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1.
黄炳勋 《中国气象科学研究院年报》1994,(1)
ＳＯＭＥＦＥＡＴＵＲＥＳＯＦＡＮＥＷＧＥＮＥＲＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＵＰＰＥＲ－ＡＩＲＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＳＹＳＴＥＭＨｕａｎｇＢｉｎｇｘｕｎ（黄炳勋）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＳｏｕｎｄｉｎｇＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴＳｏｍｅｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆ... 相似文献
2.
ＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥ－ＭＥＡＳＵＲＩＮＧＲＡＤＩＯ－ＡＣＯＵＳＴＩＣＳＯＵＮＤＩＮＧＳＹＳＴＥＭ（ＲＡＳＳ）￥ＬｉＪｉａｎｇｕｏ（李建国），ＷａｎｇＰｉｎｇ（王坪）ａｎｄＭｅｎｇＺｈａｏｌｉｎ（孟昭林）ＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥ－ＭＥＡＳＵＲＩＮＧＲＡ... 相似文献
3.
《中国气象科学研究院年报》1995,(1)
ＴＨＥ２－ＤＮＵＭＥＲＩＣＡＬＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＰＲＩＮＣＩＰＬＥＳＯＦＲＡＩＮ－ＥＮＨＡＮＣＥＭＥＮＴＡＮＤＨＡＩＬ－ＳＵＰＰＲＥＳＳＩＯＮＩＮＣＯＮＶＥＣＴＩＶＥＣＬＯＵＤＳＭａｏＹｕｈｕａ（毛玉华）ａｎｄＨｕＺｈｉｊｉｎ（胡志晋）ＴＨＥ２－Ｄ... 相似文献
4.
《中国气象科学研究院年报》1994,(1)
ＳＴＵＤＹＯＦＯＺＯＮＥＡＮＤＩＴＳＰＲＥＣＵＲＳＯＲＳＡＴＬＩＮ’ＡＮＲＥＧＩＯＮＡＬＢＡＣＫＧＲＯＵＮＤＳＴＡＴＩＯＮＤＵＲＩＮＧＴＨＥＰＥＭ－ＷＥＳＴ－ＡＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＬｕｏＣｈａｏ（罗超），ｍｎｇＧｕｏａｎ（丁国安），Ｔａｎｇｊｉｅ（汤... 相似文献
5.
ＮＵＭＥＲＩＣＡＬＳＩＭＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＤＩＭＥＴＨＹＬＳＵＬＦＩＤＥＩＮＴＨＥＲＥＭＯＴＥＭＡＲＩＮＥＢＯＵＮＤＡＲＹＬＡＹＥＲＺｈｅｎｇＭｉｎ（郑敏）ａｎｄＬｉＸｉｎｇｓｈｅｎｇ（李兴生）ＮＵＭＥＲＩＣＡＬＳＩＭＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＤＩＭＥＴＨＹ... 相似文献
6.
《中国气象科学研究院年报》1994,(1)
ＰＥＲＳＰＥＣＴＩＶＥＳＯＦＴＲＯＰＩＣＡＬＣＹＣＬＯＮＥＵＮＵＳＵＡＬＭＯＴＩＯＮＳ──ＴＨＥＤＩＦＦＩＣＵＬＴＩＥＳＩＮＣＵＲＲＥＮＴＴＲＯＰＩＣＡＬＣＹＣＬＯＮＥＦＯＲＥＣＡＳＴＩＮＧＣｈｅｎＬｉａｎｓｈｏｕ（陈联寿）ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍ... 相似文献
7.
ＳＨＯＲＴ－ＴＥＲＭＣＬＩＭＡＴＥＣＨＡＮＧＥＡＮＤＩＴＳＣＡＵＳＥＡＮＤＣＬＩＭＡＴＥＰＲＥＤＩＣＴＩＯＮＩＮＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＷｅｉＦｅｎｇｙｉｎｇ（魏凤英）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｙｎｏｐｔｉｃａｎｄＤｙｎａｍｉｃＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙ．）Ｂｅｉｊ... 相似文献
8.
ＴＨＥＶＡＲＩＡＴＩＯＮＦＥＡＴＵＲＥＳＯＦＡＧＲＯＣＬＩＭＡＴＩＣＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥＳＡＮＤＣＲＯＰＹＩＥＬＤＯＦＣＨＩＮＡＩＮＲＥＣＥＮＴ４０ＹＥＡＲＳＧａｏＳｕｈｕａ（高素华）ａｎｄＺｈａｎｇＹｕ（张宇）ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＡｇｒｉ... 相似文献
9.
《中国气象科学研究院年报》1996,(1)
ＰＲＯＧＲＥＳＳＯＮＴＩＢＥＴＡＮＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＦＩＥＬＤＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴ（ＴＩＰＥＸ）ＡＮＤＩＴＳＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＰＲＯＧＲＡＭＭＥ￥ＣｈｅｎＬｉａｎｓｈｏｕ（陈联寿）ａｎｄＸｕＸｉａｎｇｄｅ（徐祥德）ＰＲＯＧＲＥＳＳＯＮＴＩＢＥＴＡＮＰＬＡＴ... 相似文献
10.
ＴＨＥＳＩＭＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＡＳＰＲＩＮＧＰＲＥＣＩＰＩＴＡＴＩＯＮＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＦＯＲＩＣＥＳＥＥＤＩＮＧＩＮＮＯＲＴＨＣＨＩＮＡＷａｎｓＸｉａｏｂｉｎ（汪晓滨），ＨｕＺｈｉｊｎ（胡志晋）ａｎｄＹｏｕＬａｉｇｕａｎｇ（游来光）（Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ... 相似文献
11.
Metal foil collection/flash desorption/flame photometric detection (MFC/FD/FPD) was one of the analytical methods used to measure emissions of gaseous, sulfur-containing compounds from several terrestrial natural sources during a cooperative field program in the summer of 1985. Nonspeciated, total sulfur gas emissions were determined by using the MFC/FD/FPD technique in combination with a Nafion Perma-Pure drying device to sample air from three designs of dynamic enclosure chambers. These enclosures were placed over various soil orders and vegetation in the vicinity of field sites in Iowa and Ohio previously examined during the 1977–80 SURE study of biogenic sulfur fluxes. Because of the sensitivity and detection characteristics of the MFC/FD/FPD technique, it was possible to obtain measurements on enclosure air samples that were collected for relatively short time periods,. e.g., 1 to 5 min. The magnitudes of these time-resolved, total sulfur gas emissions are correlated exponentially with internal enclosure air temperatures. Potential errors and uncertainties associated with this application of the MFC/FD/FPD methodology are assessed.The total sulfur gas flux values obtained from this study and the SURE program are compared. Unquantified sources of error in the current two parameter extrapolation model used to calculate regional and global terrestrial source strengths of biogenic sulfur emissions are also summarized and are shown to prevent a reliable estimate of overall uncertainty limits in the resultant inventory. 相似文献
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13.
陆地蒸散(ET)涵括地表和潮湿叶片的蒸发和植物的蒸散发,是陆地水循环的重要组成部分。Penman-Monteith方程是估算陆地蒸散的重要方法,方程中的叶片或冠层气孔导度是提高估算精度的关键因子。根据碳水循环的耦合原理,植物光合作用模型可用于估算叶片或冠层气孔导度。植物光合作用模型可分为三类:1)使用总冠层导度的大叶模型(BL),2)区别阴、阳叶冠层导度的双大叶模型(TBL),3)区别阴、阳叶叶片导度的双叶模型(TL)。与这三类光合作用模型相对应,衍生出基于不同导度计算方法的三种蒸散估算模型。三种蒸散模型之间的主要区别在于是否进行从叶片尺度到冠层尺度的气孔导度集成。这三种模型中,双叶模型使用叶片尺度的气孔导度,集成度最低。反之,大叶模型使用冠层尺度的气孔导度,集成度最高。由于在Penman-Monteith中,蒸腾和气孔导度之间的关系是非线性的,气孔导度的集合会导致负偏差。因此,与通量测量相比,大叶蒸散模型的估算偏差最大,而双叶蒸散模型的估算偏差最小。 相似文献
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15.
D. Ren 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2006,92(1-2):25-32
Summary Richards equation, which is the key relationship for addressing basic soil hydrological processes within the rhizosphere and
constitutes the basis for multiple-layer soil hydrology models for meteorological studies, is modified to include two vegetation
processes: the transpiration (daytime) and hydraulic lift (nighttime). The analytical form of the adjoint system is derived
and can serve as the guideline for discrete forms, as implemented in a variety of multiple layer land surface models. The
modified equation and its adjoint model may be used to address at least two types of inverse problems: estimation of the initial
soil moisture contents from sparse observations of related quantities; and retrieval of critical soil/vegetation parameters
with observations of soil moisture contents (or other related quantities) distributed over a certain period of time. The former
may be of more interest for numerical weather prediction studies, whereas the latter may be more valuable for longer time
integration of climate models. 相似文献
16.
We present a Lagrangian stochastic model of vertical dispersion in the convective boundary layer (CBL). This model is based on a generalized Langevin equation that uses the simplifying assumption that the skewed vertical velocity probability distribution is spatially homogeneous. This approach has been shown to account for two key properties of CBL turbulence associated with large-scale coherent turbulent structures: skewed vertical velocity distributions and long velocity correlation time. A 'linear-skewed' form of the generalized Langevin equation is used, which has a linear (in velocity) deterministic acceleration and a skewed random acceleration. 'Reflection' boundary conditions for selecting a new velocity for a particle that encounters a boundary were investigated, including alternatives to the standard assumption that the magnitudes of the particle incident and reflected velocities are positively correlated. Model simulations were tested using cases for which exact, analytic statistical properties of particle velocity and position are known, i.e., well-mixed spatial and velocity distributions. Simulations of laboratory experiments of CBL dispersion show that (1) the homogeneous linear-skewed Langevin equation model (as well as an alternative 'nonlinear-Gaussian' Langevin equation model) can simulate the important aspects of dispersion in the CBL, and (2) a negatively-correlated-speed reflection boundary condition simulates the observed dispersion of material near the surface in the CBL significantly better than alternative reflection boundary conditions. The homogeneous linear-skewed Langevin equation model has the advantage that it is computationally more efficient than the homogeneous nonlinear-Gaussian Langevin equation model, and considerably more efficient than inhomogeneous Langevin equation models. 相似文献
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18.
Y. Wang 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1996,61(1-2):27-38
Summary The classical forward-in-time upstream advection scheme for uniform flow field has been extended to include non-uniform and time-dependent advective flow. This generalised scheme is described in one dimension for an advective flow which varies both in time and in space. The classical upstream advection scheme is only first-order accurate both in time and in space if the advective flow is not uniform. Higherorder accuracy in both time and space, however, can be easily obtained in the generalised scheme.This generalised scheme with third-order accuracy is applied to the one-dimensional inviscid Burgers equation (socalled self-advection problem), two-dimensional steady flow, and to a time-split shallow water equation model. The results are compared with those obtained from the Takacs' (1985) scheme and from a standard third-order semi-Lagrangian scheme, and also with those obtained from the fourth-order Lax-Wendroff scheme of Crowley (1968) in the time-split shallow water equation model. It is shown that the generalised scheme performs as well as, but is more efficient than, the standard semi-Lagrangian scheme with same order. It is much more accurate than the Takacs' scheme which has large dissipation errors, especially for the flow with strong deformation. In contrast, the generalised scheme has very weak dissipation and has much better dispersion and shapeconserving properties. Although the fourth-order Lax-Wendroff scheme has higher accuracy and can give more accurate numerical solutions for uniform advective flow or solid rotational flow (Crowley, 1968), it is inferior to the generalised third-order scheme for non-uniform flow with strong deformation or large spatial gradients. This generalised scheme, therefore, has considerable application potential in different numerical models, especially for the models using time-split algorithms.With 8 Figures 相似文献
19.
D. Seidov 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》1996,25(1):25-55
The design and purposes of an intermediate model are discussed along with fundamentals of the model and results of numerical experiments. The main purposes of the model are reconstructions of the schemes of the ocean large-scale circulation and paleocirculation. For these problems numerical effectiveness is the key factor. A novel feature is the parameterization of the side wall Ekman boundary layers which was introduced to enable the use of geostrophy for calculating baroclinic velocity. This approach of connecting the side frictional layers with a non-viscous interior is not model-specific and can be used in any model employing geostrophy in the interior. The method can facilitate the no-flux and no-slip boundary conditions at the side walls in such models. Preliminary numerical experiments with simple basin geometry and idealized forcing aimed at a comparison with primitive equation and planetary geostrophic models are carried out. A direct comparison with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) primitive equation model was performed for a quantitative test of the proposed model. The results of the experiments are discussed in the context of the applicability of intermediate models for studying ocean climate dynamics. 相似文献
20.
A lattice Boltzmann (LB) model with overall second-order accuracy is applied to the 1.5-layer shallow water equation for a wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the second-order integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. In this case, any iterative technique is not needed. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretized accuracy of the LB equation. The numerical results show correct physics of the ocean circulation driven by the double-gyre wind stress with different Reynolds numbers and different spatial resolutions. An intrinsic low-frequency variability of the shallow water model is also found. The wind-driven ocean circulation exhibits subannual and interannual oscillations, which are comparable to those of models in which the conventional numerical methods are used. 相似文献