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1.
The northern Bezirke (Rostock, Schwerin and Neubrandenburg) occupy about a quarter of the territory of the GDR but account for only one-eight of its population. These Bezirke form a geographical region which in the past (before 1945) had many characteristics of an agrarian periphery in the then German Reich. After 1945 this situation changed radically in the context of the development of the GDR. Besides the development of modern agriculture, characteristic features have been a rapid process of industrialization and the construction of a versatile maritime and port economy. Recreation functions on the coast have taken on new dimensions and the recreative potential of inland Mecklenburg, rich in woods and lakes, has also been increasingly developed. On this economic basis an intensive process of urbanization has taken place, which has on the whole raised the living and working conditions of the population of the northern counties to the level of those in the south of the GDR. In view of the large number of small and very small settlements this development is at present not without its problems. 相似文献
2.
In this paper aspects of the regional differentiation within the German Democratic Republic are presented, and the structure, dynamics and development of this differentiation are shown. The GDR founded after World War II comprises a territory of 108,000 sq.km with 16.7 million inhabitants. At the initial stage, its territorial structure was marked by a polarization between the industrialized regions in the South and the backward agricultural regions of the North and the East. Under socialist condition, however, his regional differentiation has been changed during the last three decades due to various basic and sequent processes. The foundation and development of a nationally-owned sector, particularly in industry, and a cooperative sector in agriculture, the industrialization of former agrarian regions, demographic processes, and a changing settlement structure has contributed to this development. The present regional differentiation is analysed by a new probabilistic approach, and seven macro-regions of the GDR are described. 相似文献
3.
Elke Knappe 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):243-246
Agriculture has ceased to be the major employer in the rural areas of East Germany. Far-reaching structural change has resulted
in a sharp decrease in employment and the mono-structural character of villages has been lost. Unemployment is now a major
problem and women are worst affected. New jobs have been created in construction and elsewhere in the tertiary sector but
most people who have found new jobs have to commute to the towns or migrate permanently to the urban areas. A north-south
contrast has developed because the more developed network of towns in the latter, combined with a relatively good infrastructure,
has enabled many villages to survive as viable communities. An example is Fuchshain near Leipzig where employment with the
farming company (the former cooperative with 4200 ha of land) has declined but the population has grown through new housing
built for commuters. In the north there has been much depopulation and many houses are used as second homes. Either way there
is more conflict occurring now within rural communities because of tensions between the employed and the unemployed and between
old and new residents. It is therefore important that land use planning should take into account the changed economic and
social profiles and measures should be adopted to ensure that the countryside remains visually attractive and socially cohesive.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Tassilo Herrschel 《GeoJournal》2000,50(2-3):213-223
The shift to market forces in East Germany has fundamentally reconfigured its social and economic geography. In particular,
spatial inequalities between localities and regions have re-emerged forcefully in response to new values, expectations and
preferences. Increased mobility through private transport, changing job opportunities, educational choices and desire for
new housing qualities have inter alia created new parameters for the population's lives. The responses i.a. in the form of migration have altered demographic structures
and spatial patterns of the population considerably, often varying significantly over relatively short distances within and
between regions. After initial population losses generally through outmigration from East to West Germany, population losses
in cities occurred in favour of suburban areas, and rural depopulation in favour of the cities; creating a highly differentiated
basis for future development through new urban-rural contrasts and differences between urban regions. This paper will outline
some of these processes and demonstrate their effects on the already-considerable inequalities inherited from communism. Attention
will also be given to the effects of changing population structures and patterns on local government and the future prospects
for an indigenously supported, sustainable economic development for regions and the likely pathways of transformation and
adjustment.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
H. G. Richter Dr. 《GeoJournal》1984,8(1):67-74
Types and pattern of land use in the GDR are controlled both by the historical development and the strong influences of technological, social and political alterations during the last four decades. Owing to these factors and the favourable natural conditions the share of non-arable area is small. The two basic features of land transformation are land use alteration and intensification. Compared to other European countries the first process lies on the average. It is still remarkable because most alterations of land use drastically reduce the agricultural area. Intensification consequently is the main type of land transformation in all sections of regional development. In most cases the benefit of strong intensification serves to particular users. Therefore various by-effects arise like pollution, contamination, blocking and devastating of renewable natural resources. Under the auspices of long term rationalization land transformation must be accompanied by the development of a dense network of protective measures and reservation areas, and in addition by different types for multiple utilization of renewable natural resources. At present complicated systems of land use are in evolution. 相似文献
6.
Bruno Benthien 《GeoJournal》1984,9(1):59-63
This paper is a short report on concepts, methods, definitions and fields of geographical research into tourism and recreation in the GDR. Main centres of research are the Dresden College of Transport, the Dresden College of Education and the Geography sections of the Universities of Berlin and Greifswald. After the Dresden Conference on Geography of Tourism in 1965 the Greifswald Geographical Symposium on Recreational Geography in 1978 was the second decisive GDR conference. Than it became quite clear that the emphasis in research has shifted from tourism to territorial problems of recreation, primarily the various forms of outdoor recreation. The theoretical approach is shown as Greifswald model of recreational geography (Fig 1). 相似文献
7.
The establishment of local self-government was a key part of the post-1989 transformation in East and Central Europe. Local
government in both Western and East and Central Europe has increasingly been expected to play a role in local economic development
(LED). Local government is one important agent in the complex processes of building 'institutional thickness' to ensure the
development of local economies and the quality of life of inhabitants. This paper presents the results of a national postal
questionnaire survey of the LED role of the lowest level of local self-government in Poland, the gmina or commune. The paper
establishes a baseline of knowledge regarding: the local economic problems faced by communes; their attitudinal, strategic
and organisational responses; and the main factors which are hindering the communes' LED role.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
An archaeology of fear and environmental change in Philadelphia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alec Brownlow 《Geoforum》2006,37(2):227-245
This paper examines how mechanisms of social control function to mediate human-environment relations and processes of environmental change in the city. Using the Fairmount Park System of Philadelphia as a case study, I argue that a history of social control mechanisms, both formal and informal, maintained viable socio-environmental urban relationships. Their decline over the last several decades has produced a legacy of fear towards the city’s natural environment that has had, and continues to have, profound socio-spatial and ecological implications. I argue that these changes have their origin in a set of racially motivated decisions made during the volatile years of the late 1960s and early 1970s and that African American women, in particular, have been impacted disproportionately by their consequences. Fear of crime in the natural environment and suspicion of environmental change have resulted in the exclusion of local women and children from what was, historically, a politically and socially viable public space. In this context, urban ecological change is locally understood as more an issue of social control than one of environmental concern. 相似文献
9.
In this paper we examine the ways in which mobile phones are becoming integrated into the everyday life of older adults in the UK by drawing on research funded as part of the British New Dynamics of Ageing programme. Specifically we draw on a digital engagement survey and the life history narratives of older men and women resident in the East Midlands of England to illuminate the challenges of remaining digitally engaged in old age focusing specifically on mobile phone use, with particular reference to maintaining social connections with spatially dispersed family and friends. Growing numbers of older adults possess a mobile phone, but the degree to which mobile phone use has been integrated into everyday practices is variable. For episodic users a mobile phone is used to complement a landline, to keep in touch with family and friends when out of the house. For confident users the mobile phone is used in multiple ways, via a range of applications, it is an integral part of numerous aspects of everyday life. 相似文献
10.
运用α石英热活化ESR定年法对东秦岭—大别造山带南、北缘58件样品进行了研究。结果显示,东秦岭—大别造山带南、北缘ESR年龄范围主要集中在晚白垩世以来(99.2～3.4 Ma)。结合区域地质事实分析,晚白垩世以来,东秦岭—大别造山带南缘的构造演化可划分为73.1～52.3 Ma伸展断陷期、39.1～27.2 Ma伸展-挤压的转换期和22.8～3.4 Ma挤压期;东秦岭—大别造山带北缘的构造演化可划分为89～70.1 Ma挤压隆升期、61.6～43.2 Ma伸展断陷期、37.2～22.6 Ma伸展-挤压的转换期和15.6～3.9 Ma挤压期。东秦岭—大别造山带南缘和北缘新生代构造演化特征基本相同,但是受多种因素控制,东秦岭—大别造山带南、北缘晚白垩世的构造演化存在较大差异。ESR测年结果与东秦岭—大别造山带南、北缘已有的地质事实相吻合,验证了ESR测年的可靠性。 相似文献
11.
燕山运动与东亚构造体制的转变 总被引：92，自引：7，他引：85
构造体制转变的本质是动力学体系的转变。东亚构造体制的转变是从一个汇聚碰撞的动力学体系转变为一个活动大陆边缘的动力学体系。其核心问题是古太平洋板块开始向新生的亚洲大陆下俯冲。在这一独特的动力学体系转变过程中 ,产生了陆缘俯冲消减增生杂岩带 ,火山弧和相关的表壳变形等一系列标志。文中强调以自然的、显著的、易于识别的标志———火山弧的出现代表东亚构造域动力学体系的转变 ;指出翁文灏命名的燕山运动A幕———髫髻山组火山岩下的不整合 ( ( 16 0± 5 )Ma前 )和B幕———张家口组火山岩下的不整合 ( ( 13 5± 1)Ma前 )代表这一转变。也就是说 ,燕山运动是东亚构造体制转变的产物 ,其出现有着深刻的地球动力学背景 相似文献
12.
Recent increases in female labour migration in and from Asia have triggered a surge of interest in how the absence of the mother and wife for extended periods of time affects the left-behind family, particularly children, in labour-sending countries. While migration studies in the region have shown that the extended family, especially female relatives, is often called on for support in childcare during the mother’s absence it is not yet clear how childcare arrangements are made. Drawing on in-depth interviews with non-parent carers of left-behind children in Indonesia and Vietnam, the paper aims to unveil complexities and nuances around care in the context of transnational labour migration. In so doing it draws attention to the enduring influence of social norms on the organisation of family life when women are increasingly drawn into the global labour market. By contrasting a predominantly patrilineal East Asian family structure in Vietnam with what is often understood as a bilateral South-East Asian family structure in Indonesia, the paper seeks to provide interesting comparative insights into the adaptive strategies that the transnational family pursues in order to cope with the reproductive vacuum left behind by the migrant mother. 相似文献
13.
东海陆架盆地烃源岩有机显微组份研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文详细研究了东海烃源岩有机显微组份，提出了适合于本区的有机显微组份分类系统，查明了有机显微组份特征及分布，进而研究了东海源岩干酪根类型及其生烃潜力，提出了有机相划分标准，划分了西湖凹陷有机相，为东海油气勘探提供了资料和信息。 相似文献
14.
Kidong Bae 《Quaternary International》2010,211(1-2):103-112
Assemblages classified as ‘Upper Paleolithic’ in the Korean peninsula are diverse in their composition, including not only some blade industries but also conventional ones continued from earlier Paleolithic periods. This has often been explained as the result of an indigenous development. However, the ‘heterogenic’ character of Upper Paleolithic industries is the result of the continuing influx of modern human populations via two different routes: (1) from Siberia and (2) from southern China. Blade technology from Siberia appeared in the Korean peninsula around 35 000 BP and coexisted with core and flake stone industries carried by modern humans from southern China and Southeast Asia throughout the Upper Paleolithic. This explanation is based on the current observation of patterns of Upper Paleolithic industries in East Asia. Blade industries have been found only in the northern part of East Asia while none have been reported in southern China, although modern Homo evidently dispersed via two different routes from the Near East. The ‘North-South Model’ of Modern Homo migrations into the Korean peninsula is supported by a genetic analysis of the Y-chromosome of the modern population in this region. Continuing influx of modern human population from both origins to the peninsula can explain the consistent presence of Upper Paleolithic industries that appear heterogenic. 相似文献
15.
This study addresses the need for women risk communication and highlights the potential role of Women Welfare Associations (WWAs) of Bandung, Indonesia, as risk communicators. A risk communication framework is modeled for women’s risk communication process. A set of indicators in social, institutional, and economic resilience activities (SIERAs), with a scope of 45 activities covering three different disaster periods, were developed to characterize the delivery process of risk information by women in WWAs through their activities at sub-district and ward levels. The data were collected through a questionnaire survey method using the risk communication SIERA approach. Women’s leaders at wards were surveyed concerning their perceptions on these 45 scopes of SIERA, ongoing activities, and their risk information source and dissemination process. Correlation analysis was applied to determine the relationship between the variables such as periods of disaster, types of activities (social, institutional, economic), and attributing factors (location, population, and education institution) in finding variations in risk communication activity that functions for women and communities. Five risk communication processes of WWAs are identified and implemented that work for women in Bandung. When their perceptions and ongoing activities are compared, activities such as dissemination of disaster risk information, conveying early warnings to their peers, and involvement of the local government have been confirmed to match the risk communication plans and implementation of WWAs. These indicate that WWAs’ activities in Bandung implement a certain degree of risk communication that is embedded in their activities. The results confirm that women through their social networks can become active agents of change and thus act beyond their usual domestic roles and responsibilities in order to contribute to the overall enhancement of community resilience.
相似文献16.
《Geoforum》2017
In the developing economies in Southeast Asia, labour migration is increasingly seen not simply to generate income to meet short-term livelihood needs but to secure the family’s future, often by investing in children’s education. While much work has been done studying the impact of parents’ remittances on children’s wellbeing including education access, the impact of parental migration on children’s (educational) aspirations has received less attention. Viewing youth as social actors, this paper interrogates how they make meaning of their parents’ migration, and how this consequently influences their decisions to activate, delay or reshape their hopes and plans for their own educational and work trajectories. With the increasing feminisation of labour migration in Southeast Asia where gendered regimes in care and domestic work make it easier for women to work overseas, this paper focuses attention on the aspirations of young women at the cusp of adulthood from a migrant-sending area in rural East Java, Indonesia. These young women’s ‘navigational capacity’ (Appadurai, 2004) is not only shaped by tangible obstacles such as the lack of sufficient resources, but is also more subtly moulded by an emerging discourse of self-responsibilisation in the making of ‘dutiful daughters’. Drawing on conceptualisations of multiple ‘logics of aspiring’ operating within spatial contexts (Zipin et al., 2015), we show how young women unsettle, inflect and challenge the normative linear education-work transitions by expressing their desire to replace their parents in accessing labour migration as a livelihood option, and reflect on the dialectical relationship between agency and aspirations. 相似文献
17.
Matthew Jardine 《GeoJournal》1996,39(4):397-404
Despite current United Nations-sponsored negotiations on East Timor between Indonesia and Portugal, there is little prospect
for success given the overwhelming advantages Indonesia enjoys in the struggle for control over the territory. The territorialization
of Indonesian power in East Timor over the last two decades has given Jakarta a level of dominance that has allowed it to
avoid serious negotiations aimed at resolving the conflict. By interrogating social power in conjunction with Knight's (1994)
three key components of statehood (territory, population, and sovereignty) on a variety of geographical scales, however, it
becomes clear that East Timor is a far more contested terrain than it first appears. This paper illustrates that the peace
process can succeed in a manner consistent with international law and human rights only by a strengthening of the forces of
resistance, which necessarily entails the West's altering its relationship of criminal complicity with Indonesia. 相似文献
18.
The use of Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) and Thermal Infrared (TIR) hyperspectral data in mineral exploration has been well documented in many mineralisation types, but is limited in komatiite-hosted nickel sulphide deposits. This project combines hyperspectral, Portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF) and whole-rock geochemical data to assess different analytical techniques in the exploration of these deposits. We use the Fisher East nickel sulphide prospects, Western Australia for our case study. The Fisher East prospects lie in an area of the eastern goldfields that has historically been underexplored and understudied. The rocks have undergone intense deformation with primary igneous textures being destroyed, along with strong alteration to talc carbonate assemblages. Combining different analytical tools allowed for differentiation of A and B-zones of original komatiite flows, and the reconstruction of original volcanological facies in a setting where whole rock chemistry as well as igneous textures have been substantially modified by metamorphism. By using different lithogeochemical techniques including pXRF, this study shows the Fisher East prospects are hosted within channelised komatiite flows, and have similar characteristics to Kambalda style deposits. 相似文献
19.
Květa Kalibová 《GeoJournal》1993,30(3):255-258
Geographic and demographic characteristics of Gypsies were elaborated on the basis of population census' results in 1970 and 1980. In 1980, there were about 300 000 of Gypsies in Czechoslovakia (2% of the total population). The fast numerical growth of Gypsies becomes a subject of increasing interest of both specialists and large public. According to the prognosis till 2005, in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic will be about 495 000 of Gypsies (3% of the total population). The spatial structure of Gypsies is very uneven, they are concentrated mainly in the East Slovakian districts. The differences between Gypsies and other inhabitants in the demographic behaviour are evident from the age structure. Gypsies are demographically young population with the progressive type of the age structure (high proportion of children and low proportion of the aged). Gypsy women have a high level of fertility during the whole childbearing period. The number of live born children per one Gypsy woman was 6,0 in the age group 45–49 (total population 2,3) in 1980. The effort has been made to estimate the expectation of life of Gypsies on the basis of results from population census 1970 and 1980. The probability of death was derived from the probability of survival between 1970 and 1980. In the period 1971–1980 the expectation of life at birth of Gypsy men was 55,3 years and 59,5 years for Gypsy women. The level of life expectancy like this we can find in developing countries of the Third World. Changes in the demographic behaviour occur as permanent changes only on the basis of the overall social and economic development. The consequences of this development appear usually after a certain delay, measured by the length of generation, not by calendar years. 相似文献