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1.
援建马尔代夫的马累－机场岛跨海大桥项目作为我国“一带一路”的经济建设规划之一,桥梁桩基坐落于与我国南海珊瑚礁岩土体结构极为相似的珊瑚礁中。由于国内外开展珊瑚礁嵌岩桩的设计经验不足,故需要通过试验方法获取珊瑚礁嵌岩桩的承载特性和相关数据。对取自马累岛和机场岛桥基位置的礁灰岩岩芯开展室内桩基承载特性试验研究。测得礁灰岩的密度、相对密度、饱和单轴抗压强度、三轴剪切强度等基本物理力学指标,结合礁灰岩中嵌岩桩模型试验结果,获得模型桩承载力随桩端位移的变化规律。试验结果表明：桩岩界面先后经历弹性剪切、剪应力跌落和摩擦剪切3个阶段。在弹性剪切阶段,界面剪切变形以弹性变形为主,极限弹性位移 呈现出随弹性模量E增大而递减的趋势。在剪应力跌落阶段,应力软化急剧,并很快过渡到界面的摩擦剪切。通过试验发现,在低围压下,礁灰岩的残余侧摩阻力与饱和单轴抗压强度呈正相关关系。随着围压增大,残余侧摩阻力受围压影响较大。 相似文献
2.
Stephen K. Donovan 《Geology Today》2002,18(4):143-151
About two-thirds of the surface-rock outcrop of Jamaica consists of Cretaceous and Cenozoic, particularly mid-Tertiary, limestones. The island has been subaerially exposed for less than 10 million years. During this time, a combination of high tropical temperatures and high seasonal rainfall, coupled with widespread jointing and faulting related to the island's position within the North Caribbean Plate Boundary Zone, has led to the development of an impressive karst topography over much of Jamaica. 相似文献
3.
《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2017,128(3):326-331
A collection of unremarkably preserved fossil irregular echinoids from the Upper Oligocene (Chattian) Antigua Formation of Antigua, Lesser Antilles, nonetheless provides evidence of a range of palaeoecological interactions. A dead test of the heart urchin Eupatagus sp. formed a hard substrate for the attachment of gregarious Thecidellina? sp., a thecidoid brachiopod. Although obligate encrusters, these brachiopods more commonly occur as disarticulated valves free of the substrate in the Antillean fossil record. Elongate pits in test fragments were formed, variously, before and after the death of the host echinoids. These depressions on the external surface were formed either by invertebrates excavating domiciles or by claws or teeth; the echinoid later reclaimed the pits and grew new tubercles in the base. Post-mortem pits lack such new tuberculation. A test of Eupatagus sp. bears the boring Oichnus isp., formed either by a predator (gastropod?) or after the death of the echinoid (domicile), and a serpulid worm tube which grew on the test subsequent to the echinoid’s death. The echinoid fauna of the Antigua Formation has been easy to collect and specimens are to be found in many museums; they now await re-examination to reveal palaeosynecological data analogous to that determined from the fragments discussed herein. 相似文献
4.
Stephen K. Donovan David A.T. Harper Roger W. Portell Willem Renema 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2014
The Late Oligocene oyster Hyotissa antiguensis (Brown) is locally common in the Antigua Formation of Hughes Point, eastern Antigua, Lesser Antilles; it was not commonly bored at that time. Its valves and shells are robust, and reworked into the shallow water near-shore environment in Antigua; it could potentially be incorporated into younger rocks. Its neoichnology includes clues that would facilitate identification of these oysters as reworked fossils. The suite of modern borings found in these specimens includes common Caulostrepsis taeniola Clarke, Gastrochaenolites isp. cf. G. turbinatus Kelly and Bromley and Entobia isp., and rare Oichnus simplex Bromley and Rogerella? isp. The latter three taxa are limited to oyster shell substrates. Of the common ichnotaxa, Caulostrepsis and Gastrochaenolites are particularly prominent in limestone clasts and limestone cemented to oyster shells, which would be an indicator of reworking if found in a post-Oligocene lithified deposit. Caulostrepsis and Gastrochaenolites are relatively less common in oyster shells and valves, and in many specimens are seen to terminate against the shell. Entobia is the only common boring limited to the shell substrate. The fidelity of preservation of modern borings is also superior in limestone clasts. This suite of borings is comparable with those found in the Neogene of the Antillean region. 相似文献
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6.
Bill Fitches 《Geological Journal》2011,46(4):364-373
On the Isle of Man, the Early Devonian Peel Sandstones and Early Carboniferous limestones have been deformed in places by folds, cleavage and other structures. The structures in the Peel Sandstones have been attributed to pre‐lithification deformation associated with slumping of the red beds. Here, they are re‐interpreted to be products of post‐lithification deformation, inferred from small‐scale structures and fabrics, which took place in a localized thrust zone. Compression was approximately NW–SE and translation towards the SE. That deformation may have also produced some of the late structures in the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the island. The minimum age of these post‐Early Devonian structures is unknown but is probably pre‐Carboniferous: they may represent the mid‐Devonian Acadian deformation. The Carboniferous succession is folded in places and contains stylolites and stylolitic cleavage. A stress regime with E–W to WNW–ESE compression is inferred. These structures have orientations and morphologies shown to resemble those in neighbouring parts of southern Britain, where they are attributed mainly to mid‐ to late‐Carboniferous Variscan events. Alternatively, some or all of them might be products of late Mesozoic and Tertiary tectonics recognized elsewhere in the region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
本文选取巴颜喀拉山群复理石沉积中砂岩、粉砂岩样品，进行主量元素地球化学分析，并利用分析结果对其物源区沉积大地构造背景进行判别。结果显示，晚三叠世巴颜喀拉山群物源主要来自大洋岛弧，少量来自大陆岛弧，表明当时研究区处于邻近大洋岛弧的周缘前陆盆地环境。 相似文献
8.
西北太平洋岛弧系列成因的探讨 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
西北太平洋岛弧系列中的各岛弧(除马里亚纳岛弧为洋壳型弧外)均由陆壳型弧和洋壳型弧组成,并且左端与大陆相连,右端被后形成的岛弧所截。整个岛弧系列,从中生代末期开始发育至今,由北向南依次发展,规律明显。 相似文献
9.
H. R. Wenk C. S. Venkitasubramanyan D. W. Baker F. J. Turner 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1973,38(2):81-114
Over sixty syntectonic deformation experiments in uniaxial compression have been done on fine-grained limestones in the stability fields of calcite I, calcite II and aragonite. X-ray techniques and spherical harmonic analysis of the data were used to determine preferred orientation quantitatively, and inverse pole-figures were derived for these axially symmetric specimens. They display in most cases strong preferred orientation which varies as a function of the experimental conditions, mainly temperature and pressure. At temperatures below 350° C recrystallization is lacking and flattened grains indicate that translation, twin gliding and kinking have been the dominant deformation mechanisms. The inverse pole-figure shows a maximum at c with a shoulder towards or a second maximum at e. This is in agreement with preferred orientation observed in experimentally deformed Yule marble and can be explained as the product of dominant twin gliding on e and translation gliding on r (Turner et al., 1956). At high temperatures (900–1000° C) strong grain growth (from 4 to 50 microns) indicates that the fabric recrystallized. Grains are equidimensional and clear with a marble-like texture. The inverse pole-figure shows a single maximum at r, and c-axes are oriented in a small circle around the axis of compression,
1. Such a pattern of preferred orientation would be expected on thermodynamic grounds assuming that recrystallized grains will be oriented in such a way that the strain energy is a maximum (e.g. MacDonald, 1960). Decrease in confining pressure caused a decrease of the maximum at c and the formation of a secondary maximum at highangle positive rhombs in the inverse pole-figure. This can be interpreted as r translation dominating over e twinning. In all deformation experiments an equilibrium in preferred orientation was reached after 20 percent shortening. The strength of preferred orientation decreased with increasing temperature. Aragonite was produced within its hydrostatic stability field at temperatures above 500° C. Close to the phase boundary, coarse-grained textures showed preferred orientation with poles to (010) parallel to
1. At higher pressures the fabric is fine-grained and [001] is aligned parallel to
1. Evidence is given that the phase change from calcite to aragonite in these deformation experiments is a diffusive and not a martensitic transformation.Publication No. 1043, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, California. 相似文献
10.
Superplastic flow in finegrained limestone 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Creep of Solnhofen limestone at temperatures between 600° and 900° C was found to fall into three different flow regimes: regime 1 with an exponential stress-dependence of strain rate, regime 2 with power-law creep and n ~ 4.7 and finally a superplastic regime 3 with n ~ 1.7. Within the superplastic regime the creep behaviour is strongly grain-size dependent, the strain rate increasing markedly with decrease in grain size at a given stress. Microstructural observations indicate that in regimes 1 and 2 intracrystalline plasticity is dominant whereas the superplastic regime is characterized by grain-boundary sliding. The crystallographic preferred orientation within the superplastic regime is weaker and of different geometry when compared with that in flow regimes 1 and 2. In a discussion on the deformation mechanisms it is suggested that flow regimes 1 and 2 are regimes of dis location creep in which the rate controlling step is diffusion assisted; for the superplastic regime existing models of grain-boundary sliding are compared with the observations Finally, the tectonophysical importance of superplasticity is discussed and by extra polating the observed creep behaviour to geological strain rates it is found that super plasticity in rocks is to be expected under a wide range of conditions, particularly at smal grain sizes. 相似文献
11.
Historical data on the temperature and precipitation data for London has been combined with output from the Hadley Model to estimate the climate of London for the period 1100–2100 CE. This has been converted to other parameters such as freeze–thaw frequency and snowfall relevant to the weathering of stone facades. The pollutant concentrations have been estimated for the same period, with the historical values taken from single box modelling and future values from changes likely given current policy within the metropolis. These values are used in the Lipfert model to show that the recession from karst weathering dominates across the period, while the contributions of sulphur deposition seem notable only across a shorter period 1700–2000 CE. Observations of the late seventeenth century suggest London architects witnessed a notable increase in the recession rate and attributed “fretting quality” to “smoaks of the sea-coal”. The recession rates measured in the late twentieth century lend some support to the estimates from the Lipfert model. The recession looks to increase only slightly, and frost shattering will decrease while salt weathering is likely to increase. 相似文献
12.
全球幔源岩Pb-Sr-Nd同位素体系 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
根据各种同位素数据库得到的3万多个晚古生代以来的幔源岩(包括洋中脊玄武岩、洋岛玄武岩、岛弧火山岩、大陆与大洋溢流玄武岩以及大陆板内玄武岩)Pb-Sr-Nd同位素资料和图解分析,对各类火山岩的源区以及地幔的垂向与横向不均一性问题作了进一步讨论。笔者认为不存在具有公共性质的EM1、EM2和HIMU地幔端员,它们的源区可能来自上、下地幔过渡带,只在局部地区出现,独一无二。PREMA(FOZO)则是洋岛玄武岩和溢流玄武岩公共端员。DUAPAL异常现象不只是在洋中脊玄武岩中出现,在洋岛玄武岩、岛弧火山岩和大洋溢流玄武岩中也存在同步的地球化学分区现象。溢流玄武岩的同位素体系特征表明它们的源区涉及再循环地幔的壳幔混合、岩石圈减压熔融、上—下地幔过渡带和似原始-略亏损的下地幔。Pb同位素体系为鉴别俯冲带的存在提供了更严格的证据,这种鉴别表明,安第斯弧火山作用不是洋陆俯冲带产生的。 相似文献
13.
高出海平面的洋岛和低于海平面的海山是成熟大洋最重要的特征。笔者通过野外调查,于西藏自治区贡嘎县昌果乡普夏东侧的"原桑日群"中新识别出普夏洋岛。通对普夏洋岛的岩石学、地球化学研究及锆石U-Pb定年,认为普夏洋岛具有典型的"玄武岩+灰岩"岩石组合,其中的玄武岩为典型的洋岛玄武岩,形成于以成熟洋壳为基底的洋岛海山环境。普夏洋岛玄武岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果为203.9±1.6Ma和219.5±2.0Ma,表明其形成时代为晚三叠世。综合研究认为,普夏洋岛是雅鲁藏布江特提斯洋发现的较早的洋岛海山之一,证明雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋在三叠纪已具有成熟的洋壳,普夏洋岛是雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋向北俯冲形成的桑日群增生杂岩的重要组成部分。普夏洋岛的发现,丰富了新特提斯洋的研究内容,为反演研究区地质构造演化提供了新证据。 相似文献
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15.
Tufa: a freshwater limestone 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
TREVOR D. FORD 《Geology Today》1989,5(2):60-63
Tufa, or travertine, is a deposit of calcium carbonate precipitated with the loss of carbon dioxide from springs or streams saturated with calcium bicarbonate. Algae or bacteria may assist in this process, which is favoured by raised temperatures. British and overseas examples of tufa deposits show various features including their role in damming up lakes. 相似文献
16.
仲岗洋岛位于班公湖-怒江板块缝合带中西段,前人对仲岗洋岛的研究主要集中在东段,中段洞错一带尚未有人研究。对仲岗洋岛的岩石组合及岩石地球化学进行研究,并对洋岛火山岩的源区及构造环境进行分析。在仲岗洋岛中段洞错北部的一条剖面上采集了8个玄武岩和8个玄武安山岩地球化学样品,主量元素特征表明,二者皆为具有富Ti特征的碱性玄武岩,微量元素特征显示二者富集Nb、Ta元素。稀土元素配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图与典型洋岛玄武岩曲线相似。化学成分指示,仲岗洋岛玄武岩与玄武安山岩可能来自于同一岩浆源区,且二者来源于具有洋岛玄武岩特征的地幔,相容元素Cr、Ni的亏损表明,成岩过程中发生了橄榄石和辉石的分离结晶作用。洋岛形成于大洋板块内以洋壳为基底的洋岛环境。 相似文献
17.
V.S. Lele 《Sedimentary Geology》1973,10(4):301-310
The miliolite limestones occur in Arabia, Sindh, Kutch and Saurashtra. The mode of formation of the miliolite from the Saurashtra region is a disputed point. According to one theory it is thought to be of marine origin, while according to another it is thought to be of aeolian origin. Results based on the field work carried out in the Saurashtra peninsula and laboratory studies, suggest that the deposit should be of marine origin. 相似文献
18.
V. A. Vernikovsky D. V. Metelkin A. E. Vernikovskaya E. B. Sal’nikova V. P. Kovach A. B. Kotov 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2011,436(2):186-192
In this paper we provide data on the oldest island arc complex of Taimyr, which was established within the Central-Taimyr
accretionary belt. We demonstrate its relationship with the mainly turbiditic back-arc basin complex. U-Pb isotopic data for
zircons are presented from a plagiogranite and a plagiorhyodacite, indicating that the island arc formed 961–969 m.y. ago
from a substance with a Mezoproterozoic model age: T
Nd(DM) varies from 1170 to 1219 Ma. Paleomagnetic investigations performed on the island arc complex rocks showed that the paleomagnetic
pole of the island arc is close to synchronous poles, obtained for the south-east of the Siberian craton. Consequently, the
island arc whose relicts are preserved in the modern structure of the Three Sisters Lake region was located in close proximity
to the Taimyr margin of Siberia at the moment of its formation and could be separated from the continent by a back-arc basin.
The data obtained have a fundamental significance for geodynamic paleoreconstructions in the Arctic sector for the Neoproterozoic. 相似文献
19.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2016,7(2)
The Kuril islands constitute a volcanic island arc-trench system,stretching from eastern Hokkaido(Japan)to Kamchatka(Russia) along the northwestern Pacific subduction system.The current arc consists of several volcanic islands mainly with Neogene basement and capped by several,predominantly andesitic,active subduction stratovolcanoes.Kunashir Island is the southwestern-most island of the arc,just off the Hokkaido coast and represents the study area in this paper.The island is composed of a Lower Complex of mainly late Miocene to Pliocene volcanic rocks,covered by an Upper Complex of younger(basaltic)andesitic lava flows and tuffs on which currently four active volcanic edifices are built.In the Lower Complex sub-volcanic and deeper-seated intrusives of the so-called Prasolov and Dokuchaev magmatic complexes are found.More differentiated,tonalitic-granodioritic rocks were collected from these small intrusive bodies.An early Oligocene zircon LA-ICP-MS U/Pb age of 31 Ma for the Prasolov Complex was obtained,showing that the basement of Kunashir Island is older than previously thought.Thermochronometry(apatite fission-track and U-Th-Sm/He and zircon U-Th/He analyses) further shows that the magmatic basement of the island was rapidly exhumed in the Pleistocene to present levels in a differential pattern,with He-ages ranging from 1.9 to 0.8 Ma.It is shown that the northern section of the island was hereby exhumed more intensely. 相似文献
20.
Jonathan Hodgkinson Malcolm E. Cox Stephen McLoughlin Gary J. Huftile 《Sedimentary Geology》2008,203(1-2):64-86
Sediment mineralogy, quartz-grain surface-textures, grain-size analysis, bore-hole logging and ground penetrating radar are combined to develop a three dimensional stratigraphic model of a back-barrier sand island in southeast Queensland, Australia. The island consists of an unconsolidated sedimentary pile above an erosional bounding surface at the top of the underlying bedrock. The stratigraphy is complex, recording the shift in depositional environments from fluvio-deltaic to strandplain, via estuarine stages of evolution. The back-barrier island deposits are correlated with the stratigraphy of the adjacent coastal plain to the west and the barrier island to the east. Extrapolation of optically stimulated luminescence dates obtained from the barrier island combined with direct dating of the back-barrier island sediments is used to constrain the depositional age and chronology of the back-barrier island stratigraphy. The modern depositional environment evolved from a chenier plain into a barrier island system by the flooding of an interdune swale and development of a shore-parallel back-barrier tidal lagoon. The lithological heterogeneity of the back-barrier island succession was controlled by the presence of a bedrock incised palaeovalley and changes in relative sea-level.Sedimentary facies associations constrain the spatial distribution of hydraulic properties controlled by lithological heterogeneity. Post-depositional alteration horizons are integrated with the facies model to account for the effects of weathering and diagenesis on hydraulic behaviour. The derived hydrostratigraphy describes a vertically stacked, dual aquifer, island groundwater system consisting of a semi-confined palaeovalley aquifer overlain by an unconfined strand-plain aquifer.Hydrostratigraphic analysis based on sedimentary facies associations, integrated with post-depositional alteration characteristics reveals great complexity of groundwater systems within small island settings. The facies modelling approach employed in this study more accurately estimates the distribution of lithological heterogeneity and the associated variations in hydraulic properties in the sedimentary pile. 相似文献