共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
In the Murrumbidgee catchment of the Murray-Darling Basin, wetlands, rivers and other waterscapes are important features of Country for Aboriginal peoples. The Murrumbidgee River is the most heavily regulated river system in the Murray-Darling Basin. Discussion around the use of Murrumbidgee water is framed as a conflict between sustaining rural communities and using water to support ecological values, yet the voices of Aboriginal custodians are relatively unheard in this discussion. Using culturally important wetland plants as a starting point, this paper explores the understanding and perception of some Aboriginal people in relation to their Country and water. The grief of participants as they experience the degradation of their Country was palpable. The strong message that Country should be considered in its entirety—including ecological, social and cultural aspects—contrasts with current ownership and other institutional arrangements. Improving opportunities for communities and water managers to share knowledge and information, an openness to use Aboriginal wisdom, and careful ongoing management of environmental and cultural water have the potential to achieve positive cultural and ecological outcomes in the Murrumbidgee. 相似文献
2.
This study provides a unique examination of Amish farmers’ awareness of water quality issues and their attitudes toward and use of agricultural conservation practices compared with small non-Amish farmers in Northeastern Indiana. There is minimal research about the conservation beliefs and behaviors of this growing and highly diverse ethnoreligious minority, who have faith-based technological restrictions and are often hesitant to work with community outsiders, especially the government. We find that, compared with non-Amish farmers, Amish farmers have limited awareness of the linkages between common agricultural practices and broader water quality problems and lower levels of adoption of conservation practices, with the exception of cover crops. This information is essential for conservation practitioners who need to work with a diverse range of agricultural producers to increase the uptake of conservation practices that address critical water quality concerns. 相似文献
3.
Cleophas Lado 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2004,24(4):281-302
This paper examines farmers’ ethnobotanical knowledge, innovation and rural change, and indicates one way in which indigenous technical knowledge complementing scientific knowledge may be documented for use by development planners and agencies. This paper firstly identifies plant species recognised as resources by farmers, and considers the value of these resources. Secondly, the paper documents and assesses the ethnobotanical knowledge associated with the utilisation of plant species, before turning to examine how plant resources are defined by use and culture. It also demonstrates that some components of ethnobotanical knowledge have potential for the sustainable development of plant species. The study shows that farmers have started to domesticate some of the ‘traditional’ plants, and new crops have been introduced associated with corresponding innovations in local agricultural systems. Since the farmers have a relatively strong tradition in natural resources conservation, this study suggests that it will be possible to introduce community-based gene banks linked to formal or government facilities. The paper demonstrates that it is important to combine and interweave ‘modern’ and indigenous knowledges to produce a more realistic and sensitive understanding and management of natural environmental resources for sustainable development. 相似文献
4.
5.
储博程 《云南地理环境研究》2013,(6):48-52
昆明市政府对松华坝水源保护区实施了"全面禁牧、禁渔业、禁花限菜、限制规模化养殖"等环境保护政策,加强了对城市水源地的保护力度,然而政策的实施将对水源地经济的发展有一定的限制作用,因此在政策限制的情况下进行水源地农业发展模式的研究,将充分考虑水源保护区政策、资源、市场、技术、农户意愿五大因素,采用实地调查、对比分析法、投入产出比等方法,提出了核桃林未成林间种洋芋模式,成林后林下种植金银花的连续发展模式和"以有机野生菌为精品,无公害金针菇种植为主"市场差异化发展的模式。 相似文献
6.
In irrigated agricultural landscapes, land-use conversion may have landscape-level social, hydrological, and ecological effects. We used geographic information systems (GIS) and interviews to analyze development effects on irrigation in the Henry's Fork Watershed, Idaho. Farmers developed irrigation there in the 19th century, and incidental recharge from canal seepage and flood irrigation raised groundwater levels and expanded wetlands. Cohesive culture in agricultural communities sustained irrigation systems until amenity-driven demographic shifts beginning in the 1970s led to development approved by local governments with land-use planning but no water-management authority. Although only 5% of irrigated land has been converted, development has fragmented irrigated landscapes and made canal-system operation more difficult, potentially reducing groundwater levels, wetland extent, and return flows critical to downstream irrigators and fish and wildlife. We discuss future scenarios, highlighting the need for increased communication among local and state governments regarding land use and water management in irrigated landscapes across the West. 相似文献
7.
洪湖湿地演替的影响因素与生态恢复对策 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在自然因素（地质构造发育、气候、水文等）及人为因素（农业政策、人口压力、水利工程、环境污染等）对洪湖湿地共同作用下,洪湖湿地的自然演替发生了改变。自然因素影响下洪湖湿地生态系统有向逆演化方向演替的趋势,而不合理的人为影响因素加速了正演化过程。在系统地分析两种影响因素对洪湖湿地演替影响的基础匕,针对人为影响因素产生的不良影响,初步提出了洪湖湿地生态恢复的一些对策,包括加强立法及管理、加强污染控制、扩大湖泊面积、加强水利工程和湿地自然保护区的建设和管理、开展湿地保护教育,提高公众保护意识以及加强监测等。通过湖北省各级政府及部门的努力,有望恢复洪湖湿地良好的生态环境。 相似文献
8.
基于水环境保护的湿地公园规划探讨——以山东拥翠湖国家湿地公园为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
人口增长、经济发展和生活水平的提高导致对有限的水资源竞争和水冲突的增加,确保水资源的可持续利用是保障社会经济可持续发展的前提。水资源的可持续利用是建立在生态系统良好的基础上,湿地公园的建立是统一保护与利用水资源的有效方式之一。湿地公园内的水环境保护与湿地公园的长远发展息息相关。以山东拥翠湖国家湿地公园为例,探讨了水环境保护理念下的湿地公园规划方法及内容,包括水资源、水岸、栖息地的保护,以及合理利用湿地资源的方法。由于湿地水环境保护标准尚未确定,基于水环境保护前提下的湿地公园规划还需完善。 相似文献
9.
S. B. Kendie 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》1996,16(1):42-57
The implementation of structural adjustment programmes has not paid sufficient attention to the environmental effects of prescribed reforms. Agriculture is often the largest sector contributing significantly to the generation of export revenue and the gross domestic product in many adjusting countries, including Ghana. Structural adjustments in this sector aim at removing constraints to productivity. In Ghana, these reforms include producer price increases, market liberalisation and exchange rate reforms. This paper examines the environmental effects of raised farmgate prices for cocoa and cotton cultivation. It argues that these policies have encouraged agricultural extensification, particularly given the main type of farming (slash and burn agriculture) practised in Ghana. Environmental degradation is occurring in many areas. Furthermore, cuts in public expenditure and the institution of cost-recovery schemes for previously subsidised services such as rural water supply may reduce farmers’ disposable incomes and their ability to pay for these services. Consumption of unsafe water exposes farmers to preventable water and hygiene related diseases which, given the high cost of medical services, may worsen poverty and further encourage agricultural extensification. 相似文献
10.
A new research framework determines the economic value of riparian corridors in floodplains of the agricultural Midwest. Market mechanisms can fail to account for many positive attributes of riparian wetland ecosystems. Individual farmers frequently make socially inappropriate decisions regarding floodplain land-uses because the benefits accruing from wetlands, such as improved water quality and enhanced recreational activities, are public goods. A spatial economic model, based on willingness-to-pay procedures, assesses the apposite mix of agricultural/wetland land uses that compares the marginal value of natural riparian vegetation and agricultural production on rural Cornbelt floodplains. A simple case study illustrates the framework. 相似文献
11.
荒漠绿洲湿地水分来源及植物水分利用策略 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
水分是干旱区不同景观界面间的水分循环过程与水力联系的主体,维持着干旱区湿地生态系统的结构与功能。为量化水分来源及其对植物水分的贡献率,以河岸灌木湿地和草地盐沼湿地为研究对象,通过测定降水、径流、地下水、土壤水和植物水中δD、δ18O组成,利用多源线性混合模型分析水分来源对荒漠植物水分利用的贡献率。结果表明：（1） 黑河流域荒漠绿洲湿地年均降水量104.6 mm,约占蒸散量（604.47 mm）的17.03%,具有明显的季节性分布特征。地下水位与土壤含水量的波动取决于河流距离,离河道较近的河岸灌木湿地地下水深度及土壤含水量随季节波动较小,而离河道较远的草地盐沼湿地则变化很大。（2） 当地大气降水线δD=6.33δ18O+4.04 （R2=0.931）,斜率和截距均略小于全球大气降水线则符合黑河流域湿地整体降水少而蒸散量大的特点。黑河径流δD和δ18O均值分别为-43.80‰±12.09‰和-8.65‰±23.33‰,地下水为-50.98‰±13.18‰和-9.74‰±25.49‰,土壤水为 -42.07‰±6.89‰和-7.22‰±2.49‰,植物水为-51.84‰±14.46‰和-8.50‰±24.13‰。（3） 地表蒸发是荒漠绿洲湿地土壤氢、氧同位素富集的主要原因。地下水和河水分别是草地盐沼湿地与河岸灌木湿地的主要水分来源,贡献率分别约为61%和50%,表明湿地植物相比于干旱区脉冲式降水更依赖较为稳定的水源。（4） 植物根系深度和毛细根分布是决定荒漠绿洲湿地植物水分利用策略的重要因素。 相似文献
12.
Pimentel D 《社会与自然资源》1991,4(4):347-363
Destruction of forests and the considerable burning of fossil fuels is directly causing the level of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases including methane, carbon monoxide, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere to rise. Population growth in the US and the world indirectly contributes to this global warming. This has led the majority of scientists interested in weather and climate to predict that the planet's temperature will increase from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius by 2050. These forecasted climactic changes will most likely strongly affect crop production. Specifically these scientists expect the potential changes in temperature, moisture, carbon dioxide, and pests to decrease food production in North America. The degree of changes hinges on each crop and its environmental needs. If farmers begin using improved agricultural technology, the fall in crop yields can be somewhat counterbalanced. Even without global warming, however, agriculture in North America must embrace sensible ecological resource management practices such as conserving soil, water, energy, and biological resources. These sustainable agricultural practices would serve agriculture, farmers, the environment, and society. Agriculturalists, farmers, and society are already interested in sustainable agriculture. Still scientists must conduct more research on the multiple effects of potential global climate change on many different crops under various environmental conditions and on new technologies that farmers might use in agricultural production. We must cut down our consumption of fossil fuel, reduce deforestation, erase poverty, and protect our soil, water, and biological resources. The most important action we need to take, however, is to check population growth. 相似文献
13.
Margaret Alston Kerri Whittenbury Deb Western Aaron Gosling 《The Australian geographer》2016,47(1):49-64
Concerns for river health in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) area and shifting priorities for water use have led to a significant process of water reform over the last decade. The MDB area, also known as the food bowl of Australia, produces much of the country's food and is home to a significant portion of the population. A long-term drought, historical over-allocation of water for irrigation and climate variability have led to mounting concerns about the long-term viability of the rivers. While the reform process has resulted in the Commonwealth government taking control of the rivers from the States, it has also been influenced by changes in governments and consequent shifts in water allocation priorities from a privileging of agriculture to a broader approach encompassing economic, environmental and social concerns. This had led to uncertainty for the people and communities in the Basin and some confusion between the various layers of governance structures. This paper presents the results of exploratory research conducted with key, high-level stakeholders involved in water reform to examine their perceptions of the evolving water policy process. Despite agreement amongst stakeholders that returning water to the environment to ensure river health is critical, our research reveals significant tensions between stakeholders concerning the evolving process, particularly centred on the potential social outcomes and fairness and equity. This suggests the need for more integrated and transparent governance structures, attention to levels of trust between partners and a common vision that incorporates environmental, economic and social goals. 相似文献
14.
Collective forest tenure reform and water rights system reform are two types of resource system reform initiated by the Chinese government since the implementation of the reform and opening policy of the 1980s. Forest tenure reform has been completed and water rights system reform is ongoing. This study analyzes key points and problems with collective forest tenure reform and summarizes four typical successful reform measures and lessons that will have implications for the developing water rights system: the collective forest-cutting quota system, collective forest tenure compensation, collective forest tenure confirmation, and collective forest tenure trading center. A flexible water permission index, compensation measures in water rights trade, water rights approval, and various forms of water rights trading platforms are proposed as reform measures. This study fills a gap in comparative studies between two important resource system reforms in China and provides a reference for further reform and development of water rights systems locally and abroad. 相似文献
15.
耕地资源保护有效方案与政策一直是国内外政府决策者和学术界关注的热点。本文利用武汉市农民和市民实地调查数据,基于选择模型法构建假设的政策与交易市场,模拟在此假设市场下主要相关利益群体耕地资源保护偏好意愿。依据选择实验法的基本原理选取耕地面积、耕地质量、耕地周边景观与生态环境、支付耕地保护费用作为环境商品的属性。首先考查了主要相关利益群体的偏好,并获得了对于保护属性主要相关利益群体农民和市民不同偏好的实验证据;然后分析不同环境商品属性组合方案所可能引起的福利变化水平。本文研究所得出的结论,为中国的农地保护制度和目前实施的耕地保护基金、农业补贴制度提供理论上的支持和决策参考。 相似文献
16.
山东寿光滨海国家湿地公园湿地保护与恢复措施和工程探析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
山东寿光滨海国家湿地公园中,湿地类型多样,动植物资源丰富,珍稀濒危物种和特有种多,具有很高的保护价值.该湿地公园中的湿地为典型的人工湿地,在经历了人类活动的高强度干扰后,人工湿地明显退化,亟需通过生态技术或生态工程对退化的湿地进行恢复和保护.通过分析区域现有湿地水文、水质条件以及湿地类型、资源现状和目标保护物种分布,综合考虑水源地,以湿地资源有效保护为根本出发点,运用生态保护规划的理论和方法,通过水系贯通、湿地功能恢复、水质和动植物生境改善等一系列生态重点工程和措施,优化该湿地公园的湿地生态环境,使该公园的湿地充分发挥它的多种功能,为该公园的湿地保护与恢复规划提供科学依据. 相似文献
17.
基于水环境保护与区域开发的相互关系,考虑水陆空间联系及水环境承载能力对区域产业布局的限制,构建由水环境容量和压力两方面要素为基础的水环境约束分区指标体系。以产业集聚发达、水网密集但水环境敏感性强的江苏省太湖流域为例,探索小流域评价单元划分、约束指标选择与空间叠置分析等技术。对区域水环境容量和压力的进行约束分区,划分为高压低容、低压低容、高压高容和低压高容等4种类型区。研究结果为发挥区域水环境质量和经济可持续发展的协同效应,制定差别化的产业准入政策提供科学依据。 相似文献
18.
采用"Bottom-up"方法和景观适宜性评价模型,从景观适宜性评价、湿地保护与开发的历史特点、物种栖息地保护的要求、有利于保护的生境转变方式等方面综合考虑,设计并模拟了盐城滨海湿地开发与保护的三种情景方案,从生态经济价值、成本效益分析、湿地保护与开发意愿等方面探讨协调保护与开发的湿地资源利用情景方案评价与比较。研究结果表明,以综合效益指标为情景方案比较标准时,保护情景方案为最优选择,但只实现了保护目标;以湿地保护与开发意愿指数为标准时,均衡情景方案为最优选择,且能较好地协调湿地开发与保护矛盾。 相似文献
19.
Jessica Budds 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2004,25(3):322-342
Since the 1990s, international water sector reforms have centred heavily on economic and market approaches. In regard to water resources management, tradable water rights have been promoted, often supported by the neoliberal model adopted in Chile. Chile's 1981 Water Code was reformed to comprise a system of water rights that could be freely traded with few restrictions. International financial institutions have embraced the Chilean model, claiming that it results in more efficient water use, and potentially fosters social and environmental benefits. However, in Chile the Water Code is deeply contested. It has been criticised for being too permissive and has produced a number of problems in practice. Moreover, attempts to modify it have become the focus of a lengthy polemic debate. This paper employs a political ecology perspective to explore the socio‐environmental outcomes of water management in Chile, drawing on a case study of agriculture in the semi‐arid Norte Chico. The case illustrates how large‐scale farmers exert greater control over water, while peasant farmers have increasingly less access. I argue that these outcomes are facilitated by the mode of water management implemented within the framework of the Water Code. Through this preliminary examination of social equity and the environmental aspects of water resources management in Chile, I suggest that the omission of these issues from the international debates on water rights markets is a cause for concern. 相似文献
20.
基于技术效率及影子价格的农业灌溉弹性需水研究——以黑龙江省为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于黑龙江省13个地市2000~2015年的农业投入和产出数据,采用随机非参数包络分析法（StoNED）,估算黑龙江省农业灌溉用水的技术效率和影子价格,提出了基于技术效率和影子价格的农业灌溉用水弹性需求分析模型,研究表明：在相同的产出条件下,2015年农业灌溉用水技术效率无效比2000年降低了23.68 %、农业灌溉用水技术效率有效提高了25.02%;哈尔滨市的农业灌溉用水技术效率最高,达到了0.978 8;齐齐哈尔市的农业灌溉用水技术效率最低,为0.685 4;黑龙江省农业灌溉用水影子价格平均值在2.04~3.86元/m3之间波动,各地市农业灌溉用水影子价格平均值波动性较大,其极差达到了11.92 元/m3;当其他投入保持不变的条件下,黑龙江省农业灌溉用水价格、农业总产出和农业用水技术效率每增加1%,农业灌溉用水量将分别减少4.64%、增加1.10%和减少0.20%。 相似文献