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雨水入渗对非饱和土坡稳定性影响的参数研究 总被引：57，自引：1，他引：56
很多国家和地区的斜坡失稳与雨水入渗有密切关系。通过参数分析研究可以深化对这种关系的认识和理解,因而对滑坡灾害的预测和预防有重要意义。针对香港地区一种典型非饱和土斜坡,用有限元法模拟雨水入渗引起的暂态渗流场,然后将计算得到的暂态孔隙水压力分布用于斜坡的极限平衡分析。计算中采用延伸的摩尔－库伦破坏准则以便考虑基质吸力对抗剪强度的贡献,研究了降雨特征、水文地质条件及坡面防渗处理等因素对暂态渗流场和斜坡安全因数的影响。数值模拟结果表明：降雨强度、降雨历时和雨型对暂态渗流场及斜坡稳定性有明显的影响;土体的渗透系数,尤其是渗透系数各向异性的影响特别显著;斜坡中相对隔水层的存在以及斜坡防渗护面的效果等因素的影响均不容忽视。 相似文献
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近年来青藏高原多年冻土地区降雨量呈增大趋势,导致活动层沿多年冻土层滑脱,诱发的冻土浅层滑坡灾害严重影响区域生态环境和人类活动。冻土浅层滑坡失稳是渗流、温度和应力复杂耦合的过程,明确降雨条件下多年冻土斜坡水热力响应机制,揭示降雨诱发冻土浅层滑坡失稳的机理十分关键。基于冻土水热力耦合数值模拟方法,建立了仅施加气温变化的模型一和在气温变化基础上施加强度为9 mm·d-1、持续降雨18 d的模型二,探讨了低强度、长时间降雨对多年冻土斜坡水热力演化的影响。结果表明：夏季雨水入渗对斜坡浅层温度场产生扰动,进而影响土体冻融过程,活动层以下有形成富水层的可能。雨水入渗导致融土饱和度大幅增加,水分渗流方向由竖直向下逐渐转变为顺坡方向。极限状态下斜坡位移分布在活动层,符合冻土浅层滑坡变形特征,降雨入渗数天后活动层位移有显著增大的趋势,最大位移所在位置向坡脚转移。降雨对斜坡稳定性影响显著,雨水入渗对活动层水热力产生持续影响,斜坡安全系数最小值出现明显滞后。研究结果为青藏地区冻土浅层滑坡灾害防治提供了科学指导。 相似文献
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《岩土力学》2017,(1):284-290
为了全面地了解降雨入渗引起的边坡失稳破坏机制,基于有限元-有限差分理论(FE-FD scheme)的水-土-气三相渗流-变形耦合有限元数值分析方法被提出。程序中采用了Zhang等~([1])提出的以Bishop有效应力和饱和度作为状态变量的非饱和土弹塑性本构模型,从而可以连续地描述在降雨入渗时土体由非饱和状态转化为饱和状态过程中力学特性的变化。同时用Green-Naghdi客观应力速率张量来考虑边坡失稳过程中的大变形问题。程序不仅可以模拟由于降雨入渗引起的水分迁移、孔隙水/气压力变化的过程,而且可以很好地反映出由于降雨入渗所引起的边坡变形、塑性剪切带形成等力学行为。选取室内边坡模型试验为研究对象,用所提出的水-土-气三相渗流-变形耦合有限元程序来进行数值模拟,并与试验结果对比,验证了所提出的有限元数值方法的有用性。 相似文献
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考虑径流影响的滑坡降雨入渗二维有限元模拟及应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
降雨是滑坡失稳的常见诱发因素之一,现有数值模拟方法由于不能考虑来自基岩边坡的径流对滑体渗流的补给而低估了真实的降雨入渗水量,导致在评价降雨对滑坡稳定性特别是深层滑动影响时存在一定不足。以Richards方程和有限元法为基础,忽略降雨对渗透性极低的滑床和滑带的影响,将滑坡渗流计算域缩小为滑体,以避免因滑体与滑床（滑带）渗透性差异巨大引起的数值计算困难;依据基岩边坡水平长度和滑体降雨入渗边界饱和情况,修正降雨入渗边界,实现了考虑径流补给的滑坡降雨入渗简化数值模拟。算例表明,该方法所得渗流场更加符合实际情况。以三峡库区某滑坡为例,模拟了2006年10月～2009年12月间滑坡在库水升降和降雨条件下的渗流场和安全系数的演化过程;计算结果表明,考虑径流补给时滑坡后部的渗流场饱和区域明显较大,稳定系数降低较多,与位移监测资料显示的佐证较为吻合;若不考虑径流补给,则降雨对滑坡稳定性影响不大。 相似文献
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降雨在节理岩体的离散元模拟中有一定的局限性。文章提出一种等效渗流法模拟降雨条件下地下水向坡脚的渗流过程。以西南地区某顺层岩质滑坡为例,采用施加固定水头的方法,实现地下水在滑体内部的渗流过程,从而诱发滑坡形成。研究结果表明:(1)雨水入渗从坡顶向坡脚渗流,导致滑体内部空隙水压力升高;(2)斜坡受地下水渗流影响,坡脚首先发生变形并逐渐向上部呈阶梯状扩展。随渗流时间的延长,坡脚产生滑移,斜坡中上部和后缘出现拉裂,沿软弱夹层发生整体向河流方向滑动堆积形成堰塞湖;(3)滑坡形成的地质力学模式为"滑移-拉裂",滑体前缘运动至河流对岸形成前缘鼓丘,模拟结果与现场实际特征吻合。该方法可实现降雨条件下节理岩质斜坡中地下水渗流对滑坡形成的影响模拟。 相似文献
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基于FLAC3D平台的边坡非饱和降雨入渗分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为研究降雨入渗条件下三维边坡渗流场的变化过程,在全面研究FLAC3D软件渗流分析模块功能及算法的基础上,通过编写FISH函数完善了FLAC3D软件的非饱和渗流计算功能。基于降雨入渗机制的分析,编写了降雨入渗及停雨出渗边界的FISH函数,实现边坡三维降雨入渗过程的模拟。通过降雨条件下算例边坡的饱和非饱和渗流场变化过程的数值计算,研究了降雨入渗引起的边坡暂态饱和区变化过程,并与已有研究成果进行对比分析,从而验证了自编FISH函数实现边坡三维非饱和渗流计算结果的正确性。研究成果表明,文中提出的边坡三维非饱和降雨入渗分析是可行的,同时也为三维边坡非饱和渗流场的研究提供了一条有益的途径。 相似文献
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Tadashi Tanaka 《Environmental Geology》1992,19(3):179-191
A brief review was made of storm runoff processes and the mechanisms of its generation in relation to subsurface water behaviors in a small forested drainage basin located in the western suburbs of Tokyo, Japan. The results of field investigations showed that the main source of storm runoff was groundwater flow and that the rapid and large amounts of groundwater discharge during a storm event could not be explained solely by the traditional concept of Darcian matrix flow. Several mechanisms such as pipe flow, air pressure effect, and capillary barrier effect were recognized that would induce a rapid response of groundwater to storm events depending on differences in local hydrologic conditions. All of these mechanisms were chiefly attributed to inhomogeneities of the soil deposits. The importance of dynamic behaviors of subsurface water during a storm event was emphasized in considering the mechanism of storm runoff generation. 相似文献
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提出了一个基于统计理论的产流模型,该模型考虑了降雨、土壤下渗能力及土壤蓄水容量的空间变异性。假定每个时段的降雨量在空间上可以用概率密度函数或分布函数描述,根据实测降雨资料通过统计拟合优度途径估计各时段降雨的空间概率分布;采用抛物线型函数分别描述土壤下渗能力和土壤蓄水容量的空间分布。按照超渗产流机制计算地表产流量,通过降雨量和土壤下渗能力的联合分布推导得到地表径流量的统计分布,进而得到平均产流量的解析表达式。下渗水量补充土壤含水量,假定满足田间持水量后形成地下径流,其产流量根据下渗量和土壤蓄水容量的空间分配曲线进行计算。以半湿润的黄河支流伊河东湾流域为例,对模型进行了验证和应用,并与新安江模型的结果进行了对比。结果表明,模型对所研究的半湿润区的洪水模拟预报有较好的模拟效果。 相似文献
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Reliable predictions of storm runoff from rainfall and snowmelt are important for flood hazard mitigation and resilience. In this study, the HEC-HMS and PRMS hydrological models have been applied to simulate storm runoff in Taunton River Basin for the storm event in 2010 when maximum rainfall intensity reached approximate 5 in/day in March, and the snowfall reached about 11 inches in December. Model parameters were calibrated, and model performance was evaluated by comparing model-simulated daily stream flow with observations. For the rainstorm period during March–April, results indicate that both HEC-HMS and PRMS provide very good predictions of rainfall runoff with the correlation values above 0.95, and PRMS produces lower root-mean-square errors than those from HEC-HMS. Over the 12-month period including the snowfall in December, the time series of flow by PRMS match better with observations than those from the HEC-HMS. The 12-month overall correlation values for HEC-HMS and PRMS are 0.91 and 0.97 at Bridgewater Station, and 0.89 and 0.97 at Threemile Station, respectively. For an extreme storm scenario of the maximum historical 36.7-inch snowfall in early February in combination with the rainstorm in March–April of 2010, model simulations indicate that the flow would substantially increase by about 50% or more. Comparisons between HEC-HMS and RPMS models have been analyzed to provide references for storm runoff modeling. 相似文献
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对当前坡面汇流计算方法的研究进展进行了较为系统的总结与分析,并对坡面汇流的非线性效应以及城市低影响开发中的雨水入渗与蓄集对坡面汇流的控制作用进行了简要分析。从模型简单实用的角度出发,认为以流域时间-面积关系与线性水库相串联的ModClark法等为代表的概念性分布式坡面汇流模型具有良好的发展前景;考虑到基于等流时单元的变动等流时线法在反映雨强非线性影响中存在的问题,认为根据水文响应单元在不同雨强条件下汇流时间的变化,调整其汇流参数以反映坡面汇流的非线性效应,对于流域坡面汇流的分布式模拟更具有实际意义;针对目前低影响开发设施长时间序列大空间尺度的室外降雨径流监测资料普遍较为缺乏的现状,给出了后期应积极选择合适的技术以加强低影响开发性能监测工作的建议。 相似文献
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针对降雨径流从坡面流下的过程中会发生下渗,导致土壤水非饱和带含水率增大这一动力学过程,从物理机制上对土壤水和地表水进行耦合,将二维平面地表水模型叠置在土壤水模型的顶部,对土壤水、地表水模型进行相同的空间和时间离散,在模型的计算过程中通过达西流关系对两者之间的水量交换进行计算(双层结点法耦合)或整合离散方程的整体法进行耦合。通过对两种耦合方法的比较以及与前人的实验结果对比,该模型与耦合方法能够准确地模拟和预测地表径流与土壤水分运动过程。研究结果可为分析地表水流与饱和-非饱和带水分与溶质耦合机理提供理论支持。 相似文献
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雨水花园对暴雨径流的削减效果 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
雨水花园能够有效地蓄渗雨水径流、降低城市发展对水环境的不利影响.根据在西安市开展的一项连续4年对雨水花园入流与出流水文过程的监测研究,分析了雨水花园对暴雨径流的削减效果,并根据花园内土壤入渗率及颗粒组分随时间的变化,讨论了雨水花园运行效果的可持续性.结果显示:蓄水深度为15 cm,汇流比为20:1的试验用雨水花园,在4年监测的28场降雨中,仅有4场暴雨径流汇入雨水花园后发生溢流,且溢流量很小;试验期内,有2年未发生溢流,雨水径流全部入渗;最多的1年发生溢流3次,但年径流削减率仍高达96.8%;导致雨水花园发生溢流的均为短历时高强度暴雨.研究中还发现,雨水花园土壤入渗率在4年运行期内没有显著变化,一直稳定在2.4 m/d左右,花园内表层土壤砂粒含量由7.36%增加到20.55%,而粉粒和黏粒的含量则相应降低.可见,研究区雨水花园能够显著减少暴雨径流,且入渗性能稳定,具有良好的应用前景. 相似文献
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Stable isotopes (180) are used to investigate hydrological processes in the small Pre-Alpine research catchment Rietholzbach in NE Switzerland. The catchment covers an area of 3.18 km2 and ranges from 680 to 960 m a.s.l. The180 concentration in rainfall and in runoff at various sites, including a lysimeter installed within the catchment, over a 2-a period are investigated. First, conceptual flow models are applied to determine the mean water residence times of different systems of the basin and their storage properties. As a second approach, the separation of runoff components using18O and Mg ions as tracer during some storm flow events was carried out. The following flow mechanisms can be identified from the modelling results: (i) lateral hillslope fluxes, which are faster in the part of the Tertiary Molasse sediments and slower in the part of the Quaternary deposits, and (ii) relatively slow vertical infiltration processes through the soil layer within the lysimeter. Mean residence times of 12.5 months result for the total catchment baseflow component and 24.5 months for the baseflow from the upper part of the catchment, respectively. For the lysimeter seepage water, a mean residence time of about 200 days was obtained. During the intensive storm events, a fast reaction of the stored subsurface water due to heavy precipitation and an expulsion of this storage water amounting to a considerable portion of the total basin runoff can be detected. 相似文献
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Every year, and in many countries worldwide, wildfires cause significant damage and economic losses due to both the direct
effects of the fires and the subsequent accelerated runoff, erosion, and debris flow. Wildfires can have profound effects
on the hydrologic response of watersheds by changing the infiltration characteristics and erodibility of the soil, which leads
to decreased rainfall infiltration, significantly increased overland flow and runoff in channels, and movement of soil. Debris-flow
activity is among the most destructive consequences of these changes, often causing extensive damage to human infrastructure.
Data from the Mediterranean area and Western United States of America help identify the primary processes that result in debris
flows in recently burned areas. Two primary processes for the initiation of fire-related debris flows have been so far identified:
(1) runoff-dominated erosion by surface overland flow; and (2) infiltration-triggered failure and mobilization of a discrete
landslide mass. The first process is frequently documented immediately post-fire and leads to the generation of debris flows
through progressive bulking of storm runoff with sediment eroded from the hillslopes and channels. As sediment is incorporated
into water, runoff can convert to debris flow. The conversion to debris flow may be observed at a position within a drainage
network that appears to be controlled by threshold values of upslope contributing area and its gradient. At these locations,
sufficient eroded material has been incorporated, relative to the volume of contributing surface runoff, to generate debris
flows. Debris flows have also been generated from burned basins in response to increased runoff by water cascading over a
steep, bedrock cliff, and incorporating material from readily erodible colluvium or channel bed. Post-fire debris flows have
also been generated by infiltration-triggered landslide failures which then mobilize into debris flows. However, only 12%
of documented cases exhibited this process. When they do occur, the landslide failures range in thickness from a few tens
of centimeters to more than 6 m, and generally involve the soil and colluvium-mantled hillslopes. Surficial landslide failures
in burned areas most frequently occur in response to prolonged periods of storm rainfall, or prolonged rainfall in combination
with rapid snowmelt or rain-on-snow events. 相似文献