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1.
Shallow cold fronts with a north-west/south-east orientation sometimes experience blocking by the coastal mountain range of south-eastern Australia and greatly increase their propagation speed on the eastern (seaward) side of the range while they advance more slowly to the west of the range. The violent behaviour of some cold-frontal passages, or southerly busters, is found to be at least orographically initiated, but the phenomenon does not exhibit the characteristics of a coastally-trapped density current. The head of the front has the character of an evolving density current and its propagation is well predicted by density current theory over more than half of its lifetime. Nevertheless, it differs from steady laboratory-simulated examples in that a horizontal roll-vortex just behind the front is found to be accelerating relative to the rate of advection of cold air behind the front. This implies that its evolution will be governed by warm air entrainment, a fact which is confirmed by the observations. General agreement between extensive airborne observations over the ocean and measurements made at selected points along the coast indicates the usefulness of these basic studies for future improvement to forecasting in the near-coastal region. 相似文献
2.
The present study identifies wintertime cold fronts in Eurasia from gridded datasets using a new objective two-step identification scheme. The simple and classic conception of a front is adopted, where a cold front is identified as the warm boundary of the frontal zone with a suitable horizontal temperature gradient and cold advection. We combine the traditional thermal front parameter with temperature advection to first identify the cold frontal zone, and then its eastern and southern boundaries are objectively plotted as a cold front in Eurasia. By comparing different cold front identification methods, the results from this two-step cold front identification method and subjective analysis are more consistent, and the positions of the cold front identified with our method are more reasonable. This objective technique is also applied to a nationwide cold wave event over China. Results show that the horizontal extent and movement of the cold front are in good agreement with the related circulation and the associated cold weather. The proposed method and results in this study may shed light on the rapid identification of cold fronts in operational weather analysis and facilitate further research on the long-term activity characteristics of continental cold fronts. 相似文献
3.
Surface meteorological observations, associated with gust fronts produced by thunderstorm outflows over Tehran, an area surrounded by mountains, have been analyzed. Distinctive features are sudden drop in air temperature, up to 10℃, sharp increase in wind speed, up to 30 m s-1, with wind shift, to northwesterly, ressure jump, up to 4 hPa, humidity increase, up to 40%, and rain after some 20 min. Gust fronts which often occur in spring time, have a typical thickness of about 1.5 km and produce vertical wind shear of the order of 10-2s-1. Although these features seem to be common for most of the events, their intensities differ from one event to another, indicating that the gust fronts may occur in different sizes and shapes. Apart from a dominant effect on the formation of the original thunderstorms, topography appears to break up the frontal structure of the gust fronts. The internal Rossby radius of deformation for these flows is small enough (～ 100 km) for rotational effects to be minor.A laboratory model of the gust front (gravity current) also shows that it initially has a distinctive head with a turbulent wake, and can be broken up by topography. It is shown that when the environment is stratified, turbulence due to lobes and clefts instabilities near the nose of the current is suppressed. When the ground is rough, these instabilities are highly amplified and the internal Froude number of the flow is reduced. The bottom slope in the presence of rough topography leads to the break up of the current head and produces a broad and highly non-uniform head, recognized in the density signals. 相似文献
4.
N. P. Shakina 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2014,39(1):1-10
Presented is a review of the results of the studies that have been carried out in recent 15 years at the Hydrometcenter of Russia and deal with the objective analysis of atmospheric fronts and with diagnostic computations on the base of the results obtained. A unique experiment on the quantitative estimation of the measure of subjectivity of the frontal analysis carried out by weather forecasters in operational mode was accomplished in the process of the method development. Differences turned out to be so significant that no concrete synoptic archive can be considered as a source of actual data on the position of fronts. At the same time, the degree of agreement between different forecasters concerning the position of primary cold and warm fronts remains practically significant. The statistical method of objective analysis of atmospheric frontal zones is worked out as a method of postprocessing the results of numerical forecast (objective analysis) of the fields of pressure (geopotential), temperature, and humidity. The proposed method was operationally tested and recommended for the operational use by the Roshydromet Central Methodological Committee for Hydrometeorological and Heliophysical Forecasts. The data on precipitation at the stations (a degree of precipitation intensity on the front characterizes its activity) are used as a predictant (criterion of the absence or presence of a front). The frontal parameter initially obtained as a probability of the fact that the forecaster draws the front through the given grid cell is (in its physical essence) a quantitative characteristic of baroclinity near the surface and in the layers of 850-500 and 925-700 hPa and of cyclonicity of the surface pressure field. This variable turned out to be an effective diagnostic characteristic of baroclinic forcing of vertical circulations and formation of clouds and precipitation in frontal zones. The spectra of the frequency of precipitation of various intensity for different seasons and regions of the European part of the former USSR are constructed using the long-term data on two main characteristics of precipitation forcing, namely, the frontal parameter and the height of the convection level. Given are other potential application areas of the frontal parameter including the verification of numerical models. 相似文献
5.
黄海夏季潮汐锋区环流的数值研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
基于Blumberg＆Mellor三维非线性环流模型(ECOM)并结合Mellor＆Yamada的湍封闭模型，对黄海M2分潮、密度环流、锋区环流等进行了的数值模拟：潮汐模拟结果较好的体现了黄、渤海M2潮波传播系统，验证了模型的可行性；模拟密度环流的量阶和方向均与夏季实测环流保持一致，体现了密度环流是夏季总环流的重要组成部分；两个断面锋区环流的模拟结果显示锋区位置不同环流特征也不相同，锋区对应的上升流特征与锋区表面通常观测到冷水现象吻合，锋区上层水体沿潮汐锋方向流速较强。另外，数值试验结果显示了地形和潮混合对潮汐锋的形成及锋区环流有重要影响。 相似文献
6.
利用1989—2018年ERA5再分析资料,使用适用于欧亚大陆的冷锋两步客观识别算法,得到冬季冷锋活动数据集。在此基础上,分析了近30年来华北地区冬季冷锋的活动特征,并讨论了冷锋活动异常的可能成因。结果表明:（1）华北地区是东亚大陆上冬季冷锋频数最多、活动最强的区域,且华北地区冷锋活动强度有明显的年际变化;（2）华北地区冷锋活动强年,从北大西洋到欧亚大陆上空存在一个明显的欧亚遥相关（EU）波列正位相,华北地区上空500 hPa为负位势高度异常,表明东亚大槽增强,相应的西伯利亚高压偏强;（3）欧亚大陆北部边缘海区为异常暖平流时,华北地区冷空气活动增强,冷锋活动也增强;（4）大西洋北部的海面温度（SST）异常可能通过激发对流层中、上层的罗斯贝波,该罗斯贝波向东传播经欧洲—西西伯利亚传至中国华北地区,从而影响华北地区的冷锋活动强度。 相似文献
7.
地形影响下冷锋的变形及锢囚 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
根据传统理论，将锋面看成密度的零级不连续面，设计了一个二层锋面模式，分别研究了东西走向与东北－西南走向的地形影响下冷锋的变形及锢囚现象。分析表明：不同高度的地形对于冷锋变形及锢囚的影响不同，同一高度的地形对于不同强度的冷锋运动也有不同的影响。通过分析研究，形象、直观地揭示了地形影响下冷锋变形及锢囚的一些规律，并与实际天气现象做了一些对比。此外，还分析了山区冷锋的垂直结构，指出冷锋在爬山时锋面中层会出现“隆起”现象，这反映了地形对于冷锋的非线性相互作用；锋面的这种“隆起”现象非常类似于气流过山时形成的“涌浪”（ｂｏｒｅ）。 相似文献
8.
Xiao Qingnong 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1994,8(4):440-449
Following classical theory,a two-layer frontal model is designed.It assumes that frontal surface is the zero-order discontinuity of density.In this paper,the model is used to study orographically distorted and occluded fronts.It is indicated that the distortion and occlusion of cold fronts are different under different conditions of orography.Frontal intensity also influences the distortion and occlusion.Some rules are revealed and compared with observations.In addition,we have analysed the vertical structure of cold front above mountains and found that frontal surface may be bulged under the influence of orography when it climes the mountain.The bulge of frontal surface is just like the bore as pointed out by Long(1972) when he analysed fluid over obstacles. 相似文献
9.
我国东部海洋温度锋区对大气的强迫作用——季节变化 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
采用一系列高分辨率的卫星资料研究了我国东部海区的海洋温度锋对局地大气的强迫作用及其季节变化。分析表明, 当春季海洋锋增强时, 海温与海表面风速之间存在明显的正相关关系, 并且在海洋锋的暖 (冷) 侧形成海表风的辐合 (辐散), 表现为海洋对大气的强迫作用。海温对表面风场的影响程度与海洋锋的强度成正比, 春季影响程度最大, 夏、秋季最小。海洋锋对其附近的总降水、对流、层云降水均有影响, 尤其在春季海洋锋暖侧的降水强度增大, 对流降水的频次增多, "雨顶" 高度也有明显的抬升。暖流对大气的影响不仅局限在边界层, 其影响可达整个对流层。另外, 分析发现对流降水对海温的响应比层云降水更加敏感。研究还表明, 暖流上空高、低云呈现相反的年循环特点, 冬季多0.5~2 km的边界层云, 夏季多云底在10 km以上的高云。深对流云集中出现在3~6月, 从冬季到初夏, 30%以上的云量中心抬高了接近8 km。春季和初夏在海洋锋的暖侧频繁地出现深对流活动。 相似文献
10.
11.
The south-west of Western Australia has experienced significant land-cover change as well as a decline in rainfall. Given
that most precipitation in the region results from frontal passages, the impact of land-cover change on the dynamics of cold
fronts is explored using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System version 6.0. Frontal simulations are evaluated against high
resolution atmospheric soundings, station observations, and gridded rainfall analyses and shown to reproduce the qualitative
features of cold fronts. Land-cover change results in a decrease in total frontal precipitation through a decrease in boundary-layer
turbulent kinetic energy and vertically integrated moisture convergence, and an increase in wind speed within the lower boundary
layer. Such processes contribute to reduced convective rainfall under current vegetation cover. 相似文献
12.
该文提出了冷锋的不连续传播是引起冷锋快速南移的直接原因的观点，即主冷锋南侧的锋生及其发展代替了主冷锋，在南方的锋生过程中，西南低空急流起了重要作用。 相似文献
13.
Ronald E. Stewart Dia T. Yiu Kwok K. Chung David R. Hudak Edward P. Lozowski Myron Oleskiw 《大气与海洋》2013,51(1):25-53
Abstract The passage of a winter storm is accompanied by changes in many surface and near‐surface parameters including temperature, humidity, wind, pressure, precipitation rate and type, cloud base height, visibility and accretion. These parameters were measured in association with the passage of precipitation‐type transitions over Newfoundland during the Canadian Atlantic Storms Program II field experiment. Three simple summaries of the observed weather events were developed. These summaries depend on the observed large‐scale synoptic conditions, which include warm fronts, a cold front and a trough. 相似文献
14.
20世纪利用一维层状云模式对2002年4月4~5日河南省冷锋降水过程进行了模拟。数值模拟结果显示,此次冷锋降水属于冷云降水过程,冷锋前后云中主要以冰相粒子为主,云中水质粒自上而下的空间分布依次为冰晶、雪、云水、霰、雨水。冷锋前后,各种水质粒有着不同的含量及数密度,但形成水质粒的主要微物理过程都表现为:冰晶数密度的增加主要依靠核化、繁生,大部分雪主要靠凝华、撞冻过冷云水和冰晶增长,霰的质量增加主要靠撞冻雪、过冷云水和雪自动转化而来,大部分的雨水是由霰融化而来,因而此次冷锋降水机制表现为“水汽—雪—霰—雨水”。 相似文献
15.
冷锋云系降水中尺度结构的一次TRMM卫星观测和特征分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用TRMM（the tropical rainfall measuring mission）卫星资料,对一次低槽冷锋云系和江淮气旋共同影响下的冷锋积层混合云系中雨带和雨核的特征进行了分析,研究表明,冷锋的不同部位云系结构很不均匀,可分为典型的积层混合云系、均匀的层状云系和弱的积层混合云系3种类型,南部典型的积层混合性云系中存在明显的短回波带结构,短回波带的平均长度63.0 km,宽度19.4 km,平均降雨率14.54 mm/h,同时短回波带中还有明显的雨核特征;北部均匀的层状云系中,大范围的降水在1～2 mm/h之间,其中嵌有2～7 mm/h大小不等的较强降雨带,并且存在冷锋雨带结构;中部较弱的积层混合云系中以冷锋雨带和冷锋前的暖区雨带为主,冷锋雨带上有多个雨核的结构;同时,不同性质的云系结构如短回波带、雨核以及均匀的层状云的降水的垂直廓线表现为不同的特点。 相似文献
16.
山东半岛海风锋在一次飑线系统演变过程中的作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2016年6月30日生成于华北南部的一次长生命期的强飑线过程，造成了山东地区大范围风雹天气。文中利用常规观测资料、区域自动气象站观测数据及雷达监测产品，分析了山东半岛复杂的海风锋特征在这次飑线系统的断裂、再组织化以及极端大风、冰雹灾害形成过程中的重要作用。结果表明:（1）初始对流是在地面冷锋辐合线上触发的弱对流，在对流系统向更不稳定区域移动时与水平对流卷相交，对流迅速发展，并组织成东西走向的直线型飑线。（2）飑线系统在平原地区继续向前移动的过程中发生断裂，这一过程与渤海湾在黄河三角洲形成的两条移动方向不同的海风锋以及飑线系统的阵风锋有关:向内陆推进的两条海风锋与阵风锋在飑线系统中段的前部相交，诱发新生单体，造成该处对流系统更快地向前传播，最终导致飑线系统断裂；与此同时，断裂后的西段风暴因低层暖湿入流被切断而逐渐减弱。（3）断裂后西段残留风暴系统出流阵风产生的新生风暴向东北方向发展，与断裂后的东段风暴的后向传播（向西南方向发展）机制相互作用，完成了飑线的再次组织化，形成了具有典型弓状特征、水平尺度更大、近似于东北—西南走向的飑线系统。（4）长生命期飑线系统造成的极端雷暴大风和最大冰雹出现在飑线再组织化初期，位于飑线系统“弓部”位置，地面极端雷暴大风是冷池密度流、后侧入流急流和水成物对应的前侧下沉气流共同作用的结果，其中与后侧入流急流几乎完全分离的、与水成物对应的前侧下沉气流在这次极端地面大风发生时可能起到了重要作用。（5）山东半岛东侧的黄海海风锋向内陆推进（东南向西北）过程中与自西北向东南移动的飑线相遇，加强了风暴前侧的抬升、水汽供给和组织化程度，为飑线的长时间维持提供了有利条件。 相似文献
17.
In middle and high latitudes, climate change could impact the frequency and characteristics of frontal passages. Although transitions between air masses are significant features of the general circulation that influence human activities and other surface processes, they are much more difficult to objectively identify than single variables like temperature or even extreme events like fires, droughts, and floods. The recently developed Spatial Synoptic Classification (SSC) provides a fairly objective means of identifying frontal passages. In this research, we determine the specific meteorological patterns represented by the SSC??s Transition category, a ??catch-all?? group that attempts to identify those days that cannot be characterized as a single, homogeneous air mass type. The result is a detailed transition climatology for the continental USA. We identify four subtypes of the Transition category based on intra-day sea level pressure change and dew point temperature change. Across the contiguous USA, most transition days are identified as cold fronts and warm fronts during the winter season. Among the two less common subtypes, transition days in which the dew point temperature and pressure both rise are more frequently observed across the western states, and days in which both variables fall are more frequently observed in coastal regions. The relative frequencies of wintertime warm and cold fronts have changed over the period 1951?C2007. Relative cold front frequency has significantly increased in the Northeast and Midwest regions, and warm front frequencies have declined in the Midwest, Rocky Mountain, and Pacific Northwest regions. The overall shift toward cold fronts and away from warm fronts across the northern USA arises from a combination of an enhanced ridge over western North America and a northward shift of storm tracks throughout the mid-latitudes. These results are consistent with projections of climate change associated with elevated greenhouse gas concentrations. 相似文献
18.
根据阵风锋的回波特征, 该文设计了阵风锋自动识别算法。在速度场中,考虑辐合线识别;在强度场中,考虑窄带回波识别;根据窄带与辐合线的空间一致性,综合二者识别出阵风锋。基于该算法,以锋线闪烁和物理量输出两种方式实现了预警功能。最后利用地面自动气象站资料和2009年6月3日河南商丘、郑州及2009年6月5日安徽阜阳3个雷达站探测的阵风锋98个体扫样本资料检验了识别效果,并采用临界成功指数进行评估。结果表明:双向梯度法能有效滤除大范围降水回波而保留窄带回波;该算法只需考虑较低仰角层,大大提高识别效率。在速度场中采用的算法能有效识别出径向辐合线,同时也适用于低空径向风切变和辐合线的识别;利用临界成功指数对98个体扫样本进行识别率评估,识别率达到68.4%。 相似文献
19.
2014年7月19日夜间黑龙江克山出现雨强超过90 mm的短时强降水,利用常规观测资料、区域站资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等对此次冷锋前部的暖区强降水成因进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次强降水出现在580 dagpm线附近,副高诱发的超低空急流为强降水提供了充沛的水汽和不稳定能量。(2)地面辐合线和地形抬升触发对流。高空急流东移,高空急流出口区左侧和辐散区与低层辐合相耦合促使对流快速发展增强。耦合消失,强降水则快速减弱。(3)低层暖平流明显,尤其地面具有暖锋锋生特征。强降水出现在不稳定层结和上升运动快速增强的阶段。(4)地面～200 hPa辐合层形成深厚的上升运动区,促使对流快速发展。(5)中尺度对流雨带沿地面辐合线生消。降水先出现在暖湿舌前部。随后,强降水产生的冷空气抬升暖湿空气形成冷锋特征的降水,由于强降水和冷空气的正反馈作用,降水持续时间长。冷空气势力最强时,伴随中尺度气旋性环流及0～1 km强垂直风切变有利于龙卷产生。(6)开口状地形的辐合作用、抬升及局地地形导致的中尺度环流风场对暖区降水的形成和维持作用显著。 相似文献
20.
一次河南省春季层状云降水的地面雨滴谱特征 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：11
2002年4月4-5日河南省出现了层状云降水天气，临颖、孟津两站进行了地面雨滴谱观测。通过对降水过程中两站的雨滴微物理参量和雨滴谱的对比分析，指出河南层状云降水的雨滴平均直径为10～mm，雨滴数密度为10^2个／m
^3，占雨滴总数较小的大雨滴对雨强的贡献较大。锋前暖区雨滴的平均直径比锋后冷区雨滴平均直径小，雨滴数密度比锋后冷区大，但冷区降水强度大于暖区。在层状云降水过程中，暖区雨滴谱型由宽谱双峰型演变为窄谱单峰型，冷区雨滴谱型由宽谱单峰型演变为窄谱单峰型。雨滴平均直径的起伏暖区要大于冷区，这与暖区中云系结构不均匀及云中对流有关。 相似文献