HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY OF GROUNDWATER IN CENTRAL ISRAEL     

Arnon ARAD 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):122-146

ABSTRACT

The regional groundwater groups of central Israel include:

1. bicarbonate waters representing the replenishment areas;

2. chloride waters representing the confined and the base-level zones;

3. sulfate waters of the intermediate zones (fig. 2).

These water types were found to fit broadly into five hydrogeographical groups.

The chemical evolution of the ground waters is a function of: a) lithology and solubility of the aquifer components and of the surrounding strata; b) mixing between groundwater bodies of different composition. The first factor is important mainly within the confined zones while the latter is conspicuous in the Rift Valley and adjacent areas.

Groundwater mixing within the Dead Sea basin produces waters with Mg > Na > Ca, and Cl ? SO > HCO₃. Other brines show the order: Ca > Na > Mg. All these brines show compositions different from ocean water.  相似文献   

SIMULATION OF A SERIES OF DAILY AREAL MEAN RAINFALLS FOR A BASIN USING RAINFALL OBSERVATIONS AT A REFERENCE STATION LOCATED OUTSIDE THE BASIN / Simulation d'une série de précipitations journalières moyennes spatiales sur un bassin,en utilisant les hauteurs pluviométriques observées à une station de référence située en dehors du bassin     

F. BULTOT  G. L. DUPRIEZ 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):569-585

Abstract

A mathematical model is built which enables daily estimates to be made of the areal mean rainfalls for a basin using rainfall observations at a reference station of the same climature* but which may be situated at some distance from the basin. The method consists of:

1. (1) determining the probabilities of the characteristic types of association between areal mean rainfalls of varying magnitude at the basin and rainfall events of various types at the reference station.

2. (2) establishing the conditional distributions of areal mean rainfalls at the basin.

3. (3) estimating the areal mean rainfalls at the basin (a) by the Monte Carlo method and (b) by accepting that the mean basin rainfalls and the reference station rainfall are, in their respective statistical distributions, fractiles of the same order.

Finally, the validity of the simulated series is checked by means of various tests.  相似文献   

DEVELOPMENT OF MORE EFFICIENT AIRGUN ARRAYS: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT*     

R. C. JOHNSTON 《Geophysical Prospecting》1982,30(6):752-773

Source strength of an airgun array may be increased by:

• — utilizing higher pressure,
• — increasing total array volume,
• — employing more guns,
• — improving gun efficiency.

One measure of gun efficiency is “specific source strength”, P_a*, defined as source strength per unit quantity of air used. Typical units are MPa m/l. Most developments are directed toward increasing gun pressure and/or gun volume to increase source strength of the array. These efforts require that more air compressors be installed onboard the ship. Consequently, a larger ship may be needed for the additional compressors, guns, and auxiliary equipment. A development program was initiated in 1976 to increase source strength of the array without using a larger ship. New guns were designed and built—one for 41.4 MPa and 7.37 liter (6000 p.s.i./450 in³) operation and another with 13.8 MPa and 4.92 liter (2000 p.s.i./300 in³) capability. Experiments were conducted with these new guns (and existing guns) over a range of pressures from 13.8 to 41.4 MPa (2000 to 6000 p.s.i.). Design of the new guns was aided by a mathematical model. The model relates physical dimensions of the airgun to acoustic pressure in the water. It consists of four nonlinear differential equations relating

• — shuttle motion,
• — bubble pressure,
• — chamber pressure,
• — bubble radius.

The last equation is the “free-bubble-oscillation equation” and represents the ideal case of a pressurized bubble released instantaneously in water. The three other equations modify this ideal case; the four equations together model an airgun of the type manufactured by Bolt Associates, Inc.  相似文献   

Reference hydrologic networks I. The status and potential future directions of national reference hydrologic networks for detecting trends     

Paul H. Whitfield  Donald H. Burn  Jamie Hannaford  Hélène Higgins  Glenn A. Hodgkins  Terry Marsh 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(8):1562-1579

Abstract

Identifying climate-driven trends in river flows on a global basis is hampered by a lack of long, quality time series data for rivers with relatively undisturbed regimes. This is a global problem compounded by the lack of support for essential long-term monitoring. Experience demonstrates that, with clear strategic objectives, and the support of sponsoring organizations, reference hydrologic networks can constitute an exceptionally valuable data source to effectively identify, quantify and interpret hydrological change—the speed and magnitude of which is expected to a be a primary driver of water management and flood alleviation strategies through the future—and for additional applications. Reference hydrologic networks have been developed in many countries in the past few decades. These collections of streamflow gauging stations, that are maintained and operated with the intention of observing how the hydrology of watersheds responds to variations in climate, are described. The status of networks under development is summarized. We suggest a plan of actions to make more effective use of this collection of networks.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor K. Hamed

Citation Whitfield, P.H., et al., 2012 Burn, D.H. 2012. Reference hydrologic networks, II. Using reference hydrologic networks to assess climate-driven changes in streamflow. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57(8) (this issue)[Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]. Reference hydrologic networks I. The status and potential future directions of national reference hydrologic networks for detecting trends. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (8), 1562–1579.  相似文献   

Integrated approach to choosing suitable areas for the realization of productive wells in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa     

Giorgio Ghiglieri  Alberto Carletti 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(8):1357-1370

Abstract

Comprehensive geological, hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical investigations were carried out in the south of Hodh El Chargui (southeast Mauritania). Obtaining a hydrogeological conceptual model is crucial for groundwater resources development and management. This is especially true in developing countries and in the rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. The chosen areas are represented by lithologies referring to a long geological time frame, dating from the Upper Neoproterozoic to the Quaternary age. We developed a methodology in order to identify sites that were suitable for the realization of productive, protected and correct wells to supply safe water to the rural community. A multicriteria approach to studying hydrogeology was used in the project area. In order to identify some main areas in which to carry out pilot interventions, criteria relating to water accessibility and availability, and to hydrogeological and water quality, were considered. Moreover, during the project, it was possible to transfer know-how and hand over responsibilities to the local population and bodies.

Citation Ghiglieri, G. & Carletti, A. (2010 Ghiglieri, G., Balia, R., Oggiano, G. and Pittalis, D. 2010. Prospecting for safe (low fluoride) groundwater in the Eastern African Rift: the Arumeru District (Northern Tanzania). Hydrol. Earth System Sci., 14: 1081–1091.  [Google Scholar]) Integrated approach to choosing suitable areas for the realization of productive wells in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(8), 1357–1370.  相似文献   

Catchment-scale vulnerability assessment of groundwater pollution from diffuse sources using the DRASTIC method: a case study     

Y. S. Yang  L. Wang 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(7):1206-1216

Abstract

The catchment-scale groundwater vulnerability assessment that delineates zones representing different levels of groundwater susceptibility to contaminants from diffuse agricultural sources has become an important element in groundwater pollution prevention for the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). This paper evaluates the DRASTIC method using an ArcGIS platform for assessing groundwater vulnerability in the Upper Bann catchment, Northern Ireland. Groundwater vulnerability maps of both general pollutants and pesticides in the study area were generated by using data on the factors depth to water, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone, and hydraulic conductivity, as defined in DRASTIC. The mountain areas in the study area have “high” (in 4.5% of the study area) or “moderate” (in 25.5%) vulnerability for general pollutants due to high rainfall, net recharge and soil permeability. However, by considering the diffuse agricultural sources, the mountain areas are actually at low groundwater pollution risk. The results of overlaying the maps of land use and the groundwater vulnerability are closer to the reality. This study shows that the DRASTIC method is helpful for guiding the prevention practices of groundwater pollution at the catchment scale in the UK.

Citation Yang, Y. S. & Wang, L. (2010 Yang, Y. S. and Wang, L. 2010. A review of modelling tools for implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive in handling diffuse water pollution. Water Resour. Manage., 24: 1819–1843.  [Google Scholar]) Catchment scale vulnerability assessment of groundwater pollution from diffuse sources using the DRASTIC method: a case study. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(7), 1206–1216.  相似文献   

Cost-efficient management of coastal aquifers via recharge with treated wastewater and desalination of brackish groundwater: general framework     

A. D. Koussis  E. Georgopoulou  A. Kotronarou  D. P. Lalas  P. Restrepo  G. Destouni 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(7):1217-1233

Abstract

Semi-arid coastal zones often suffer water-stress, as water demand is high and markedly seasonal, due to agriculture and tourism. Driven by scarcity of surface water, the communities in semi-arid coastal regions turn to aquifers as prime water source; but intensive exploitation of coastal aquifers causes seawater intrusion, which degrades the quality of groundwater. The cost-efficient and sustainable development of coastal aquifers can be achieved through a holistic management scheme which combines two non-traditional water sources: (a) saltwater, to be treated to the desired quality, and (b) wastewater, to be re-claimed to augment aquifer recharge for control of seawater intrusion, and also to meet certain demands. This management scheme is based on the idea that it is cost-advantageous to: (i) desalt brackish groundwater, instead of seawater, as the former requires far less energy, and (ii) to re‐use wastewater at only the differential cost to any treatment already practiced. In this paper, we present the general framework of the proposed management scheme, and a decision aid tool (DAT) which has been developed to assist decision makers to explore the scheme's decision space. The DAT uses cost as optimization criterion to screen various management scenarios, via modelling of the dynamic natural-engineered system behaviour, and identifies those cost-efficient ones that meet the water demand and achieve aquifer protection.

Citation Koussis, A. D., Georgopoulou, E., Kotronarou, A., Lalas, D. P., Restrepo, P., Destouni, G., Prieto, C., Rodriguez, J. J., Rodriguez-Mirasol, J., Cordero, T. & Gomez-Gotor, A. (2010 Koussis, A. D., Georgopoulou, E., Kotronarou, A., Mazi, K., Restrepo, P., Destouni, G., Prieto, C., Rodriguez, J. J., Rodriguez-Mirasol, J., Cordero, T., Schwartz, J., Ioannou, C., Georgiou, A. and Zacharias, I. 2010. Cost-efficient management of coastal aquifers in water-stressed regions via recharge with treated wastewater and desalination of brackish groundwater: application to the Akrotiri basin and aquifer, Cyprus. Hydrol. Sci. J, 55(7): 1234–1245. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) Cost-efficient management of coastal aquifers via recharge with treated wastewater and desalination of brackish groundwater: general framework. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(7),1217–1233.  相似文献   

Spatio-temporal variability of streamflow in the Yellow River: possible causes and implications     

Chi Yuan Miao  Xun Hong Chen  Lin Yang 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(7):1355-1367

Abstract

The water shortage in the Yellow River, China, has been aggravated by rapid population growth and global climate changes. To identify the characteristics of streamflow change in the Yellow River, approximately 50 years of natural and observed streamflow data from 23 hydrological stations were examined. The Mann-Kendall and Pettitt tests were used to detect trends and abrupt change points. The results show that both the natural and the observed streamflow in the Yellow River basin present downward trends from 1956 to 2008, and the decreasing rate of observed streamflow is generally faster than that of the natural streamflow. Larger drainage areas have higher declining rates, and the declining trends are intensified downstream within the mainstream. The possibility of abrupt changes in observed streamflow is higher than in natural streamflow, and streamflow series in the mainstream are more likely to change abruptly than those in the tributaries. In the mainstream, all the significant abrupt changes appear in the middle and latter half of the 1980s, but the abrupt changes occur somewhat earlier for observed streamflow than for natural streamflow. The significant abrupt change for the observed streamflow in the tributaries is almost isochronous with the natural streamflow and occurs from the 1970s to 1990s. It is implied that the slight reduction in precipitation is not the only direct reason for the streamflow variation. Other than the effects of climate change, land-use and land-cover changes are the main reasons for the natural streamflow change. Therefore, the increasing net water diversion by humans is responsible for the observed streamflow change. It is estimated that the influence of human activity on the declining streamflow is enhanced over time.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Miao, C.Y., Shi, W., Chen, X.H., and Yang, L., 2012 Miao, C.Y., Yang, L. and Chen, X.H. 2012. The vegetation cover dynamics (1982–2006) in different erosion regions of the Yellow River basin, China. Land Degradation and Development, 23(1): 62–71. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. Spatio-temporal variability of streamflow in the Yellow River: possible causes and implications. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (7), 1355–1367.  相似文献   

Reference hydrologic networks II. Using reference hydrologic networks to assess climate-driven changes in streamflow     

Donald H. Burn  Jamie Hannaford  Glenn A. Hodgkins  Paul H. Whitfield  Robin Thorne  Terry Marsh 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(8):1580-1593

Abstract

Reference hydrologic networks (RHNs) can play an important role in monitoring for changes in the hydrological regime related to climate variation and change. Currently, the literature concerning hydrological response to climate variations is complex and confounded by the combinations of many methods of analysis, wide variations in hydrology, and the inclusion of data series that include changes in land use, storage regulation and water use in addition to those of climate. Three case studies that illustrate a variety of approaches to the analysis of data from RHNs are presented and used, together with a summary of studies from the literature, to develop approaches for the investigation of changes in the hydrological regime at a continental or global scale, particularly for international comparison. We present recommendations for an analysis framework and the next steps to advance such an initiative. There is a particular focus on the desirability of establishing standardized procedures and methodologies for both the creation of new national RHNs and the systematic analysis of data derived from a collection of RHNs.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor K. Hamed

Citation Burn, D. H., et al., 2012 Whitfield, P.H. 2012. Reference hydrologic networks, I. The status of national reference hydrologic networks for detecting trends and future directions. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57(8) this issue[Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]. Reference hydrologic networks II. Using reference hydrologic networks to assess climate-driven changes in streamflow. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (8), 1580–1593.  相似文献   

RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN A MOUNTAINOUS TERRA-ROSSA REGION IN ISRAEL     

Ido SEGINER  Joseph MORIN  Ami SHACHORI 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):79-92

  相似文献   

Delivering environmental flows in the Murray-Darling Basin (Australia)—legal and governance aspects     

S.A. Banks  B.B. Docker 《水文科学杂志》2014,59(3-4):688-699

Abstract

The hydrology of water-dependent ecosystems around the world has been altered as a result of flow regulation and extraction for a variety of purposes including agricultural and urban water supply. The flow regime of the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia is no exception, with attendant impacts on the health of the environment. Restoration of parts of the flow regime is a key feature of environmental flow delivery. However, environmental flow delivery in a system that is managed primarily to provide a secure and stable supply for irrigation presents challenges for managers seeking to return more natural flow variability in line with ecosystem requirements. The institutional arrangements governing releases of water from storage can influence the ability of managers to respond to natural cues, such as naturally rising flows in a river. As such, the legal and governance aspects of environmental flow delivery are likely to be important influences on the outcomes achieved.