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1.
系统地研究了中国西南地区晚二叠世龙潭早期ＴＯＮＳＴＥＩＮＳ的时空分布。对该地区８层ＴＯＮＳＴＥＩＮＳ的岩石学,矿物学以及地球化学特征的对比,分析,确认其全部为不同期次的同沉积碱性火山灰蚀变粘土岩。此一发现填补了全球含煤建造中缺失碱性火山灰沉积记录的空白,具有一定的实用价值与理论意义。 相似文献
2.
岩溶型铝土矿中火山物质参与成矿的直接证据需要进一步明确。通过线路调查和剖面研究，在桂西大范围内的铝土矿及其早期的铝土质岩中观察到大量的火山灰，含量大于30%；火山灰种类有岩屑、晶屑、玻屑和火山尘，塑性—半塑性变形及刚性爆裂显著，自由降落为主，属原地—准原地沉积；火山灰易于分解为水铝石、高岭石、赤铁矿等微细矿物，屑状火山灰相对尘状火山灰更易于矿化，大量火山灰主要以直接铝土矿化作用成矿。元素地球化学特征显示铝土矿和铝土质岩具有亲岩浆性，不活动元素图解判别及铝土矿测年数据显示火山灰原岩浆以碱性玄武岩为主，与岛弧火山岩一致，主要来自于哀牢山—松马造山带的二叠纪岛弧，铝土矿层具有穿时性，部分火山灰可来源于峨眉山火成岩。铝土矿层中的火山灰丰富，跨度长，可能是瓜德鲁普世末生物灭绝的肇凶。 相似文献
3.
岩溶型铝土矿中火山物质参与成矿的直接证据需要进一步明确。通过线路调查和剖面研究，在桂西大范围内的铝土矿及其早期的铝土质岩中观察到大量的火山灰，含量大于30%；火山灰种类有岩屑、晶屑、玻屑和火山尘，塑性—半塑性变形及刚性爆裂显著，自由降落为主，属原地—准原地沉积；火山灰易于分解为水铝石、高岭石、赤铁矿等微细矿物，屑状火山灰相对尘状火山灰更易于矿化，大量火山灰主要以直接铝土矿化作用成矿。元素地球化学特征显示铝土矿和铝土质岩具有亲岩浆性，不活动元素图解判别及铝土矿测年数据显示火山灰原岩浆以碱性玄武岩为主，与岛弧火山岩一致，主要来自于哀牢山—松马造山带的二叠纪岛弧，铝土矿层具有穿时性，部分火山灰可来源于峨眉山火成岩。铝土矿层中的火山灰丰富，跨度长，可能是瓜德鲁普统末生物灭绝的肇凶。 相似文献
4.
湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物中的火山灰保存了其原始形貌、原生的沉积和成分特征,是进行岩芯沉积物对比和定年的理想材料之一。除了对火山灰进行常规的定年外,通过精确测定火山灰中玻璃碎屑(玻屑)的成分,并与已知时代的火山喷发物成分对比确定火山灰的年龄已成为火山灰年代学研究的重要领域之一,因为它能够区分年龄差别在同位素定年误差之内的数层火山灰。本文利用电子探针分析了湖光岩玛珥湖岩芯火山灰中玻屑的成分,经与全球年龄已知火山喷发物的成分对比和分析,认为该火山灰的年龄为74000aB.P.,在此基础上,讨论了湖光岩玛珥湖岩芯74000aB.P.以来沉积速率的变化趋势。 相似文献
5.
火山灰年代学:原理与应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
火山灰(2mm)等时标志层是火山灰年代学研究的基础。火山灰地层的直接或间接测年依赖于火山灰中存在合适的原生矿物(如:透长石、锆石、磷灰石)或外来物质(如:炭化木)。然而大多数火山灰沉积层,尤其是远源火山灰,其主要由岩浆源碎屑构成,开展测年显得十分困难。利用火山玻璃(岩浆)的地球化学,是一种被广泛应用的替代性方法。火山玻璃作为岩浆源物质普遍出现在各类近源、远源可见火山灰层和显微火山灰中,其主量、微量元素含量和特定的同位素组成能被电子、激光和离子探针技术准确测定。近源-远源玻璃化学成分的相互匹配,使得火山灰等时标志层得以在时间和空间上相互关联,构成有力的地层学工具,用以同步各类环境、考古和火山活动记录。近源火山沉积和远源火山灰层中的年龄信息得以实现交叉验证和整合。远源海洋、湖泊沉积中的相对年龄信息(氧同位素地层学,年纹层年代学)也为揭示火山活动、古环境变化和考古学事件的时间顺序提供了可能。火山灰年代学在地球科学中应用广泛,尤其是对于第四纪研究,其在同步各类记录从而评估火山活动、气候/环境变化和人类演化/迁移的因果关系中具有至关重要的作用。 相似文献
6.
中国白垩纪大陆科学钻探松科1井南孔连续取青山口组一段岩心81.41m,收获率为100%。青一段沉积时期应与土仑阶对应。通过对松科1井南孔青一段岩心的精细描述,揭示其岩性-岩相-旋回的沉积序列及其过程。青一段识别出6种岩石类型(泥岩、白云岩、泥灰岩、重结晶灰岩、介形虫灰岩和火山灰)。相类型为深湖亚相以及白云岩沉积、泥灰岩沉积、灰岩沉积、深湖浊流沉积、火山灰沉积和深湖静水泥沉积共6种沉积微相。青一段中可识别的米级旋回(六级旋回)有4种类型,可划分出81个米级旋回。这些米级旋回叠加成25个五级旋回、6个四级旋回,识别出1个三级旋回界面。对青山口组一段暗色泥岩、白云岩、火山灰等特殊事件层的精细刻画对于松辽盆地的缺氧事件、烃源岩、湖海沟通事件研究具有重要意义。 相似文献
7.
现代火山活动喷发形成的火山灰沉降到海水中能够提高海洋表层生产力、促进浮游生物繁盛,有利于有机质形成与富集沉积。而地质历史时期火山灰（斑脱岩）沉积与有机质富集关系研究相对较少,且存在着争议。以我国华南地区奥陶纪-志留纪转折期五峰组-龙马溪组页岩为例,开展含火山灰页岩层段与正常沉积的页岩层段的TOC含量、古生产力、氧化还原条件等对比分析,以探讨两者之间关系。研究结果初步表明:火山灰对高生产力背景的海洋区域影响相对较弱,对其有机质富集的促进作用不明显,而沉积水体氧化还原条件（富氧-贫氧-缺氧变化）与有机质含量关系密切,是这一时期有机质富集的主控因素。由于火山活动对沉积环境影响是十分复杂的过程,未来需要利用地质、地球化学等多种测试手段,开展更高分辨率（如厘米级、毫米级尺度）综合对比研究,精细解剖火山活动对有机质形成及富集作用的影响。火山活动相关的沉积事件是非常规油气沉积学重要研究内容之一,厘定它与页岩有机质富集关系,对我国页岩油气等非常规油气勘探开发具有重要意义。 相似文献
8.
煤系高岭石粘土岩的理论与应用研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
我国北方煤系中的高岭石粘土岩是具有很高经济价值的共生矿产,在煤田勘探中应予充分注意,进行详细研究和评价.它有沉积和火山灰蚀变两种成因,不同成因的矿层具有不同的特征.指出渭北太原组5煤的高岭石夹矸属火山灰成因,11煤高岭石夹矸是沉积产物.软质高岭土全属沉积成因,多产于中、新生代煤系中. 相似文献
9.
运用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP MS)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对重庆龙潭组煤中稀土元素的地球化学特征进行研究。结果表明,各煤样稀土元素分布模式相似,总体呈左高右低的宽缓的“V”型曲线,轻稀土曲线段“右倾”,重稀土曲线段较为“平坦”,成煤沼泽受陆源碎屑影响较大。南桐5#煤稀土元素含量高,接近全国平均值的2倍,受汉南古陆、大巴山古陆和龙门山岛屿控制,少量陆源碎屑物来自康滇古陆。东林6#煤中的稀土元素含量低于全国平均值水平,海水作用明显,煤样中稀土元素含量未受碱性火山灰的影响,但其底板受碱性火山灰影响强烈。根据煤层稀土元素含量及其比值分析,研究区龙潭组为海湾/潟湖潮坪及浅海碳酸盐沉积的沉积环境。 相似文献
10.
沉积环境对降落火山灰蚀变作用的影响--以大青山晚古生代煤系为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
借助于X光衍射仪、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段,较详细地揭示了内蒙大青山晚古生代(C2-P1)煤系中降落火山灰的蚀变特征,以此来论述沉积环境对火山灰蚀变作用的影响。泥炭沼泽环境中,降落火山灰以原地直接高岭石化为主,残留较多的火山玻屑和晶屑形态,并具斑状结构;非泥炭沼泽环境中,降落火山灰以异地凝胶化-多种粘土矿物化为主,微层理、微层面等沉积岩特征明显。火山灰降落的环境不同,其蚀变作用和蚀变产物亦不同。本文对加深煤系火山事件沉积的认识和研究煤系高岭岩的成因机理颇有意义。 相似文献
11.
The volcanic origin of a number of major tonstein horizons has been established from mineralogical compositions and from trace elements that are quantitatively retained during diagenesis. Discriminant function analysis using the variables Ti/Al, Cr/Al, Zr/Al and Ni/Al allows the tonsteins to be classified according to original composition. Two main groups are recognized amongst the British tonsteins. Those formed from acid volcanic ash are comparable in composition with French and German tonsteins and a common source is postulated, whereas tonsteins formed from basic volcanic ash contain variable amounts of detrital sediment and are thought to originate from local eruptions. Possible lateral equivalents between tonstein horizons in Britain and elsewhere in Europe are suggested. 相似文献
12.
滇东黔西晚二叠世煤系中火山灰蚀变粘土岩的元素地球化学特征 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
对滇东?黔西晚二叠世煤系中同沉积火山灰蚀变粘土岩夹矸?正常沉积粘土岩和煤层共采46件样品,用多种仪器分析方法测定微量元素30余种?研究表明,煤系各层段中赋存的夹矸是由性质不同的火山灰沉积蚀变形成的,各层夹矸的微量元素含量及组合关系各有特点并在较大范围内保持良好的稳定性,可用于判定层位;正常沉积粘土岩与夹矸的原始物质性质不同,其微量元素含量和组合面貌各有自己特定的分布范围,两者易于区别? 相似文献
13.
Trace element compositions were determined (by instrumental neutron activation analysis; INAA) in 30 samples of synsedimentary volcanic ash-derived tonsteins and detrital claystones from coal seams within the late Permian coal-bearing formation of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Provinces, China. The characteristics of trace-element geochemistry in the tonsteins can be distinguished from those of detrital claystones because of the former's unique volcanic-ash origin. The detrital claystones are characterized by their relatively high content of V, Ti, Sc, Cr, Co and Ni, relatively low content of Th and U, Th/U ratio, and small negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* 0.63–0.93). Overall, these trace element characteristics are consistent with a mafic source similar to the composition of basalt rocks in the erosional region on the western edge of the study area. In contrast, the tonsteins are low in V, Ti, Sc, Cr, Co and Ni contents and have a high Th/U ratio with a distinct negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* normally in the range of 0.2–0.4), consistent with a silicic magmatic source.Within the group of tonsteins, those from the lower section (P2.1) of the coal-bearing formation are relatively high in Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and rare earth elements (REE), as compared to those from the middle and upper sections (P2.2+3). In trace-element discrimination diagrams (scatter plots) of Hf–Ta, Ti–Ta, Ti–V, Hf–Sc, Lu–Hf and Lu–Th, tonsteins from the P2.1 horizon always fall in isolated distribution areas, separate from the tonsteins of the P2.2+3 horizon. These results suggest that the source materials of tonsteins from the two separate horizons were probably derived from volcanic ash falls of two distinctly different natures. Based on a comparison of the concentrations and assemblages of trace elements between various magmatic rocks, the source materials of tonsteins from P2.1 horizon were mostly composed of calc-alkalic, silica-poor volcanic ash (similar to rhyodacitic magma), whereas those from P2.2+3 were apparently more siliceous and K-rich (rhyolitic magma). Thus, tonsteins from the two different horizons are characterized by unique geochemical properties, which remain constant over a wide lateral extent. Integration of trace-elemental compositions with mineralogical and textural observations makes possible the establishment of tonstein stratigraphy, thus, facilitating more precise and reliable coal-seam correlations. 相似文献
14.
L. A. Admakin 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2001,36(1):23-32
Lithogenetic indicators are considered for the subdivision of tonsteins (with respect to their initial composition) into orthotonsteins, which are products of the diagenesis of volcanic ash, and paratonsteins, which are products of the sedimentation of dispersed kaolinic material. Diagnostic criteria include the association of stable and pseudomorphosed protominerals, relic textures, specific features of coal bed (morphology, continuity, and distribution of tonstein interlayers in the vertical section of a coal bed), titanium modulus, and paragenesis of tonsteins with genetically related rocks of the coal-bearing formation. Geological factors, which control the distribution of the genetic types of tonstein in coal beds of different basins, are outlined. 相似文献
15.
《Gondwana Research》2001,4(3):421-426
The Rio Bonito Formation in southern Paraná basin contains a set of tonsteins interbedded with coal-seams. These tonsteins are composed mainly of kaolinite with zircon, apatite and beta-quartz paramorphs as accessory minerals, and were interpreted as volcanic ashes deposited by ash falls over pits protected by barrier islands in a barrier-lagoon system. A U-Pb dating of zircons in the tonstein A, which furnished an age of 267.1 ± 3.4 Ma (Early Permian) confirming previous age-dates based on palynology and correlating them with one of the main periods of volcanic activity in the Gondwana.The source of the pyroclastic material was attributed to the early Permian Choiyoi magmatic arc in Argentina, developed during the Sanrafaelic orogeny, and with a main peak of volcanic activity between 260 and 272 Ma. 相似文献
16.
滇东晚二叠世煤田中火山灰蚀变粘土岩夹矸(TONSTEIN)的锆石特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文就滇东晚二叠世含煤沉积中同沉积火山灰蚀变粘土岩夹矸和正常沉积粘土岩的锆石进行了统计学和形态学研究.该两种不同成因类型的粘土岩中锆石含量及形态面貌有显著区别.tonsteins中锆石形态参数统计规律因层位而异;同层位tonstein的锆石含量和形态参数在平面上呈有规律地变化.系统研究含煤建造剖面上各类岩石(包括tonsteins)中的锆石特征,能够用以确定物质来源、性质、成因以及以此为基本建立正常地层层序并精确对比层位,因而具有理论和实用意义. 相似文献
17.
阿刀亥矿区CP2煤段粘土岩夹矸研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
内蒙大青山煤田ＣＰ２煤段含粘土岩夹矸多达４０余层。与上覆ＣＰ３砾岩段冲刷接触的煤段顶板和顶部粘土岩夹矸，为伊利石或伊利石－高岭石粘土岩。其下煤段中夹矸及底板为高岭石粘土岩，均发生了不同程度的铵云母化和一水硬铝石化。鳞片状、纤维状、条片状及晶粒假象铵云母沿粘土岩夹矸的节理裂隙呈脉状产出；微、细晶一水硬铝石沿碳质碎屑条带及富有机质的高岭石基质条带分布。这些特征表明，在有Ｋ＾＋离子带入的开放条件下，粘土 相似文献
18.
Dr. rer. nat. h. c. Kurt Burger 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1980,69(2):488-531
Starting from general considerations of the rocks existing in the Ruhr Carboniferous and the mineral layers in coal seams, an informative review is given about the definition of clay stones and kaolin coal tonsteins as well as about the stratigraphic distribution of key horizons with special regard to the kaolin coal tonsteins. Information follows about the first evidence of individual kaolin coal tonsteins, their existence in the normal geologic columns and more recent stratigraphic sections as well as about the concentration of repositories. Besides, the kaolin coal tonsteins are characterized according to their macroscopic and microscopic external form. The paper reports about their material constituents (mineral components, trace elements, anorganic chemical constituents and organic substances in form of coal hydrates and amino acids). The paper closes with some statements about the importance and utilization of kaolin coal tonsteins to solve local and regional duties in mining geology. 相似文献
19.
滇东黔西晚二叠世含煤沉积中火山灰蚀变形成的伊利石粘土岩夹矸 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
本文对广泛分布于滇东-黔西晚二叠世含煤沉积中粘土岩夹矸的岩石学、矿物学、化学组成和微量元素进行了研究。发现粘土岩夹矸的变种伊利石粘土岩夹矸(Illite-tonstein)在沉积盆地空间上成片分布,且与晚期成岩作用有明显的成因联系。粘土岩夹矸中粘土矿物构成与煤阶大体对应的关系,揭示了同沉积火山凝灰蚀变产物的后期变化趋势和规律。 相似文献
20.
Nine Namurian clay bands retrieved from boreholes in the northern part of the Pennine Basin are, on the basis of their petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry, shown to be volcanic in origin and are therefore bentonites. The bentonites, which have a fragmental texture, are normally graded and show rare preservation of shard textures, representing vitric tuff deposits that have been altered subsequently to clay-dominated horizons. Crystals are a minor component of the bentonites, but biotite, in particular, is concentrated at the base of the beds. A clay mineral assemblage of mixed-layer illite–smectite with subordinate kaolinite identifies most of the samples as K-bentonites, but kaolinite dominates two samples that can be classed as tonsteins. Temporal variation of salinity within the depositional basin is suggested to explain these different clay assemblages. The major element geochemistry of the bentonites reflects their clay mineralogy and the compositions of diagenetic minerals present, the latter including pyrite, carbonates and hydroxyapatite. Enrichment of the bentonites in some trace elements (including Ba, Sr, Pb, Cu and Ni) can be related to the presence of the diagenetic minerals, but the extent to which the elements are added from external sources as opposed to being redistributed within the ash is unclear. Immobile trace element systematics suggest a rhyodacite/dacite composition for the original ash and derivation from the collision of plates, this being supported by evidence provided by the rare earth elements (REE) in one group of samples. However, in another group of samples, variations in REE concentrations may be caused by mobility of these elements during alteration. The chemistry of the Namurian bentonites contrasts markedly with that of the local Carboniferous volcanics but is comparable, in some respects, with one group of Westphalian tonsteins, although the latter are more rhyolitic in character. It is suggested that the Namurian bentonites and the Westphalian tonsteins of acid affinities originated from volcanic activity associated with a destructive plate margin in the Variscan externides and that the observed compositional trend may reflect magma evolution possibly related to the progressive east–west closure. 相似文献