共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 314 毫秒
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太湖地区的圩及其对洪涝的影响 总被引：17，自引：5，他引：12
本文介绍了圩的概念,太湖地区圩区的现状,以及修圩筑提对太湖流域洪涝形势的影响,筑圩有效地抵御了洪涝,但对太湖流域的洪涝形势产生了影响;（１）洪涝调蓄水面积减少,流域调蓄能力下降;（２）河网的自然状况被破坏,引起洪涝泄流不畅;（３）人类活动影响了流域的交,汇流情况,排涝动力的增加使圩内汇流时间缩短。 相似文献
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青藏高原现代湖泊变化与考察初步报告 总被引：18，自引：5，他引：13
青藏高原广布的湖泊敏感地记录着气候与环境变化过程的信息．因它在地球中、低纬度地区最少受人类活动干扰,环境的演化变迁忠实地反映了纯自然过程,因此继南、北极之后,青藏高原正在成为研究全球变化的新的热点地区．青藏高原上的湖泊绝大部分为封闭湖盆,湖泊水位的变化直接记录着流域内的水量平衡变化过程．可敏感反映气候的变化．湖泊水化学性质记录了湖泊自身的演化历史,湖泊沉积物则包含着丰富的湖泊物理、化学、生物的沉积过程信息,这些过程与气候、环境演变又有着密切的关系．为了探讨湖泊沉积物和湖泊水体中的物理、化学、生物… 相似文献
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不同尺度流域地表径流氮、磷浓度比较 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16
选择太湖上游为研究对象,采集了1-400 km2不同尺度小流域产出径流TN、TP浓度实测数据,结合前期开展的地表坡面流人工暴雨实验监测结果,开展不同尺度流域水质监测对水体面源污染产出浓度估算影响的比较研究,探讨流域尺度之间入渗、汇流以及伴随的流域生态系统营养盐调节机制的差异．结果表明,流域监测尺度对土地利用面源污染产出浓度估算有较大影响．地表坡面流由于未经过流域汇流过程伴随的下渗滤过与吸附等过程,产出径流TN、TP浓度一般高于小流域．小流域林地生态系统具有较强的入渗机制、接近自然的生态沟谷汇流网络,对面源污染TN、TP有较强的削减作用．农业生态系统较弱的入渗机制、人工沟渠汇流网络对面源污染TN、TP的削减作用较弱．现代农业造成流域面源污染增加不仅仅是因为人类农业活动对流域局部土体及养分的改变,农业生态系统改变流域自然生态系统整体水文过程及营养盐调节机制也是面源污染增加的重要因素之一,恢复小尺度的生态沟谷网络系统对削减流域面源污染具有重要的意义． 相似文献
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为考虑洪水预报误差的空间变化,提出一种基于微分响应的流域产流分单元修正方法.该方法建立了各单元流域产流与流域出口流量之间的微分响应关系,采用正则化最小二乘法结合逐步迫近进行反演求解,将产流误差估计量分配给相应单元流域实现流域产流分单元修正.将构建的方法应用于大坡岭流域和七里街流域进行新安江模型产流修正,比较分析了流域产流分单元修正、流域面平均产流修正和自回归修正的效果.结果表明：流域产流分单元修正效果优于流域面平均产流修正;随着预见期的增大,产流微分响应修正效果优于自回归修正.该方法通过汇流系统将流域出口断面流量信息进行分解用于修正各单元流域产流,有利于提高实时洪水预报精度. 相似文献
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《湖泊科学》2021,33(3):F0003-F0003
《湖泊科学》(ISSN 1003-5427;http://www.jlakes.org)是中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所和中国海洋湖沼学会联合主办的综合性学术期刊,为双月刊,每单月6日由科学出版社出版.主要刊载反映湖泊(含水库)及其流域水环境、水生态、水资源有关的各学科(如物理学、化学、生物学、生态学、地质学、地理学等)以及湖泊工程、流域综合管理的理论性或应用性研究论文、简报和综述等,重点报道水体富营养化与水华防控、污染物过程与生态环境效应、生物多样性保育与水体生态恢复、河湖生态水文与水资源保护、湖泊沉积与全球变化等方向的最新原创性、高水平研究成果. 相似文献
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太湖流域省市边界圩区建设问题初探 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
太湖流域的苏、浙、沪边界地区地处太湖流域下游,地势低洼,水网纵横,是太湖流域洪涝威胁最严重和水环境恶化地区,同时因为地处省市行政区边界,水利矛盾极为突出.解决好边界圩区问题,有利于减轻流域洪涝灾害,促进水资源保护,水环境恢复.本文分析了太湖流域二省一市边界圩区的发展历史和现状,归纳了边界圩区的格局和特点.考虑到防洪、水资源、水环境的影响,从圩区面积、圩内水面率和圩堤线长度几个方面对边界圩区做了研究,给出了边界圩区合适的圩区规模和圩内排涝动力,在此基础上,就边界圩区的建设提出了建议.研究表明,边界圩区的理想规模是400-533hm2,排涝模数为0.83m3/(s·km2).圩区建设应该局部服从整体利益,采用有效的协商机制解决边界圩区的矛盾. 相似文献
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《湖泊科学》2021,(1)
正《湖泊科学》(ISSN 1003-5427; http://www.jlakes.org)是中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所和中国海洋湖沼学会联合主办的综合性学术期刊,目前为双月刊,每单月6日由科学出版社出版.主要刊载反映湖泊(含水库)及其流域水环境、水生态、水资源有关的各学科(如物理学、化学、生物学、生态学、地质学、地理学等)以及湖泊工程、流域综合管理的理论性或应用性研究论文、简报和综述等,重点报道水体富营养化与水华防控、污染物过程与生态环境效应、生物多样性保育与水体生态恢复、河湖生态水文与水资源保护、湖泊沉积与全球变化等方向的最新原创性、高水平研究成果. 相似文献
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鄱阳湖流域径流模型 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
流域径流是鄱阳湖主要来水,建立鄱阳湖流域径流模型对揭示湖泊水量平衡及其受流域自然和人类活动的影响具有重要意义.针对鄱阳湖-流域系统的特点:流域面积大(16.22×104km2)、多条入湖河流、湖滨区坡面入湖径流等,研究了相应的模拟方法,建立了考虑流域土壤属性和土地利用空间变化的鄱阳湖流域分布式径流模型.采用6个水文站1991-2001年的实测河道径流对模型进行了率定和验证.结果显示,模型整体模拟精度较高.其中,赣江、信江和饶河均取得了较好的模拟结果,月效率系数为0.82-0.95;抚河和修水模拟精度略低,为0.65-0.78.模型揭示了研究时段内年平均入湖径流总量为1623×108m3,其中,赣江最多,占47%,其次为信江和抚河,分别占13%和12%,湖滨区坡面入湖径流约占4%,其余24%来自饶河、修水以及其它入湖支流.模型将用于评估流域下垫面或气候变化引起的入湖水量变化,为湖泊水量平衡计算提供依据. 相似文献
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Development of a polder module in the SWAT model: SWATpld for simulating polder areas in south‐eastern China 
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下载免费PDF全文 Polders are one of the most common artificial hydrological entities in the plain river network regions of China. Due to enclosed dikes, manual drainage, and irrigation intake operations, polders have had a significant impact on the hydrological processes of these areas. Distributed hydrological models are effective tools to understand and reproduce the hydrological processes of a watershed. To date, however, few models are able to simulate the drainage and irrigation intake interactions of polders at a watershed scale. This study develops a modified version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, which is designed to better represent polders (SWATpld). The SWATpld model simulates drainage and irrigation intake processes by calculating the excess‐water storage in the inner rivers and irrigation schedule for paddy rice in the polder. Both SWAT and SWATpld models were tested for the Liyang watershed. SWATpld outperformed SWAT in simulating the daily discharge and intake of the experimental polder and predicting the monthly peak flow at the outlet of the Liyang watershed, which suggests that the modified model simulates the hydrological responses of the study watershed with polder operations more realistically than the original SWAT model does. Further evaluation at various locations and in various climate conditions would increase the confidence of this model. 相似文献
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A stem‐branch topological codification for watershed subdivision and identification to support distributed hydrological modelling at large river basins 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Watershed subdivision is a useful discretization method for distributed hydrological models at large river basins. A subwatershed codification method, which is able to identify the subwatershed uniquely and reflect the topological relationship is desired. According to the previous literatures, there are two types of coding methods suitable for the subwatershed codification: the Pfafstetter‐group rules and the modified binary tree codification method. But, both of them have some shortcomings in theory and application. A new coding method named stem‐branch topological codification is developed to overcome these shortcomings, which is based on the stem‐branch topological structure of the drainage networks and capable of reflecting the river hierarchy. The basic coding elements of the method are river reaches in the drainage networks, which are not only generated by the tributary junctions, but also by the splitting points of hydrological factors (e.g. hydrological gauge stations and reservoirs). Also, the method could handle complex confluences (e.g. river reaches with more than two upstream inflows), which are rare under natural conditions, but more frequent in the digital elevation model extracted or artificial drainage networks (e.g. sewage systems or irrigation drainage networks). With the stem‐branch topological codification codes, it is easy to identify the upstream (or downstream) relationship between any two subwatersheds and to calculate the directly connected subwatershed codes. Also, if some changes have occurred in the drainage network, there is no need to recode the whole watershed, but by modifying the existed codes to form the new ones. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Sonja Jankowfsky Flora Branger Isabelle Braud Jorge Gironás Fabrice Rodriguez 《水文研究》2013,27(25):3747-3761
Suburban areas are subject to strong anthropogenic modifications, which can influence hydrological processes. Sewer systems, ditches, sewer overflow devices and retention basins are introduced and large surface areas are sealed off. The knowledge of accurate flow paths and watershed boundaries in these suburban areas is important for storm water management, hydrological modelling and hydrological data analysis. This study proposes a new method for the determination of the drainage network based on time efficient field investigations and integration of sewer system maps into the drainage network for small catchments of up to 10 km2. A new method is also proposed for the delineation of subcatchments and thus the catchment area. The subcatchments are delineated using a combination of an object‐oriented approach in the urban zone and geographical information system–based terrain analysis with flow direction forcing in the rural zone. The method is applied to the Chaudanne catchment, which belongs to the Yzeron river network and is located in the suburban area of Lyon, France. The resulting subcatchment map gives information about subcatchment response and contribution. The method is compared with six other automatic catchment delineation methods based on stream burning, flow direction forcing and calculation of subcatchments for inlet points. None of the automatic methods could correctly represent the catchment area and flow paths observed in the field. The watershed area calculated with these methods differs by as much as 25% from the area computed with the new method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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利用 PcRaster 的环境动态模拟语言，基于地图运算和网格之间水流运动的模拟，开发了水文过程模拟模型，选择 太湖流域上游的西苕溪流域进行试验，用实测资料对模拟结果进行了验证，结果表明模型模拟结果与实际是符合的．本 模型可以用于流域的物质迁移、污染物迁移、人类活动的环境影响变化等的模拟．在此水文过程模拟的基础上，只要叠加 网格上的物质产出率，就可以很容易得到子流域出口的物质通量的变化和其在流域上的空间分布，集成各个子流域过程， 就可以得到流域出口断面的物质通量的变化． 相似文献
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基于地图计算的流域水文过程模拟——以太湖流域上游西苕溪流域为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本实验的目的是提取和纯化铜绿微囊藻(Microcystic aeruginosa var．major)胞外带酸性基团的多糖,为综合利用爆 发的水华提供一定的理论依据．采用 pH 8．0、80℃的热水抽提铜绿微囊藻的胞外多糖．经充分脱蛋白、脱色后用 DEAE- 纤维素(DE-52)作离子交换柱层析,分离出其中不被 DE-52吸附和被吸附的两种组分．取后者上 sephadexG-150柱进 一步分离得到两种分子量不同的酸性多糖(EAPS Ⅰ和 EAPSⅡ),质量比为1．92∶1,经 HPLC 测定 EAPS Ⅰ均分子量为7．01 ×10~4D,EAPSⅡ均分子量为4．21×10~4D．经测定,它们各带有不同含量的酸性基团：EAPS Ⅰ糖醛酸含量为10．74%, SO_4~(2-)含量为44．44μg/mg,EAPSⅡ糖醛酸含量为7．08%,SO_4~(2-)含量为9．08μg/mg．EAPSⅠ单糖组成为：9．6549%D( ) 木糖,19．2522% D-果糖,71．0930%葡萄糖;EAPSⅡ单糖组成为：6．4065%D( )木糖,18．0016%D-果糖,75．5919%葡萄糖． 相似文献
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Determination of the drainage structure of a watershed using a digital elevation model and a digital river and lake network 总被引：36，自引：0，他引：36
R. Turcotte J. -P. Fortin A. N. Rousseau S. Massicotte J. -P. Villeneuve 《Journal of Hydrology》2001,240(3-4):225-242
Distributed hydrological models require a detailed definition of a watershed's internal drainage structure. The conventional approach to obtain this drainage structure is to use an eight flow direction matrix (D8) which is derived from a raster digital elevation model (DEM). However, this approach leads to a rather coarse drainage structure when monitoring or gauging stations need to be accurately located within a watershed. This is largely due to limitations of the D8 approach and the lack of information over flat areas and pits. The D8 approach alone is also unable to differentiate lakes from plain areas.
To avoid these problems a new approach, using a digital river and lake network (DRLN) as input in addition to the DEM, has been developed. This new approach allows for an accurate fit between the DRLN and the modelled drainage structure, which is represented by a flow direction matrix and a modelled watercourse network. More importantly, the identification of lakes within the modelled network is now possible. The proposed approach, which is largely rooted in the D8 approach, uses the DRLN to correct modelled flow directions and network calculations. For DEM cells overlapped by the DRLN, flow directions are determined using DRLN connections only. The flow directions of the other DEM cells are evaluated with the D8 approach which uses a DEM that has been modified as a function of distance to the DRLN.
The proposed approach has been tested on the Chaudière River watershed in southern Québec, Canada. The modelled watershed drainage structure showed a high level of coherence with the DRLN. A comparison between the results obtained with the D8 approach and those obtained by the proposed approach clearly demonstrated an improvement over the conventionally modelled drainage structure. The proposed approach will benefit hydrological models which require data such as a flow direction matrix, a river and lake network and sub-watersheds for drainage structure information. 相似文献
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Watershed delineation is a required step when conducting any spatially distributed hydrological modelling. Automated approaches are often proposed to delineate a watershed based on a river network extracted from the digital elevation model (DEM) using the deterministic eight‐neighbour (D8) method. However, a realistic river network cannot be derived from conventional DEM processing methods for a large flat area with a complex network of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and polders, referred to as a plain river network region (PRNR). In this study, a new approach, which uses both hydrographic features and DEM, has been developed to address the problems of watershed delineation in PRNR. It extracts the river nodes and determines the flow directions of the river network based on a vector‐based hydrographic feature data model. The river network, lakes, reservoirs, and polders are then used to modify the flow directions of grid cells determined by D8 approach. The watershed is eventually delineated into four types of catchments including lakes, reservoirs, polders, and overland catchments based on the flow direction matrix and the location of river nodes. Multiple flow directions of grid cells are represented using a multi‐direction encoding method, and multiple outflows of catchments are also reflected in the topology of catchments. The proposed approach is applied to the western Taihu watershed in China. Comparisons between the results obtained from the D8 approach, the ‘stream burning’ approach, and those from the proposed approach clearly demonstrate an improvement of the new approach over the conventional approaches. This approach will benefit the development of distributed hydrological models in PRNR for the consideration of different types and multiple inlets and outlets of catchments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献