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1.
This paper raises questions regarding the desirable sizes of retail facilities within an existing urban system. We address questions of efficiency by reference to a social welfare function and by reference to profit maximization by developers. To this end we utilize a gravity-type simulation model and apply it in the case of Haifa, Israel based on a unique data base. Based on simulations of a single developer who owns all the retail facilities the optimal locations yield large retail facilities away from residential areas and smaller ones in the locations closer to the buying power. In the case that each facility is owned separately, stepwise optimization yields optimal order of development, first at locations in close proximity to the buying power. In the early stages of the development of a retail system the revenues are expected to be high and the sizes of retailers moderate. The total amount of retail space supplied by the modern retailers in reality is significantly higher than the amount suggested by the optimization tests. 相似文献
2.
《Geoforum》2018
In 2014, Tesco – one of the world’s largest food retailers – revealed that it had generated almost 57,000 tonnes of food waste in its UK operations over the previous twelve-month period. This shocking statistic added to existing evidence of a significant environmental and social problem in the UK and across the world. This paper utilises convention theory to examine the role of major retailers in the context of this global problem and assesses their motivations for acting on food waste. Drawing on interviews with key stakeholders (including major retailers), the analysis investigates their main justifications for action on food waste. It finds that retailers mostly appealed to three conventions or ‘orders of worth’ (civic, market and opinion) and used these as a basis for their commitment to food waste reduction. We argue that the combination of these different justifications is feasible and necessary in the context of the retail sector but that they may also lead to some unintended consequences (in the retail sector and beyond). Crucially, we demonstrate how the dilution of civic justifications (by their financial and reputational counterparts) might produce negative outcomes and inaction as retailers attempt to adhere to the so-called ‘food waste hierarchy’. The paper highlights the continuing significance of convention theory as a framework for analysing possible responses to the social and environmental challenges confronting global agro-food systems. 相似文献
3.
Local food is championed as one alternative response to industrial systems of food production and supply. While advocacy for local food is high, there is a lack of empirical evidence about the actual shape and scale of such food supply chains, especially from a retail perspective. Using supply chain diagrams, this paper presents a summary of ‘new’ agro-food geographies for five different retail types—farm shops, butchers, caterers, specialist shops, supermarkets/department stores—that all source local food from suppliers in the Scottish-English borders. Presented as five separate ‘shopping trips’, the paper examines where, how and why retailers source local food. Results reveal the complex nature of local food systems, especially in terms of intra-sector competitive dynamics (with a notable tension between direct forms of retail and established (independent) retailers), links and overlaps with ‘normal’ food retail systems and elastic notions of the ‘local’. The paper also draws a key distinction between locally produced and locally supplied food products. 相似文献
4.
Jonathan Reynolds 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):245-254
The internationalising activities of retailers have tended to precede the theoretical contributions of academics. This is
particularly the case for the cultural context within which retail internationalisation takes place. Following an examination
of the growth of international retailing activity, the article reviews generic difficulties in studying inter-cultural differences
before considering the specific steps which retail practitioners have taken to understand the comparative characteristics
of retail and consumer markets through the growth of geodemographic and lifestyle analysis. Finally, we relate one of the
most significant integrative intercultural theoretical instruments to the case of retail internationalisation within Western
Europe. We find that significant insights into retailer behaviour and strategy can be gained from an understanding of the
culturally-specific characteristics of the activity.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
The retail geography literature has long recognised the importance of spatial and catchment analysis to inform decision-making relating to store development. However, less attention has been directed to store development “in practice” and, more specifically, how location research and geographical knowledge is leveraged across the wider retail business – in particular informing the marketing function. Through the use of a semi-structured interview and focus group methodology involving approximately 40 location planning, property and marketing analysts, we find that while some larger retailers have established close links between store development and marketing functions in the exchange of catchment, customer, competitor and loyalty card data to inform local marketing, product ranging, promotional mailings and post-opening store performance reviews, this tends to be the exception rather than the rule. We suggest there is a need for location planners to develop their intra-organisational legitimacy to engender a culture of knowledge-sharing and challenge the departmentalised, silo cultures that exist within some retailers in order to better leverage geographical insights and assist in the realisation of appropriate customer propositions and marketing strategies. 相似文献
6.
Clifford M. Guy 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):255-264
This paper reviews current methods used in classifying retail outlets and areas devoted to retailing, in the geographical
and town planning literature. For retail outlets, classifications based upon types of goods sold, and types of shopping trip,
are discussed. This is followed by an analysis of modern large store development which reflects property developers' and retailers'
concerns. Areas devoted to retail uses are subdivided into unplanned ‘retail areas’ and planned ‘shopping centres’. Traditional
classifications based upon central place theory are reviewed for both of these types, and found wanting in the light of recent
changes in retail development practice and consumer behaviour. Classifications based upon physical development characteristics
and type of shopping trip are recommended. Finally, classifications of urban retail location are examined.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
Tomer Goodovitch 《GeoJournal》1994,34(4):499-505
This article analyzes the basic structure of aviation in the Middle East and the development possibilities as a result of Israeli-Palestinian cooperation consequent to the peace process. This paper is a first attempt at estimating the advantages and disadvantages of such cooperation to the Israeli and Palestinian economies. In addition, the research leads to an initial formulation of how to maximize the benefits for both parties.Israeli-Palestinian cooperation offers more than objective economic advantages; such cooperation can also form a functional base for a political-policy framework. In economic terms, both sides can benefit from economies of scale and more efficient utilization of the existing facilities, thus avoiding the waste of valuable resources in establishing two sets of aviation facilities. However these economic criteria are not the only advantage of cooperation. In fact, critical operational and security requirements exist as well, both in terms of passenger security and safety, where air traffic control requiring coordination in a limited airways system. Furthermore, trends in the air travel market point to future bilateral agreements on the basis of blocs of nations and not individual countries. Therefore, Isreali-Palestinian cooperation would enable Israel to maintain the existing framework of favorable bilateral agreement with Europa and the United States.Cooperation of this kind is viable both economically and politically, as it avoids political conflicts by providing infrastructure on an equal basis to the Palestinians, either by lease or purchase of Israeli facilities. The primary advantage of joint ownership is that the Palestinians will save the development and construction costs of new infrastructure, while Israel can both develop the existing infrastructure and free funds for economic development. At the same it is possible to take advantage of economies of scale in order to reap the economic benefits of this process. 相似文献
8.
Sally Eden 《Geoforum》1993,24(4)
This paper examines how retail businesses have employed the concept of environmental responsibility in order to justify their activities in the environmental arena. The sources of such publicised responsibility are investigated in terms of the relationship between the business and the consumer and how far responsibility has a moral base within the company or an economic justification with respect to demand. Data come from in-depth interviews with national and local managers of large multiple grocery superstores in the U.K. as well as from material published by these companies both through leafletting and more standardised reporting channels. Emphasis is placed upon the contradictions between the declaration of internally derived responsibility and the external pressures of demand, legislation and public image, suggesting an anticipatory form of environmental responsibility has been developed by retailers and that this may produce more proactive measures as the environmental debate matures. 相似文献
9.
Johan G. Borchert 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):327-336
The retail system is continuously adapting itself to changing demographic conditions, consumer behavior and economic conditions.
Existing retail units, getting larger in order to achieve economics of scale, and new forms of large-scale retailing do not
fit easily in the traditional spatial pattern of retail concentrations. Neverteless the spatial distribution of retailing
in urban areas, as schematized by Berry thirty-five years ago, still has its value. Through an upward hierarchical movement
the retail system has adapted itself to an inflexible spatial system, in which downtown has still a dominant position. Future
developments, however, may weaken the position of central shopping areas in favour of peripheral locations.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
区域滑坡空间分布的变维分形特征研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
定量研究滑坡的空间分布特征对研究滑坡灾害的孕育发展具有重要意义。以陕西省宁强县滑坡为例,采用变维分形方法,探讨滑坡在空间分布上的变维分形特征。结果表明：区域滑坡与不同影响因子,即高程、起伏度、坡度、距河流距离、距断裂带距离和地层岩性之间全部呈一阶累积和变维分形分布特征,且分形维数分别是0.511 1、1.135 7、1.290 6、0.903 8、1.189 5、0.979 9。由此可见滑坡对于不同影响因子的敏感度由高到低分别是坡度＞距断裂带距离＞起伏度＞地层岩性＞距河流距离＞高程。上述研究表明用变维分形理论来研究滑坡的空间分布特征是完全可行的,它能够定量地反映滑坡的空间分布与各影响因素之间的敏感性关系,特别是对于GIS空间叠加分析时权重的确定有着重要的意义。 相似文献
11.
Grain-size distributions of gravels transported as bedload in Oak Creek, Oregon, show systematic variations with changing flow discharges. At low discharges the gravel distributions are nearly symmetrical and Gaussian. As discharges increase, the distributions become more skewed and follow the ideal Rosin distribution. The patterns of variations are established by goodness-of-fit comparisons between the measured and theoretical distributions, and by Q-mode factor analysis. Two end members are obtained in the factor analysis, having (respectively) almost perfect Gaussian and Rosin distributions, and the percentages of the two end members within individual samples vary systematically with discharge. Transformation from Gaussian to Rosin distribution with increasing discharge may be explained by processes of selective entrainment of grains from a bed of mixed sizes. Samples of bed material in Oak Creek follow the Rosin distribution. At high discharges, the transported bedload approaches the grain sizes of that bed-material source and mimics its Rosin distribution. Random-selection processes must be more important to grain entrainment at lower discharges, so that the resulting Gaussian distributions of transported bedload reflect similar distributions of bed stresses exerted by the stream flow. The results from Oak Creek demonstrate that the competence of the flow is reflected in the entire distribution of transported gravel sizes. A sequence of layers of fluvial gravels, modern or ancient, might show systematic variations between coarse Rosin and finer-grained Gaussian distributions, and these could be used to infer frequencies of various discharges and to establish a relationship to the source sediment. With further study, analyses of changing bedload grain-size distributions and their transport rates will lead to a better understanding of downstream variations in grain sizes of bed sediments and how their distributions reflect the progressive development of textural maturity. 相似文献
12.
In order to describe the flow behaviour of debris flows often rheologic models are used. This study introduces two novel facilities
to determine rheologic parameters of different models for debris flow material mixtures containing grain sizes larger than
to be measured in standard viscometers. The diameter of the vertically rotating flume (VRF) is 2.5 m, the rectangular cross
section has a width of 0.45 m, and the maximum rotational speed is around 30 revolutions per minute, corresponding to a mean
speed of the examined mixture of ∼4 m/s. From the measured flow parameters total boundary shear stress and corresponding shear
rate of the flowing mixture are derived. The ball measuring system (BMS) consists of a sphere that is dragged at specific
speeds across a sample of 0.5 l volume with the help of a small sphere holder. Accordingly torques due to drag exerted on
the sphere and its holder as well as corresponding speeds are measured and transformed into values of shear stress and shear
rate based on the method of Metzner and Otto. Material taken from fresh debris flow deposits in Eastern Switzerland have been
investigated with both facilities. We present results from experiments involving mixtures with different sediment concentrations
and with grain sizes up to 5 mm. Although estimated from completely different approaches the rheologic parameters of the independent
measurements are generally in reasonable agreement. 相似文献
13.
Graham Clarke 《GeoJournal》1998,45(4):289-298
Academic research has made an enormous contribution to applied problem solving in the areas of retail planning and marketing.
The aim of this paper is to review the changing methodologies used in store location research beginning with the work on simple
checklist and analogue techniques in the 1960s. The arrival of geographical information systems (GIS) heralded the start of
a second phase of work which eventually saw GIS established in many retail organisations. However, the main argument of this
paper is the need to consider more sophisticated modelling procedures if the different types of corporate growth strategy
are to be adequately investigated. This third phase of research development focuses on these models and illustrates the business
potential of such approaches through a number of case studies.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Christopher Harker 《Geoforum》2011,42(3):306-315
This paper questions geographers’ ability to think about power and violence through different epistemological registers, specifically by examining the discursive production of Palestine as place in geopolitical studies. Although the banner of geopolitics groups together a variety of approaches, these studies more or less cohere around a very particular type of imaginative geography of place - as violent and political. Recent arguments for cosmopolitan approaches to place - particularly when encountering non-Euro/American sites - are used to argue for more diverse approaches to places such as Palestine within Anglophone geographical scholarship. Using research on Palestinian family spaces and spacings, an alternative approach is outlined that exposes some geographies of dealing with and getting by the Israeli Occupation that are largely ignored by geopolitical approaches. These tropes prompt a return, in the conclusion, to the question of how geographers analytically apprehend power and violence, and the possibilities for doing this at the limits of, and beyond, the framework of geopolitical analysis. 相似文献
15.
A. N. Korbutyak 《Moscow University Geology Bulletin》2014,69(4):198-205
Shaft-like structures that host petroleum deposits were studied within the Epi-Paleozoic plates using seismic methods. This study is very topical, as it revises existing ideas on the geological structure and tectonic position of the Aral-Kyzylkum shaft and presents the author’s 3D model of this structure, which was constructed on the basis of interpretation of 2D seismic data. It was established that tectonic uplift of the Aral-Kyzylkum shaft is an Alpine positive structure, which was initiated above the Early Cimmerian system of grabens in the modern strain field. This revision allowed us to propose a new model of petroleum structures of this type and estimate the possibility of using structural-geological approaches to an analysis of their petroleum potential. 相似文献
16.
The pattern of commercial spaces in a city has never been the consequence of chance. Retailers have always searched for the ‘best location’, but the notion of what exactly constitutes the ‘best location’ has changed over the decades. It is no longer a question of being close-to-market. It depends on an amount of social, economic and even morphological aspects of urban life, not to mention intrinsic aspects of the retail sector itself, namely new types of stores, products and purchase and payment options. Consequently, the methods retailers have employed to determine ‘best location’ have also evolved, and today increasingly complex mathematical and geospatial models are in use. It should then be safe to assume that commercial geography has changed and therefore, commercial hierarchies need to be re-invented, or at least challenged. A current trend in the literature is revealing more than ever the influence of commerce in the spatial and morphological re-configuration of cities. Thus, the understanding of modern retail patterns may be a key issue in interpreting and regulating the processes of urban, social and economic development. Using as test-beds four Portuguese medium-sized cities, commercial and morphological data was collected, analysed and compared, applying spatial analysis techniques. Similar patterns were found between the four cities, which led to the proposal of two geospatial commercial distribution models, one for the city-centre and one for the suburbia. These models shed a new light on the structure of Portuguese medium-size cities, and may well be valid in other medium and small towns across Europe. 相似文献
17.
GEODYNAMICS OF THE PAMIRS—HIMALAYA REGION 相似文献
18.
Deformation of middle crustal shear zones likely varies with time as a result of the stress build-up and release associated with earthquakes and post-seismic deformation, but the processes involved and their microstructural signature in the rock record are poorly understood. We conducted a series of experiments on quartzite at 900 °C to characterize microstructures associated with changes in stress and strain rate, and to investigate the feasibility of carrying out grain size piezometry in natural rocks that experienced analogous changes. Differential stress (referred to simply as “stress”) was varied in two-stage experiments by changing strain rate and by stopping the motor and allowing stress to relax. The two-stage samples preserve a microstructural record that can be interpreted quantitatively in terms of stress history. The microstructure associated with a stress increase is a bimodal distribution of recrystallized grain sizes. The smaller grains associated with the second deformation stage accurately record the stress of the second stage, and the surviving coarse grains remain similar in size to those formed during the earlier stage. The transient microstructure associated with stress decrease is a “partial foam” texture containing a larger concentration of stable 120° triple junctions than occur in samples deformed at a relatively constant strain rate. Our results indicate that microstructures preserved in rocks that experienced relatively simple, two-stage deformation histories can be used to quantitatively assess stress histories.Grain growth rates during deformation are similar to rates observed in previous isostatic growth experiments, supporting theoretical approaches to recrystallized grain size, such as the wattmeter theory (Austin and Evans, 2007), that incorporate static growth rates. From an analysis of the experimental data for quartz recrystallized grain size, we find: 1) Recrystallized grain size quickly reaches a value consistent with ambient deformation conditions. We argue that this explains a good match between average grain sizes predicted by the wattmeter after complete recrystallization and the recrystallized grain sizes of the experiments. 2) The present formulation of the wattmeter overestimates the rates at which porphyroclasts recrystallize by as much as an order of magnitude, and 3) owing to problems with extrapolation of grain growth data for quartz, the wattmeter is not presently applicable to natural samples deformed at low temperatures. We present a simplified flow law for quartz, and suggest that the change in slope of the quartz piezometer at high stress (regime 1) is related to a switch to a linear viscous rheology. 相似文献
19.
Meir Avinoam 《Geoforum》1982,13(1):57-68
This article undertakes a critique of positivist spatial diffusion theory, and then considers the validity of the humanistic approach. It argues that both philosophies are necessary and can be made complementary. An example is provided by the analysis of the adoption of industry in Israeli kibbutzim. 相似文献
20.
Reconstructing random topography from preserved stratification 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
One of the fundamental problems of interpreting the sedimentary record is reconstructing the original heights of palaeotopographical features such as bedforms or river channels. This requires an understanding of the relationship between topography and set thickness, but at present an exact theory exists only for periodic topography of uniform height. The applicability of this simple theory is severely limited by the random variability characteristic of many sedimentary systems. In this paper, we develop an exact theory for the probability-density function (PDF) of sets generated from topography of random height. We focus on the limiting case of zero net deposition in order to provide a lower bound for the set thickness, and derive an analytical set-thickness PDF that is determined by one parameter of the PDF for topographical height. This parameter, β, measures the breadth of the tail of the topographical PDF. The mean set thickness is 0.8225 β for bedforms and 1.645 β for river channels. If the topographical height is gamma distributed, the preservation ratio, defined as (mean thickness of preserved sets)/(mean topographical height), is 0.8225 r2 for bedforms and 1.645 r2 for river channels, where r is the coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) of the generating topography. In a comparison with data from laboratory current ripples, our analytical predictions compare well with observations of both mean set thickness and thickness distribution. The preservation ratio for the ripples is about 0.5, whilst measured dune heights give a preservation ratio of about 0.12. Depth data from two modern braided streams yield preservation ratios ranging from 0.4 to 0.75. As more data on the distributions of topographical height in modern environments become available, calculations such as these should help provide reliable error bounds for quantitative topographical reconstruction. 相似文献