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Lucie Nováková 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2014,58(2):269-288
This paper investigates the tectonic history and describes the paleostress evolution of the Hronov-Po?í?í Fault Zone in the northeastern part of the Bohemian Massif. A detailed structural research has been carried out in 50 localities. Faults and fractures have been investigated and measured. An analysis of the fault-slip data within the studied area resulted in the identification of four tectonic phases. The maximum principal stress was observed to be acting NE-SW during the first and youngest phase. The trend of the horizontal compression runs at 223° in the horizontal plane perpendicular to the reverse faults occurring in this phase, as well as to the studied fault zone. The minimum principal stress was found to be subvertical dipping at 87° and trending at 358°. Both the brittle tectonic investigations and paleostress analysis have documented that, at present, the Hronov-Po?í?í Fault Zone is under compressive regime with dextral component. 相似文献
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The Hronov-Po?í?í Fault Zone (HPFZ) is an active tectonic area with regularly occurring shallow earthquakes up to magnitude 5. For their exact locations, at least an average velocity model of the area is needed. A method of measuring local phase velocities of surface waves using the array of stations deployed permanently in the HPFZ is introduced. Seven regional and teleseismic events are selected to represent different backazimuths of propagation. Applicable range of periods is estimated for each event. The coherency of the waves reaching the array is constraining the short period range. The dimension of the array is a limiting factor for the long-periods. A dispersion curve of Rayleigh wave phase velocity measured at the vertical component and characterizing 1D properties of the target area is determined using the seven measurements for the interval from 1 to 40 s. An isometric method is used to invert the determined dispersion curve for shear and longitudinal velocity distribution from the surface to the depth of 65 km. 相似文献
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Petr Pruner Nadja Zupan Hajna Andrej Mihevc Pavel Bosák Otakar Man Petr Schnabl Daniela Venhodová 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2010,54(1):27-48
Clastic and chemogenic cave sediments were sampled and analyzed from Račiška pečina and Pečina v Borštu caves of southwestern
Slovenia. Samples were subjected to both thermal and alternating field demagnetization; specimens belonging to the same sample
of the same layer produce identical results. Unblocking temperatures of 540 to 560°C on average suggests magnetite as the
principal carrier of magnetization. These directions also pass a reversals test indicating the demagnetization results are
free of secondary overprints and have adequately averaged out paleosecular variation. Normally magnetized clays containing
fauna belonging to the MN17 mammal biozone at a depth of ∼ 4 m in Račiška pecina cave indicate these clays were deposited
at the beginning of the Olduvai subchron (1.95 Ma). Correlation with the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) indicates
the base of the speleothems in Račiška pečina terminate in the upper part of subchron C2An.3n with numerous breaks in deposition,
lasting up to 250 ka and more. Therefore rates of speleothem growth cannot be calculated. Fold tests on dome-like stalagmites
of differing sizes and ages (Pleistocene, Pliocene) from the two caves indicate the domelike structures are primary. 相似文献
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Pavel Peška 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1993,37(2):141-150
Summary A set of overcoring measurements in deep mines near Píbram is re-interpreted in order to obtain information on the regional component of in situ stress. This is achieved by averaging 17 complete stress tensors measured at the deepest level of the mine, at a depth of 1240 m. The computations indicate that (1) the mean principal stresses act roughly in the horizontal and vertical directions, and (2) the maximum principal stress is horizontal, acting NW - SE, which was also confirmed by the data from all 42 sites of the mine area. The NW - SE orientation of SH is consistent with the stress pattern in Western Europe and also with borehole breakouts observed within the Bohemian Massif, but the quality of the stress indicator obtained is poor — the standard deviation of the SH direction is 26°. High variance of the directional data is discussed with respect to stress redistribution due to the mine workings and the contact separating Proterozoic sediments from the Variscan pluton. 相似文献
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《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):682-699
Abstract The study area consists of the spring zones of the Kr?i?, Krka and Cetina river catchments located in the Dinaric karst, Croatia. Classical hydrological approaches and some newer time and frequency domain methods are used in order to validate the existing hypotheses both qualitatively and quantitatively, and these contribute to factual information about the hydrological behaviour of the catchments. The groundwater recharge rates are calculated by a mathematical model based on Palmer's soil-moisture balance method. The values of parameters of the groundwater recharge model are estimated by the spectral method. The calculated monthly and annual groundwater recharge rates form the basis for estimating the hydrological catchment areas of the spring zones and also for the determina-tion of quantitative relationships between the catchments. 相似文献
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T. C. Jude-Eton T. Thordarson M. T. Gudmundsson B. Oddsson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(5):1057-1082
The basaltic, phreatomagmatic eruption of Grímsv?tn volcano, Iceland, in November 2004 (G2004) lasted for 5?days, during which time two separate vents were active. Significant deposition of tephra occurred in the first 45?h only. We have subdivided the deposit into seven units (A–G) on the basis of differences in texture, grain size and componentry, and the presence of sharp contacts between the layers. The distribution of tephra lobes was used to infer the vent of origin for each unit. The G2004 deposit is poorly sorted overall and consists of non-vesicular to highly vesicular juvenile components. Units A and B comprise almost exclusively non- to poorly vesicular glass fragments, whereas units C–G contain at least 30?vol.% highly vesicular pumice. The proportion of non-juvenile fragments increases significantly in the final unit (unit F) of the main phase; non-juvenile fragments are restricted to the coarse (>0 Φ) fraction of the deposit. Main phase units C and E account for 80% of the total deposit volume, including the entire distal portion, and are interpreted to represent a mixture of (1) a widely dispersed component that fell from the upper margins of a strongly inclined (～45°), 6–10?km high plume and (2) a locally dispersed (<3?km from source) component originating from pyroclastic density currents and minor tephra jets. 相似文献
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《国际泥沙研究》2020,35(3):287-294
The Suquia River,the largest urban river in Cordoba(Argentina),has been severely polluted for decades.Actions must be taken to restore its environmental quality by managing riparian zones for increased water-self purification.The current study aimed to characterize organic matter(OM) dynamics and humic substances(HS) spectrochemical properties along the lower-middle basin of the Suquia River.Riparian soil(0-20 cm) and sediment(0-10 cm) samples were collected from a reference location(S1)and four polluted sites(S2-S5) during a low-flow period.The contents of soil and sedimentary OM and HS fractions were analyzed by wet oxidation,as well as HS Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis) spectrochemical properties.The OM and HS fractions from riparian soil were high upstream of Cordoba City(S1 and S2,50.2-50.4 g/kg OM) and within a 50 km downstream location(S5,30.9 g/kg OM) owing to a surplus of fresh plant biomass-carbon(C) inputs.Highly heterogeneous sediment samples did not show any significant differences among sites(P 0.05).The lowest values of the ratio of absorbances at 465 and 665 nm(E4/E6)(1.78) and the Δ log K(0.15) coefficient(a measure of HS maturity degree) were obtained downstream of Cordoba City,for both riparian soil and sediment,indicating that HS were enriched by more condensed aromatic structures within highly degraded portions of the river.All samples exhibited similar IR spectra,implying overlapping recalcitrant-C structures at the functional group level,but with different absorbance intensity.Data from the current study constitute a baseline for understanding the chemical nature of HS from sediment and riparian soil along the Suquia River and can be used as a reference for future studies tracking OM compositional changes over time. 相似文献
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A major seismic swarm occurred near Parícutin volcano between the end of May and early July 2006. More than 700 earthquakes
with magnitude (M
L
) exceeding 2.4 were located. Parícutin, located in the Michoacán–Guanajuato volcanic field in western Mexico, is well known
as the site of the 1943 eruption in which a new 400 m cinder cone was constructed in what had been farmland. The 2006 swarm
exhibits all of the characteristics typically associated with swarms of volcanic origins. The earthquake rate showed the typical
ramp up and ramp down over the course of several days. Magnitudes were evenly distributed in time with a notably high b-value
of 2.45. The earthquake locations cluster around a northeast-striking trend extending approximately 6 km. Over the first two
weeks, hypocenters migrated steadily a few hundred meters per day, rising from 9 to 5 km depth and moving northeast about
5 km. On approximately June 7, the ascent of hypocenters stalled. For the next three weeks, hypocenters held their depth while
migrating laterally back to the southwest. Focal mechanisms during the first part of the swarm reflected the increased stress
caused by dike inflation. Following June 7, the stress orientation changed and became more consistent with the inflation of
horizontal sill-like structures. Though only limited information is available from the seismic swarm preceding the 1943 eruption,
several features, including the swarm duration and magnitude relationships, were comparable to those of the 2006 episode.
The strong indicators of a magmatic origin to the 2006 swarm suggest that at this location there are few, if any, traditional
seismic discriminants that could be used to distinguish which seismic swarms and dike emplacement events might culminate in
eruption. 相似文献
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Bergrún Arna Óladóttir Gudrún Larsen Olgeir Sigmarsson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2011,73(9):1187-1208
Assessment of potential future eruptive behaviour of volcanoes relies strongly on detailed knowledge of their activity in the past, such as eruption frequency, magnitude and repose time. The eruption history of three partly subglacial volcanic systems, Grímsvötn, Bárdarbunga and Kverkfjöll, was studied by analysing tephra from soil profiles around the Vatnajökull ice-cap, which extend back to ~7.6 ka. Well known regional Holocene marker tephra (e.g. H3, H4, H5) were utilized to correlate profiles. Stratigraphic positions and geochemical compositions were used for fine-scale correlation of basaltic tephra. Around Vatnajökull ice-cap 345 tephra layers were identified, of which 70% originated from Grímsvötn, Bárdarbunga or Kverkfjöll. The eruption frequency of each volcanic system was estimated; Grímsvötn has been the most active with an average of ~7 eruptions/100 years (range 4–14) during prehistoric time (before ~870 AD); Bárdarbunga has been the second most active with ~5 eruptions/100 years (range 1–8); and Kverkfjöll has remained essentially calm with 0–3 eruptions/100 years but showing periodic activity with repose times of >1000 years. All three volcanic systems experienced lulls in activity from 5 ka to 2 ka, referred to as the “Mid-Holocene low”. This reduced eruption frequency appears to have resulted from a decrease in magma generation and delivery from the mantle plume rather than from changes in ice-load/glacier thickness. In prehistoric time, there was a time lag of 1000–3000 years between a peak of activity at volcanoes directly above the mantle plume versus at volcanoes located in the non-rifting part of the Eastern Volcanic Zone, closer to the periphery of the island. This time-space relationship suggests that a significant future increase in volcanism can be expected there, following increased levels of volcanism above the plume. 相似文献
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Coastal gill net entanglement and debris intake are important threats to the survival of sea turtles. Two sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea and Chelonia mydas) were found stranded along the coast of Paraíba. After necropsy, plastic debris were found in the stomach. The debris is described. This is the first record of this sort of problem for the Paraíba littoral. 相似文献
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H. Tuffen D. W. McGarvie H. Pinkerton J. S. Gilbert R. A. Brooker 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2008,70(7):841-860
This paper describes unusual rhyolitic deposits at Dalakvísl, Torfajökull, Iceland that were emplaced during a Quaternary subglacial eruption. Despite its small volume (<0.2 km3), the eruption mechanisms were highly variable and involved both explosive and intrusive phases. The explosive phase involved vesiculation-driven magma fragmentation at the glacier base and generated a pumiceous pyroclastic deposit containing deformed sheets of dense obsidian. Textures suggest that the obsidian was generated by the collapse of partly fragmented foam that was intruding the deposit and water contents indicate quenching at elevated pressures. In contrast, the intrusive phase of the eruption generated vesicle-poor quench hyaloclastites associated with a variety of peperitic lava bodies. The presence of juvenile-rich fluvio-lacustrine sediments is the first documented evidence that meltwater may pond close to the vent during subglacial rhyolite eruptions if the bedrock topography is favourable. In order to explain the variable eruption mechanisms, a conceptual model is presented in which the transition from an explosive to an intrusive eruption was controlled by the space available for fragmentation within the subglacial cavity melted above the vent. When the cavity became completely filled by volcanic deposits, the vent became blocked and rising magma was forced to intrude through poorly consolidated debris. This led to arrested fragmentation and welding of foam domains to form vesicle-poor obsidian lava; the transition to an intrusive eruption has taken place. Although this vent-blocking mechanism is particularly relevant to subglacial eruptions, it may also apply to subaerial rhyolitic eruptions, where patterns of explosive and effusive activity cannot be explained by shallow degassing processes alone. Meanwhile, the variable style of a small-volume subglacial rhyolite eruption further highlights the complex processes that mediate volcano-ice interactions. 相似文献
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Marta Rutz López Francisco J. Núñez Cornú Carlos Suárez Plascencia 《Geofísica Internacional》2013,52(1):59-72
The coast in the state of Jalisco and south of Nayarit is located within a region of high seismic potential, increasing population, and tourism development. This motivated Civil Defense authorities of Jalisco and the Universidad de Guadalajara to launch in the year 2000 the assessment of the seismic risk of the region. This work focuses in the seismicity study of the area of Bahía de Banderas and northern coast of Jalisco, which is actually a seismic gap. We perform an analysis of available seismograms to characterize active crustal structures, their relationship to surface morphology, and possible extent of these structures into the bay shallow parts. The data consist of waveforms recorded during 2003 when the seismograph network spanned the region. Our method is based on the identification of seismic clusters or families using cross-correlation of waveforms, earthquake relocation and modeling of fault planes. From an initial data set of 404 located earthquakes, 96 earthquakes with ML < 3.6 are related to 17 potentially active continental structures. We present fault plane model for 11 structures. A subgroup of 7 structures is aligned parallel to the Middle America Trench, as a possible consequence of oblique subduction. The foci of the earthquakes were grouped into clusters corresponding to fault dimensions of hundred of meters, may be considered as asperities or barriers in tectonic structures with lengths between 10 and 30 km. These structures could generate shallow earthquakes with magnitudes between 5.0 and 6.0 and represent an additional seismic threat to the region. 相似文献
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