共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Aharon Kellerman 《Geoforum》1985,16(1):15-23
The Censuses of Business 1958, 1963 and 1967 and the Censuses of Retail Trade 1972 and 1977 provide data on retail sales in CBDs and major retail centers (MRCs) of SMSAs. Through this period sales in MRCs increased while CBDs lost, reflecting the decline in the population and income of central cities. However, MRCs grew faster until 1963 compared to the late sixties and seventies, due to the rapid diffusion of MRCs all over the country in the early sixties. Retail sales in CBDs continued to decline through the seventies. The trends of increase in MRC retail sales reflect several stages of suburbanization of population, and an increase in the ‘doughnut effect’. 相似文献
2.
There have been many studies of the retail industry in recent years, and of the impact that retailing has had on the spatial arrangement of urban areas and on consumer behaviour. Little attention has been paid, however, to employment in retailing, which is disturbing in view of its growing importance and its rapidly changing nature and composition. This paper examines the nature of the broad structural changes within the industry, and investigates their spatial consequences through a case study of employment generation within a system of suburban retail centres in Canberra, Australia. It is shown that the evolution of suburban centres, particularly those of a regional variety, has had an important and enriching impact on the suburban labour market. The regional centres are also seen to be the focus of the major structural employment changes currently affecting the retail industry. This has some important implications for urban planning. 相似文献
3.
Gareth Shaw 《Geoforum》1987,18(4)
There is a growing interest in the development of purpose-built shopping centres, which now dominate the retail environments of many cities. Much of the past research has been directed at the impact of shopping centres on more traditional retail structures. More recently, however, there has been a recognition of the importance of those institutional forces that shape the internal character of shopping centres and ultimately determine their economic impact. This paper draws attention to these factors and discusses the control that leasing agreements and corporate policy have on shopping centre development. The whole discussion is set within the framework of metropolitan Toronto, which has for some time experienced the full impact of these institutional forces. 相似文献
4.
Dr. Aharon Kellerman 《GeoJournal》1987,15(1):31-38
The paper examines organizational and spatial responses of metropolitan retail trade in Israel to increases in demand. Since
the late 1960s until 1984 Israel enjoyed continuous increases in incomes, rates of car ownership and dwelling sizes. These
coincided with a suburbanization of population in the metropolitan areas of Tel-Aviv and Haifa. Consequently, there developed
four new forms of retailing, namely ribbons in industrial areas, factory retail outlets, hypermarkets and shopping malls.
Locational and other characteristics of these forms of commerce are discussed. Special criticism is pointed at an undifferentiated
evolution of ribbons and outlets.
I wish to thank Ms. Naomi Elad and Mr. Moshe Schmerler for field work in metropolitan Haifa and Tel-Aviv respectively. 相似文献
5.
6.
Revaz Gachechiladze 《Geoforum》1990,21(4)
While the capital city and its surrounding territory often forms the most important nodal region in any country, this very nodality may give rise to social problems. In the case of the Tbilisi metropolitan region, Georgia, U.S.S.R., social development has been conditioned by such factors as the Soviet centralized economic management system, administrative control of population in-migration, state ownership of land, and the tendency towards hyperurbanization. For most Georgians Tbilisi is the republic's most attractive city, and it is in actual fact the leading city in terms of material welfare. Nevertheless, the metropolitan region suffers from a number of concrete social problems whose significance is analysed by means of an opinion poll of metropolitan region inhabitants and a comparative poll conducted in a rural area. While some problems such as retail trade deficiency and the low quality of consumer goods appear to cause universal concern, others such as housing provision and design, ecological problems and social pathology (crime, alcoholism, drug abuse, prostitution) cause greater anxiety among metropolitan residents. It is hoped that recent policies of decentralization and economic reform will help solve some of these difficulties. 相似文献
7.
Akinobu Terasaka 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):317-325
Since the early 1980's the number of retail shops has declined, while the real volume of retail sales has increased in Japan.
The MITI introduced the convenience store from the United States as a new retail type for modernizing small stores in the
early 1970's. Curiously, it has seen a significant increase, and now accounts for over 50 000 units nation wide. It has developed
not only in urban area but also in rural area. Various location types are seen. It enters into a phase of hard competition
between stores. Many traditional small individual retail shops run into closure with the apparition of the convenience store.
The convenience store fitted the contemporary life style by extending business hours and an adequate marketing strategy. It
sells time and merchandise conveniences for consumers introducing sophisticated management and logistics systems by POS and
EOS.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
There is a large sociological literature on racial- class-, and economically- based segregation in the United States and there is some evidence that residential segregation by income may have deleterious health consequences for residents of large U.S. cities. The health consequences of segregation in Canadian metropolitan areas, however, remain unknown and the comparison with the U.S. is always compelling. In this paper, we investigate the hypothesis that residential segregation by income may be associated with mortality in Canadian and U.S. metropolitan areas. Given the strong relationship between individual level socioeconomic status and health, it follows that metropolitan areas which isolate individuals economically could produce conditions that severely limit the life chances and therefore the health chances of the most vulnerable. To investigate the association between residential segregation by income and population health, we examined the relationship between working-age mortality and Jargowsky's (1996) neighbourhood sorting index (NSI) for a large group of North American metropolitan areas. We found a relationship between increased segregation and increased mortality for U.S. metropolitan areas but no such relationship for Canadian metropolitan areas. We also determined that income segregation could not be considered in isolation from income inequality – that, in effect, income inequality provides the propensity for meaningful segregation to occur. We further demonstrated the importance of considering both income inequality and income segregation together, especially when the analysis is intended to compare metropolitan areas. We conclude with a discussion of the need for an improved measure of segregation to better reflect the theoretical arguments for the relationship between concentration of poverty and affluence and population health. 相似文献
9.
Johan G. Borchert 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):327-336
The retail system is continuously adapting itself to changing demographic conditions, consumer behavior and economic conditions.
Existing retail units, getting larger in order to achieve economics of scale, and new forms of large-scale retailing do not
fit easily in the traditional spatial pattern of retail concentrations. Neverteless the spatial distribution of retailing
in urban areas, as schematized by Berry thirty-five years ago, still has its value. Through an upward hierarchical movement
the retail system has adapted itself to an inflexible spatial system, in which downtown has still a dominant position. Future
developments, however, may weaken the position of central shopping areas in favour of peripheral locations.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Yukio Sadahiro 《GeoJournal》2000,52(3):237-252
The present paper proposes a new method for analyzing the spatial structure of retailing, using microscale locational data
of individual retail stores. The method is based on the probability density function (PDF) of stores estimated from their
locational data, and consequently it is applicable to both micro- and macro-scale retail analyses. The PDF approach provides
a set of quantitative methods that permit us (1) to measure the degree of agglomeration, (2) to classify spatial patterns
of store location, (3) to analyze the relationship between the size and function of retail agglomerations, and (4) to analyze
the spatial structure of retail agglomeration. An empirical study is performed to test the validity of the method, and some
empirical findings are shown.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
The retail geography literature has long recognised the importance of spatial and catchment analysis to inform decision-making relating to store development. However, less attention has been directed to store development “in practice” and, more specifically, how location research and geographical knowledge is leveraged across the wider retail business – in particular informing the marketing function. Through the use of a semi-structured interview and focus group methodology involving approximately 40 location planning, property and marketing analysts, we find that while some larger retailers have established close links between store development and marketing functions in the exchange of catchment, customer, competitor and loyalty card data to inform local marketing, product ranging, promotional mailings and post-opening store performance reviews, this tends to be the exception rather than the rule. We suggest there is a need for location planners to develop their intra-organisational legitimacy to engender a culture of knowledge-sharing and challenge the departmentalised, silo cultures that exist within some retailers in order to better leverage geographical insights and assist in the realisation of appropriate customer propositions and marketing strategies. 相似文献
12.
Lim Keak Cheng 《GeoJournal》1990,20(3):301-310
Since the turn of the 1980s, accelerated social change and government planning have resulted in changes in the patterns of food consumption, marketing behaviour, fresh food supplies and their distributing systems in singapore. Continued growing affluence, shrinking of agricultural land and in the face of planned urbanisation, urban renewal, and successful resettlement of the street hawkers are among the major factors contributing to the changes. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (a) to analyse how these factors have affected the changes; (b) to examine the major elements of the fresh-food distributing systems; and (c) to outline the problems of spatial conflict between the formal and informal sectors in fresh-food retailing and the planning implications with particular reference to markets which have hitherto been the major institutions for marketing fresh foods. 相似文献
13.
Ian Alexander 《Geoforum》1980,11(3):225-247
Policies advocating restraint on the growth of office activity in central areas, and the dispersal of that activity to suburban centres have become increasingly popular in large metropolitan areas in Britain and Australia in recent years. This is the first of two papers which explore the implications of such a policy in detail. For these policies have been based on rather subjective judgements and on conventional wisdom; it has simply been assumed that they would solve growing problems of central congestion, environmental disamenity and job access. Little attention has been paid to the full range and distribution of costs and benefits that might arise. Experience to date has suggested that while an office dispersal policy has the potential to reduce problems in the central area, it can also give rise to serious problems of congestion, increased energy consumption and inequities of access in suburban areas. These problems which stem from the likely switch from public transport to cars for work journeys have generally been ignored by those advocating dispersal policies, and have received little attention in the few academic studies of this area. The paper concludes by outlining the assumptions and methodology adopted for a comprehensive case study of the cost and benefits of an office dispersal policy within the metropolitan area of Sydney, Australia. 相似文献
14.
《Geoforum》2016
This paper presents e-resilience as a framework for assessing the extent to which retail centres have spatially differentiated vulnerability to the impacts of online consumption. This extends the conceptual model of resilience as applied to retail, and is operationalised through a novel methodology that develops two indices that balance both supply and demand influences. We describe the creation of a composite e-resilience indicator, and then calculate it for retail centres across England. Our findings suggest a geographic polarising effect, with least vulnerable centres identified as large and more attractive or as smaller local destinations with a focus on convenience shopping. Mid-sized centres were typically shown to be the most exposed, and are argued as having a less clearly defined function in contemporary retail. Such findings have wide policy relevance to stakeholders of retail interested in the future configuration of sustainable and resilient provision. 相似文献
15.
Robert L. Boyd 《GeoJournal》2018,83(2):305-317
Building on the idea that small-scale entrepreneurship often takes place in peripheral regions, the present study examines retail enterprise in the late nineteenth-century U.S., focusing on ethnic group differences across the North, South, and West. Applying theories of middleman minorities and internal colonialism, the study proposes that European immigrants and native whites had their highest retail enterprise levels in the South, where large, oppressed black populations were compelled to patronize non-black merchants, owing to a dearth of black retail proprietors. Multiple regression analyses of Census data support this proposition, calling attention to the importance of black population size as a heretofore neglected factor in regional variation in retail enterprise among European immigrants and native whites in late nineteenth-century America. 相似文献
16.
R.C. Estall 《Geoforum》1983,14(2):133-147
Studies of economic development in the USA in the 1970s emphasized the strong growth of manufacturing in non-metropolitan areas and stressed the break implied with historical patterns of spatial concentration. Much of this growth took place, however, either in counties adjacent to existing metropolitan areas or in counties where existing urban centres were, as a consequence, raised to metropolitan size. Thus when new job growth is assessed on the basis of current definitions of SMSAs, the share of national manufacturing employment contained in metropolitan centres has increased. There has been no marked break with the historical pattern which has chiefly been one of growth of manufacturing employment at the metropolitan periphery. Important variations of experience occur, however, at the regional level and also according to the size of metropolitan areas. A study of the kinds of industry concerned in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan growth and in differential regional growth helps to explain the processes involved. The increasing role of ‘non-production’ workers in manufacturing also becomes a key feature here. 相似文献
17.
Jonathan Reynolds 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):245-254
The internationalising activities of retailers have tended to precede the theoretical contributions of academics. This is
particularly the case for the cultural context within which retail internationalisation takes place. Following an examination
of the growth of international retailing activity, the article reviews generic difficulties in studying inter-cultural differences
before considering the specific steps which retail practitioners have taken to understand the comparative characteristics
of retail and consumer markets through the growth of geodemographic and lifestyle analysis. Finally, we relate one of the
most significant integrative intercultural theoretical instruments to the case of retail internationalisation within Western
Europe. We find that significant insights into retailer behaviour and strategy can be gained from an understanding of the
culturally-specific characteristics of the activity.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Douglas G. Brookins 《Environmental Geology》1988,12(3):187-196
Radon buildup in homes is now recognized throughout the world as a potentially major health hazard. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
Commission and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimate 8,000–30,000 fatalities per year in the United States due
to indoor radon.
The Albuquerque, New Mexico area was chosen for study because it is representative of metropolitan areas in the southwestern
United States where slightly uraniferous source rocks (Sandia granite) have provided the very immature soil for much of the
area. The granite contains 4.7 ppm U, and limestone capping the granite 5.7 ppm U. Soils in the area average 4.24 ppm U, and
Th/U ratios average 3.2. These data suggest some removal of U from the source rocks, but fixation of the U in the soils (that
is, as opposed to widespread removal of the U by solution), thus providing a ready source for soil radon. A pilot study of
soil radon in the area in winter of 1983–1984 shows high values, 180 pCi/l, relative to the U.S. average (about 100 pCi/l).
In the winter of 1986–1987, 180 dwellings were surveyed for their indoor radon levels, including 20 that had been surveyed
in summer of 1986. Twenty-eight percent of those in the winter study yielded indoor radon above the EPA suggested maximum
permissible level of 4 pCi/l air, well above the EPA estimate of 10–15 dwellings for the U.S. The indoor radon levels show
positive correlation with closeness to the Sandia Mountains, to soil radon, to excess insulation, to homes with solar capacities,
and other factors. Building materials may provide a very minor source of some indoor radon. Summer readings are lower than
winter readings except when the houses possess refrigerated air conditioning. 相似文献
19.
Clifford M. Guy 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):255-264
This paper reviews current methods used in classifying retail outlets and areas devoted to retailing, in the geographical
and town planning literature. For retail outlets, classifications based upon types of goods sold, and types of shopping trip,
are discussed. This is followed by an analysis of modern large store development which reflects property developers' and retailers'
concerns. Areas devoted to retail uses are subdivided into unplanned ‘retail areas’ and planned ‘shopping centres’. Traditional
classifications based upon central place theory are reviewed for both of these types, and found wanting in the light of recent
changes in retail development practice and consumer behaviour. Classifications based upon physical development characteristics
and type of shopping trip are recommended. Finally, classifications of urban retail location are examined.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
The mirror of consumption: Celebritization, developmental consumption and the shifting cultural politics of fair trade 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Michael K. Goodman 《Geoforum》2010,41(1):104-116
This paper explores the shifting cultural politics of development as expressed in the changing narratives and discursive transparencies of fair trade marketing tactics in the UK. Pursued through what I call ‘developmental consumption’ and the increasing celebritization of development, it is now through the global media mega-star that the subaltern speaks. After a more general discussion of the implications of the celebritization of development, specific analysis focuses on two parallel processes complicit in the ‘mainstreaming’ of fair trade markets and the desire to develop fair trade as a product of ‘quality’. The first involves improving the taste of fair trade commodities through alterations in their material supply chains while the second involves novel marketing narratives designed to invoke these conventions of quality through highly meaningful discursive and visual means. The later process is conceptualized through the theoretical device of the shifting ‘embodiments’ of fair trade which have moved from small farmers’ livelihoods, to landscapes of ‘quality’, to increasing congeries of celebrities such as Chris Martin from the UK band Coldplay. These shifts encapsulate what is referred to here as fair trade’s Faustian Bargain and its ambiguous results: the creation of increasing economic returns and, thus, more development through the movement of fair trade goods into mainstream retail markets at the same time there is a de-centering of the historical discursive transparency at the core of fair trade’s moral economy. Here, then, the celebritization of fair trade has the potential to create ‘the mirror of consumption’, whereby, our gaze is reflected back upon ourselves in the form of ‘the rich and famous’ Northern celebrity muddling the ethics of care developed by connecting consumers to fair trade farmers and their livelihoods. The paper concludes with a consideration of development and fair trade politics in the context of their growing aestheticization and celebritization. 相似文献