次提出,在小区发育有５个复杂结构的滑坡。滑坡具３种成因：（１）碎裂－溶蚀－杏黄色泥质条带发育－滑坡;（２）碎裂－溶蚀－Ｔ２ｂ＾２粉砂质泥岩顶层泥化－滑坡;（３）Ｔ２ｂ＾４泥岩溶蚀－滑坡。岩溶蚀作用为主导作用。断裂的发育为溶蚀作用提供了通道。  相似文献   

3.
张加桂 《地球学报》2001,22(2):145-148
巫山县新城址巴东组三段泥质灰岩在地质历史上已全部发生了滑坡，滑坡体可分为上、中、下三段，滑坡的发育经历了（1）印支期和燕山期构造；（2）新构造上升、长江切割引起岩体松动卸荷及岩溶作用；（3）巴东组三段沿二段顶部泥化层滑动；（4）中部陡坡带形成，滑坡分解；（5）上、下两段滑坡格局形成；（6）上段滑坡进一步分离形成中段滑坡；（7）后期溶蚀、风化。滑坡的后期改造过程仍在继续。  相似文献   

4.
The study of comparative tectonics needs, among other things, a complete catalogue of cataclastic phenomena: not only of their petrographic features, but also of their function and cinematic signification. Every example and case-history added to the presently incomplete list is welcome; and a rarely described variety is here described and placed in the classification. The type-locality is a part of the northern border of the crystalline massif of Alger. In this area the mylonitic breccias have originated relatively near the surface as products of the general movement represented by the elevation of the massif and the depression of the Mediterranean basin along the continental flexure. The general effect is one of extension, but it was accomplished by a series of co-ordinated individual movements. The porosity of the mylonites is greatly increased relative to that of the country rocks. This style of fracturing is important for many geological problems; and some examples are discussed: comparison with similar features in crystallized and granitized regions shows that some phenomena are inherited mylonites from an earlier stage; evolution of volcanic and subvolcanic hybrid rocks and of regenerated metalliferous deposits are only possible in tectonic bodies containing superposed levels or storeys, in these the style of the cataclastic level is especially important. The relationships between folded cover series and “décollements” on the one hand, and the movements of the basement on the other, depend largely on the type of cataclasis which, in turn, may be recognised from its style.  相似文献   

5.
Résumé

Le massif karstique de Beni-Mellal, dans le Haut Atlas (Maroc), est constitué essentiellement par des calcaires dolomitiques du Lias qui présentent en surface des figures de dissolution spectaculaires. Le massif est situé entre 500 m et 2 400 m d’altitude et alimente plusieurs sources dont la plus importante est celle d’Aïn Asserdoune. La quasi-totalité des sources émergent au niveau des contacts chevauchants qui limitent le Jurassique calcaire des formations tertiaires sousjacentes du piémont. L’étude des débits classés et du tarissement ainsi que l’analyse corrélatoire et spectrale des chroniques pluies – débits du système karstique drainé par la source d’Aïn Asserdoune permettent de caractériser cet aquifère. Il s’agit d’un aquifère inertiel qui assure le flot de base. Cet aquifère est caractérisé par l’existence de réserves dynamiques importantes. Il est influencé par un karst superficiel fonctionnant en période de hautes eaux ainsi que par des apports latéraux provenant des compartiments voisins du massif de Beni-Bellal.  相似文献   

6.
西秦岭早三叠世沉积特征及其构造控制作用   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7  
何海清 《沉积学报》1996,14(1):86-92
西秦岭早三叠世沉积由深水浊积岩、角砾岩、砾岩、滑塌堆积、深水灰岩和钙质泥岩六个岩相组成，在垂向上表现为受构造控制而形成的四个沉积旋回。浊积岩及滑塌堆积的指向表明，大陆边缘的斜坡倾向西南，古水流方向２００-２６０°、说明沿碌曲－成县以北的北方板块边缘在早三叠世存在一引张构造背景，这与扬子板块向北俯冲引起的拖拉滚动有关。  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Located in the central part of the Betic Cordilleras, the large carbonate Sierra Gorda Massif provides an example of a west-Mediterranean karstic aquifer. In spite of a complex polyphased tectonic history, the fracturing presents, from aerial views and at outcrop scale a quite organised geometry. Four fracture directions are found over the massif. N000—010, NOS0-070, N090–100 and N140–170. The statistical and geostatistical approach allows the characteristics (lengths, orientations) and the spatial structure for each fracture set to be determined. The N000–010 and N140–170 sets are grouped in packets whereas the two other sets are grouped in bands. The microtectonic study describes the evolution of the massif in the geodynamic context of this part of Mediterranea, distin guishing three recent stages of brittle tectonic activity in t e massif: a WNW-ESE Middle Miocene compression, then a NNW-SSE to NW-SE compression with a poorly wrenching regime, and finally a probably pre-Quaternary N-S radial distension. This last stage is essential for the karstification of the massif and groundwater circulation. From the combined analysis of fracture network geometry and palaeostresses a multiple porosity model in agreement with hydrological observations made inside the massif can be proposed: in particular, the hectometric N090–100 (and N050–070) fractures which are essential for the network connectivity, and have a major drainage role at aquifer scale, while the N000–010 and N140- 170 ones have a more local drainage role. This extensive tardy regime, which is for the first time described separately from the internal zones of the Cordilleras, must be considered as a significant phenomenon on a regional scale, and henceforth integrated in future geodynamic schemes of this part of Mediterranea. © Elsevier, Paris  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT A calcite mass more than 1·5 km long and 20 m wide crops outs along the faulted margin of the Albian carbonate platform of Jorrios in northern Spain. The mass contains abundant dissolution cavities up to 7 m long and 1 m high, filled with cross‐stratified quartz sandstone and alternating sandstone–calcite laminae. Similar cavities are also present in a 50‐m‐wide zone of platform limestones adjacent to the calcite mass that are filled with limestone breccias and sandstone. The calcite mass has mean δ18O values of 19·6‰ (SMOW), whereas platform limestones have mean δ18O values of 24·4‰ (SMOW). Synsedimentary faulting of the carbonate margin and circulation of heated fault‐related waters resulted in replacement of a band of limestone by calcite. Soon after this replacement, dissolution by undersaturated fluids affected both the calcite mass and the adjacent limestones. Percolating marine quartz sand filled all dissolution cavities, sometimes alternating with precipitating calcite. The resulting cavities and fills, which recall products of meteoric diagenesis, are attributed to a hydrothermal origin based on their geometry, occurrence along the profile and synsedimentary tectonic relationships. The early faulting and diagenesis are related to local extensional tectonism in a large‐scale strike‐slip setting. Movements occurred during the early dispar/appenninica zone of the Late Albian.  相似文献   

9.
Previous models for the tectonic evolution of northeastern Siberia have proposed the existence of a Kolyma plate composed of the Kolyma and Omolon massifs of presumed Precambrian age. Lithologic similarities between the Siberian platform and the Cherskiy Mountains and the presence of oceanic and island arc type deposits in the Kolyma-Indigirka interfluve suggest that no such plate exists. The eastern margin of the Siberian plate is suggested to lie along a line between the Ulakhan Sis Range, the Alazeya uplift and the Arga Tas Range; the Cherskiy Mountains and the Verkhoyansk fold belt are parts of the Siberian plate. The Paleozoic deposits of the Omolon massif are unlike those found in the Cherskiys or Siberia. Paleomagnetic data from the Omolon massif are discordant from data from Siberia. It is suggested that the Omolon massif represents a microplate which accreted onto Siberia in the Jurassic. Ophiolites in central Chukotka are of the same emplacement age as in the western Brooks Range and may have been emplaced at the initiation of the rotation of Arctic Alaska. Geometric and limited stratigraphic data suggest that the East Siberian Sea may be floored by oceanic crust left by an incomplete closure between Arctic Alaska, Siberia and Omolon. The tectonic position of the Prikolymsk massif remains ambiguous.  相似文献   

10.
嫩江—黑河构造带地处松嫩地块与兴安地块的结合部位,一直以来是业内学者关注的焦点。在构造带内内蒙古莫力达瓦旗哈达阳一带野外实地调研过程中,发现一套变质变形程度与周围地质体差异很大的地层。岩石组合为绿泥石白云母构造片岩、二云母微晶片岩、黝帘白云糜棱片岩等。采用LA-ICP-MS技术获得的绿泥石白云母构造片岩中锆石U-Pb年龄为413.9Ma±2.7Ma。通过分析区域地质演化历史及不同时代地质体特征,认为沿红山梁—哈达阳—依克特一带存在一条构造混杂堆积岩带,这套强变形岩石应为构造混杂岩带的一部分,其原岩形成时代为早泥盆世,后期构造定位应与嫩江—黑河构造带最后于早石炭世末拼合作用有关。  相似文献   

11.
Recent exploration in the vicinity of the giant (>90 Mt) Navan orebody has resulted in the discovery of ore-grade mineralisation to the southwest of the deposit, much of which occurs within the Upper Pale Beds, a horizon that is only weakly mineralised above the main orebody. Within this new U lens, mineralisation preferentially occurs within bioclastic carbonate grainstones and calcareous quartz sandstones, and is dominated by sulphide replacement of the carbonate component of the host sequence. Much of the replacive mineralisation is spatially associated with hydrothermal cavities, which are filled by a variable mixture of brecciated replacement sulphide minerals, space-filling sulphide and gangue cements, and internal sediments. Mineralisation also occurs within veins and dissolution seams, and as disseminated sulphide minerals. Massive mineralisation is typically a complex, chaotic, combination of replacement, cavity, and fracture-filling sulphides. Fluid inclusion analyses of ore-stage saddle dolomite indicate temperatures at the time of sulphide precipitation of ~90–150 °C, with a maximum of 175 °C. These temperatures are lower than those typically proposed for Irish-type deposits.  相似文献   

12.
马坑式铁矿位于闽西南晚古生代坳陷盆地内,是福建省境内最主要的矽卡岩型铁-多金属矿床。矿体主要受岩性界面及构造结构面控制,尤以硅钙面控矿作用显著。马坑式铁矿主矿体定位于林地组（C1l）石英砂岩与经畲—栖霞组（C2j—P2q）碳酸盐岩的岩性界面（硅钙面）。通过对马坑式铁矿硅钙面的基本特征进行分析,划分了五类主要的成矿结构面类型:林地组与经畲组—栖霞组、经畲组—栖霞组与文笔山组、经畲—栖霞组内部碎屑岩与灰岩、经畲组—栖霞组与花岗岩类以及推覆（滑脱）界面。研究认为马坑式铁矿主矿体受不同的物理化学岩性界面（硅钙面）控制,这种界面在构造活动及流体参与过程中容易形成扩容空间,构成成矿地球化学障,有利于成矿物质的沉淀富集。在以上认识基础上,建立了以硅钙面为主要成矿作用标志的马坑式铁矿成矿模式,认为运用硅钙面控矿理论指导闽西南地区找矿预测的具有重要的找矿指导意义。   相似文献   

13.
Criteria for the recognition of salt-pan evaporites   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
Layered evaporites can accumulate in: (1) ephemeral saline pans, (2) shallow perennial lagoons or lakes, and (3) deep perennial basins. Criteria for recognizing evaporites deposited in these settings have yet to be explicitly formulated. The characteristics of the ephemeral saline pan setting have been determined by examining eight. Holocene halite-dominated pans (salt pans) and their deposits (marine and non-marine) from the U.S., Mexico, Egypt and Bolivia. These salt pans are typified by alternating periods of flooding, resulting in a temporary brackish lake, evaporative concentration, when the lake becomes saline, and desiccation, which produces a dry pan fed only by groundwater. The resulting deposits consist of alternating layers (millimetres to decimetres) of halite and mud. The layers of halite are characterized by: (1) vertical and horizontal cavities, rounded crystal edges and horizontal truncation surfaces, due to dissolution during flooding; (2) vertical ‘chevrons’ and ‘cornets’ grown syntaxially on the bottom during the saline lake stage; (3) halite cements (overgrowths and euhedral cavity linings) and disruption of layering into metre-scale polygons, produced during the desiccation stage. The muddy interbeds are characterized by displacive growth of halite during the desiccation stage. Immediately below the surface of the pan the halite layers are ‘matured’ by repeated episodes of dissolution and diagenetic crystal growth. This results in porous crusts with patches of ‘chevron’ and ‘cornet’ crystals truncated by dissolution, clear diagenetic halite cement, and internal sediment. These layers of ‘mature’ halite closely resemble the patchy cloudy and clear textures of ancient halite deposits. Holocene salt-pans are known to cover thousands of square kilometres and cap halite deposits hundreds of metres thick, so they are realistic models for ancient evaporites in scale, e.g. Permian Salado Formation of New Mexico-Texas, which preserves many primary salt-pan features.  相似文献   

14.
The origin of the stratiform tin deposits in the schist belt of the Stara Kamienica Chain, southwestern Poland, is re-examined based upon new data which has become available. It is the author's opinion that no genetic implications should be attached to the stratiform character of the deposits. Hydrothermal metasomatism associated with acid intrusives of the Variscan Karkonosze massif introduced mineralizing fluids along tectonic lineaments.  相似文献   

15.
Deposits of catastrophic rockslides composed of lithologies rich in carbonate minerals may undergo precipitation of cements that can be used to proxy-date the rockslide event and/or subsequent geomorphic changes of the rockslide mass.In the Alps, localized to widespread lithification of post-Glacial rockslide deposits is observed in lithologies ranging from limestones and dolostones to metacarbonates to calcphyllites. Lithification of rockslide deposits to breccias may be localized to meteoric ‘runoff-shadows’ below larger boulders, or may comprise a layer of breccia or may affect a rockslide mass down its base. In addition, precipitation of cements and small stalactites may take place in megapores on boulder undersides. Cements found in rockslide deposits comprise skalenohedral calcite, prismatic calcite, blocky calcite, calcitic micrite and micropeloidal calcitic cement and, rarely, botryoidal aragonite. Initial cement formation probably is driven by meteoric dissolution–re-precipitation of (mini-) micritic abrasive rock powder generated by dynamic disintegration during the rockslide event. Preliminary 234U/230Th ages of rockslide cements support a concept that cementation starts immediately or early after a rockslide event. In rockslide deposits of calcphyllite with accessory pyrite, oxidation of pyrite probably also propels the process of carbonate dissolution–re-precipitation. Limestone-precipitating springs emerging from rockslide masses, and well-cemented talus slopes and fluvial conglomerates percolated by rockslide-derived groundwaters, indicate that rockslide deposits remain diagenetically active long after emplacement.  相似文献   

16.
Résumén

Des analyses 40Ar-39Ar ont été entreprises sur diverses formations effusives et intrusives permirnnes de Provence orientale. Celles-ci ont précédemment fourni des âges K/Ar conventionnels compris entre 220 et 2 76 Ma, discordants entre différents auteurs.

Deux âges-plateau obtenus sur un plagioclase d’une coulée basique (δ 1) (278 ± 0.4 Ma) et sur un adulairr d’un filon de fluorite-baryte intrusif dans une formation volcanique acide du massif de l’Estérel (All) (263,8 ± 0,7 Ma), ainsi que d’autres âges issus de spectres d’âge plus ou moins perturbés (discutés dans le texte), montrent que l’essentiel du volcanisme effusif du massif de l’Estérel s’est probablement déroulé pendant une période de l’ordre de 14 Ma, sensiblement plus faible que celle proposée antérieurement à partir des données K/Ar. Le filon minéralisé de fluorite-baryte de la caldeira de Maurevieille (Nord-Est du massif de l’Estérel) est contemporain du volcanisme permien. A l’Ouest du massif, des dykes basiques intrusifs dans le massif des Maures n’ont pu être datés à cause de leur altération importante, niais ils s’intègrent bien dans la tectonique distensive permienne E-W de la région.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

The tectonic significance of the Eocene unconformity in the Briançonnais domain, classically regarded as recording a compressional event, is re-evaluated, based on field studies in the Marguareis massif, Maritime-Ligurian Alps. In this external, weakly metamorphic Briançonnais unit, we describe N-trending, folded paleo-normal faults. These paleofaults operated during the Late Cretaceous-Late Eocene, and control both the thickness of the Senonian-Paleocene calcschists and the distribution of the disconformable Middle Eocene-Early Priabonian formations, i.e. the channelised, resedimented Nummulitic limestones, associated with sandy turbidites, and the sandy- calcareous Lower Flysch Noir. The chaotic Upper Flysch Noir (Priabonian), which includes olistoliths from the Helminthoid Flysch nappes, disconformably overlies the Late Cretaceous-Middle/Late Eocene levels. At the scale of the whole Briançonnais domain of the French-Italian Alps, the superimposed Senonian-Eocene disconformities would indicate extensional faulting and block tilting, associated with a regional uplift which caused emersion of part of the domain (most internal Briançonnais, Corsica). Extension and coeval uplift would record the crossing of the frontal flexure (external bulge) of the European/Briançonnais lower plate situated west of the Alpine subduction zone between 80–70 Ma and ～40 Ma, i.e. before the subduction of the Briançonnais plateau around 38–35 Ma. © 2002 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.  相似文献   

18.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(4):167-183
The Eastern Anatolian Plateau (EAP) of Turkey, with an elevation ranging from 1700 to 2000 m, is located between the Eastern Pontide Arc to the north and the Arabian Platform to the south. In this region, pre-Maastrichtian tectonic units representing the crust crop out in only a few localities. As they are covered by Maastrichtian-Quaternary rock units, it is difficult to study the nature and mutual relationships of these pre-Maastrichtian tectonic units.

The palaeotectonic units of the EAP comprise two different levels in the present study: (1) The lower level consists of platform-type carbonates and their metamorphic equivalents. These units may represent the Taurus Platform and its metamorphic equivalents. (2) The upper level consists of an ophiolitic-mélange prism which is made up mainly of oceanic crust; the prism comprises a complex of ophiolite, ophiolitic mélange, and fore-arc deposits. This upper unit represents a subduction-accretion prism and may have originated partly from the North Anatolian Suture to the north, and partly from the South-eastern Anatolian Suture to the south.

Continental crustal rocks were thrust over by the ophiolitic mélange prism; thus outcrops of them are scarce in the region as they are exposed in tectonic windows through the ophiolitic thrust sheets. The pre-Maastrichtian tectonic units of the EAP are blanketed by Maastrichtian to Quaternary volcanic and sedimentary rock units; these sequences include successive transgressive and regressive intervals and overlie the palaeotectonic units along a pronounced unconformity. Olistostromal units are abundant in the Eocene sedimentary units and were derived from the ophiolites and ophiolitic mélange. The Maastrichtian-Quaternary cover is made up of collisional and post-collisional deposits across the whole region.

Although the EAP has been experiencing considerable N-S compression, it has not been affected by significant crustal thickening because of the strike-slip tectonic regime that is dominant in the region.  相似文献   

19.
Uppermost sands of the Red Crag at Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex) and elsewhere in East Anglia have been decalcified to iron-stained quartz sands. In contrast, lower sands are only minimally altered and contain aragonitic and calcitic shells. Aragonitic shells are slightly dissolved (chalkified), but calcitic shells are unaffected. Cementation is limited to an addition of iron oxides, now mainly haematite, which also coat carbonate grains. Abundant iron-oxide fines in the upper decalcified sands were liberated from the coatings of shells; shells that have since dissolved. The diagenetic nature of the contact between decalcified upper and unaffected lower sands is evident where it transects cross-bedding. The contact is knife-sharp, even smoothly truncating large shells, and is usually planar and subhorizontal. Shelly sands immediately beneath the boundary contain similar amounts of aragonitic material, as do sands further below. Locally the decalcification boundary has been contorted by cryoturbation, implying that carbonate dissolution was a Pleistocene event. Decalcification probably occurred when the area was affected by permafrost. Lower sands were cemented by ice and protected from dissolution. Upper sands were above the ice table and subject to chemically aggressive waters during summer thaws. Decalcification is believed to have taken place during an episode of climate amelioration when downward retreat of the ice table accompanied replacement of tundra by boreal forest. Highly acidic and podzolic soils developed, beneath which shell-carbonate dissolved. Sharp based decalcified zones in Lowestoft Till and Devensian deposits in other parts of England can also be attributed to dissolution associated with permafrost.  相似文献   

20.
Neptunian dykes and sills in Jurassic carbonate platform strata of the Betic region of Spain occupy spaces created by wholly mechanical fracturing and displacement of the host strata, and later filled by pelagic sediments from above or by precipitation of calcite from circulating solutions. In some places, joint-bounded blocks of platform carbonates have been wholly removed, possibly by sliding down submarine slopes, leaving a staircase topography, commonly Fe-encrusted, that was subsequently filled by pelagic sediments. Other cavities that formed during Cretaceous times were developed by dissolution and current erosion in moderately deep submarine environments, and then filled by pelagic sediments from above. None of the cavities hosted by either platform or pelagic strata contain evidence for their formation by dissolution in a subaerial environment. The Jurassic and Cretaceous history of subsidence of the Betic margins is thus simpler than in versions requiring repeated emergence to form subaerial karstic cavities.  相似文献   

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