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1.
Abstract

This paper presents the development of a framework for data collection network design that considers sustainable development goals. The proposed framework adopts sustainable development principles and incorporates and revises traditional methodologies used in data collection network design. Important components of the framework include a focus on hydrological information, the preservation of long term gauging stations, and the adoption of integrated ecosystem monitoring. The eventual adoption of the framework should ensure that hydrological information required for effective decision making in water resources is available even as hydrometric data collection networks are rationalized.  相似文献   

2.
ABSTRACT

The critical need for hydrological observations in support of water resources management, particularly during extreme events, has transformed traditional methods of hydrological data management. This transformation has given rise to a framework of e-monitoring the hydrological cycle, the aim of which is to improve understanding of the nature of water. New trends in data science, coupled with increasing technological evolution, make the new generation of data systems more agile and responsive to the needs and expectations for efficient and effective data sharing and service delivery. The WMO Hydrological Observing System was designed around the integration of observations, data exchange, research, data processing, modelling and forecasting, in such a way that societal needs for disaster risk reduction, improved sustainability of environmental resources, climate resilience and economic growth can be effectively met. With its implementation of conceptual functionalities for sustainable data management, the WHOS operational architecture is hydrology’s system for the future.  相似文献   

3.
Recent studies have uncovered the predictability of hydrological conditions on Earth, based on an analysis of long‐term precipitation data in California and analogous orbital forcings during different years that are separated by Saros cycles. With similar orbital geometries of the Earth and Moon, water years 1976 and 1994, which are one and two Saros cycles apart from water year 2012, respectively, were both Critically Dry years in California, according to the California Department of Water Resources’ water year type classification. Further analysis of precipitation data at a cross section of gauging stations across the U.S. during water years 1976 and 1994 reinforces the previously observed association between analogous orbital forcings and hydrological conditions on earth. The current work is a validation of predicted meteorological drought in California during water year 2012 using: (1) real‐time precipitation data collected from a cross section of gauging stations across California, and (2) estimated full natural flows of eight major rivers in California. The data for these years were analyzed and found to have a high level of correlation. The results of the current work provide a significant mark in the validation exercises of the recent novel finding of the predictability of earth's meteorological and hydrological variability. Continued studies and mapping of observed hydrological conditions globally in the coming years using this approach will be highly valuable for sustainable water resources engineering and various other applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

The increasing level of competition in scientific publishing arguably has a greater negative impact on hydrologists from developing countries and specifically young scientists. This paper discusses the constraints they face and offers suggestions to authors and the hydrological community about how these may be mitigated. These include a lack of access to resources to assist with creating good publications, the difficulty of publishing research based on relatively scarce data, a common problem in many developing countries, and a lack of familiarity with the process of publishing scientific material together with limited access to mentorship from experienced authors. A key point is to ensure that the research question addressed has a broad interest beyond the local study area. However, the more limited hydrological knowledge and the water resources problems of developing countries represent opportunities for internationally relevant research, particularly within the nexus between hydrology and society, or between science and practice. Both of these are high on the international hydrological research agenda.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

Intensive forest management is one of the main land cover changes over the last century in Central Europe, resulting in forest monoculture. It has been proposed that these monoculture stands impact hydrological processes, water yield, water quality and ecosystem services. At the Lysina Critical Zone Observatory, a forest catchment in the western Czech Republic, a distributed physics-based hydrologic model, Penn State Integrated Hydrologic Model (PIHM), was used to simulate long-term hydrological change under different forest management practices, and to evaluate the comparative scenarios of the hydrological consequences of changing land cover. Stand-age-adjusted LAI (leaf area index) curves were generated from an empirical relationship to represent changes in seasonal tree growth. By consideration of age-adjusted LAI, the spatially-distributed model was able to successfully simulate the integrated hydrological response from snowmelt, recharge, evapotranspiration, groundwater levels, soil moisture and streamflow, as well as spatial patterns of each state and flux. Simulation scenarios of forest management (historical management, unmanaged, clear cutting to cropland) were compared. One of the critical findings of the study indicates that selective (patch) forest cutting results in a modest increase in runoff (water yield) as compared to the simulated unmanaged (no cutting) scenario over a 29-year period at Lysina, suggesting the model is sensitive to selective cutting practices. A simulation scenario of cropland or complete forest cutting leads to extreme increases in annual water yield and peak flow. The model sensitivity to forest management practices examined here suggests the utility of models and scenario development to future management strategies for assessing sustainable water resources and ecosystem services.
Editor D. Koutsoyiannis  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

Among the processes most affected by global warming are the hydrological cycle and water resources. Regions where the majority of runoff consists of snowmelt are very sensitive to climate change. It is significant to express the relationship between climate change and snow hydrology and it is imperative to perform climate change impact studies on snow hydrology at global and regional scales. Climate change impacts on the mountainous Upper Euphrates Basin were investigated in this paper. First, historical data trend analysis of significant hydro-meteorological data is presented. Available future climate data are then explained, and, finally, future climate data are used in hydrological models, which are calibrated and validated using historical hydro-meteorological data, and future streamflow is projected for the period 2070–2100. The hydrological model outcomes indicate substantial runoff decreases in summer and spring season runoff, which will have significant consequences on water sectors in the Euphrates Basin.

Citation Yilmaz, A.G. & Imteaz, M.A. (2011) Impact of climate change on runoff in the upper part of the Euphrates basin. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(7), 1265–1279.  相似文献   

7.
湖泊是地球表层水体的重要组成部分,在区域社会经济发展和生物多样性保护等方面发挥着不可替代的作用.气候变化和高强度的水资源开发利用等,导致湖泊物理、化学特性在时空格局上发生显著的变化,引起一系列的社会、环境、气候等响应.湖泊水文学研究湖泊水文要素及其时空变化特征、平衡关系与变化规律,在水文过程演变与归因解析、湖泊洪旱发生机理与调控、湖泊资源评估与可持续利用等方面,解决了众多理论和实践问题,为区域发展提供了强大支撑.本文评述了近50年来我国湖泊水文学的发展与研究进展,重点阐述湖泊水量平衡与水量变化、湖泊水动力与水文过程调蓄、湖泊极端水文事件成因、湖泊水文遥感反演等方面的研究进展,展望了湖泊水文学的未来发展趋势.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

Development of environmental flow standards at the regional scale has been proposed as a means to manage the influence of hydrological alterations on riverine ecosystems in view of the rapid pace of global water resources management. Flow regime classification forms a critical part in such environmental flow assessments. We present a national-scale classification of hydrological regimes for Iran based on a set of hydrological metrics. It describes ecologically relevant characteristics of the natural hydrological regime derived from 15- to 47-year-long records of daily mean discharge data for 539 streamgauges within a 47-year period. The classification was undertaken using a fuzzy partitional method within Bayesian mixture modelling. The analysis resulted in 12 classes of distinctive flow regime types that differ in various hydrological aspects. This classification is being used for further research in regional-scale environmental flow studies in Iran.
Editor D. Koutsoyiannis  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

Remote sensing is the use of electromagnetic energy to measure the physical properties of distant objects. It includes photography and geophysical surveying as well as newer techniques that use other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. The history of remote sensing begins with photography. The origin of other types of remote sensing can be traced to World War II, with the development of radar, sonar, and thermal infrared detection systems. Since the 1960s, sensors have been designed to operate in virtually all of the electromagnetic spectrum. Today a wide variety of remote sensing instruments are available for use in hydrological studies; satellite data, such as Skylab photographs and Landsat images are particularly suitable for regional problems and studies. Planned future satellites will provide a ground resolution of 10–80 m.

Remote sensing is currently used for hydrological applications in most countries of the world. The range of applications includes groundwater exploration determination of physical water quality, snowfield mapping, flood-inundation delineation, and making inventories of irrigated land. The use of remote sensing commonly results in considerable hydrological information at minimal cost. This information can be used to speed-up the development of water resources, to improve management practices, and to monitor environmental problems.  相似文献   

10.
Climate change and its impact on hydrological processes are overarching issues that have brought challenges for sustainable water resources management. In this study, surface water resources in typical regions of China are projected in the context of climate change. A water balance model based on the Fu rational function equation is established to quantify future natural runoff. The model is calibrated using data from 13 hydrological stations in 10 first-class water resources zones of China. The future precipitation and temperature series come from the ISI-MIP (Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project) climate dataset. Taking natural runoff for 1961–1990 as a baseline, the impacts of climate change on natural runoff are studied under three emissions scenarios: RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Simulated results indicate that the arid and semi-arid region in the northern part of China is more sensitive to climate change compared to the humid and semi-humid region in the south. In the near future (2011–2050), surface water resources will decrease in most parts of China (except for the Liaozhong and Daojieba catchments), especially in the Haihe River Basin and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. The decrement of surface water resources in the northern part of China is more than that in the southern part. For the periods 2011–2030 and 2031–2050, surface water resources are expected to decrease by 12–13% in the northern part of China, while those in the southern part will decrease by 7–10%.
EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis

ASSOCIATE EDITOR R. Hirsch  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT

High-resolution data on the spatial pattern of water use are a prerequisite for appropriate and sustainable water management. Based on one well-validated hydrological model, the Distributed Time Variant Gains Model (DTVGM), this paper obtains reliable high-resolution spatial patterns of irrigation, industrial and domestic water use in continental China. During the validation periods, ranges of correlation coefficient (R) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) coefficient are 0.67–0.96 and 0.51–0.84, respectively, between the observed and simulated streamflow of six hydrological stations, indicating model applicability to simulate the distribution of water use. The simulated water use quantities have relative errors (RE) less than 5% compared with the observed. In addition, the changes in streamflow discharge were also correctly simulated by our model, such as the Zhangjiafen station in the Hai River basin with a dramatic decrease in streamflow, and the Makou station in the Pearl River basin with no significant changes. These changes are combined results of basin available water resources and water use. The obtained high-resolution spatial pattern of water use could decrease uncertainty of hydrological simulation and guide water management efficiently.
Editor M.C. Acreman; Associate editor X. Fang  相似文献   

12.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):676-689
Abstract

Global climate change is affecting Africa, as it is every other continent and region of the world. The absolute poverty of a large proportion of the continent's people renders them highly vulnerable to changes in climate. Mitigation of climate change is a global imperative. However, numerous other changes continue apace, notably population growth, natural resource degradation, and rural—urban migration. Probably 50% or more of the continent's population rely on groundwater. This paper explores the relative impacts of changes in climate, demography and land use/cover on groundwater resources and demands. It concludes that the climate change impacts are likely to be significant, though uncertain in direction and magnitude, while the direct and indirect impacts of demographic change on both water resources and water demand are not only known with far greater certainty, but are also likely to be much larger. The combined effects of urban population growth, rising food demands and energy costs, and consequent demand for fresh water represent real cause for alarm, and these dwarf the likely impacts of climate change on groundwater resources, at least over the first half of the 21st century.  相似文献   

13.
The effects of anthropogenic water use play a significant role in determining the hydrological cycle of north India. This paper explores anthropogenic impacts within the region's hydrological regime by explicitly including observed human water use behaviour, irrigation infrastructure and the natural environment in the CHANSE (Coupled Human And Natural Systems Environment) socio-hydrological modelling framework. The model is constrained by observed qualitative and quantitative information collected in the study area, along with climate and socio-economic variables from additional sources. Four separate scenarios, including business as usual (BAU, representing observed irrigation practices), groundwater irrigation only (where the influence of the canal network is removed), canal irrigation only (where all irrigation water is supplied by diverted surface water) and rainfed only (where all human interventions are removed) are used. Under BAU conditions the modelling framework closely matched observed groundwater levels. Following the removal of the canal network, which forces farmers to rely completely on groundwater for irrigation, water levels decrease, while under a canal-only scenario flooding occurs. Under the rainfed-only scenario, groundwater levels similar to current business-as-usual conditions are observed, despite much larger volumes of recharge and discharge entering and leaving the system under BAU practices. While groundwater abstraction alone may lead to aquifer depletion, the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources, which includes unintended contributions of canal leakage, create conditions similar to those where no human interventions are present. Here, the importance of suitable water management practices, in maintaining sustainable water resources, is shown. This may include augmenting groundwater resources through managed aquifer recharge and reducing the impacts on aquifer resources through occasional canal water use where possible. The importance of optimal water management practices that highlight trade-offs between environmental impact and human wellbeing are shown, providing useful information for policy makers, water managers and users. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT

Hydrological processes in hilly watersheds are significantly affected by variations in elevation; however, the hydrological functions of different vertical vegetation belts, have rarely been reported. The distributed hydrological model WEP-L (Water and Energy transfer Process in Large river basins) was applied to analyse vertical variations in the hydrological processes of Qingshui River basin (QRB), Wutai Mountain (altitude: 3058 m a.s.l.), China. The results show that the highest ratio of evapotranspiration to precipitation occurs at 1800 m a.s.l. Below 1800 m, evapotranspiration is mainly controlled by precipitation, and in regions above1800 m it is controlled by energy. The runoff coefficients for different vertical vegetation belts may be ranked as follows: farmland > grassland > subalpine meadow > evergreen coniferous shrub forest > deciduous broad-leaved forest. Grassland is the largest runoff production area, contributing approximately 39.10% to the annual water yield of the QRB. The runoff from forested land decreased to a greater extent than the grassland runoff. Increasing forest cover may increase evapotranspiration and reduce runoff. These results are important, not only for further understanding of the hydrological mechanisms in this basin, but also for implementing the sustainable management of water resources and ecosystems in other mountainous regions.  相似文献   

15.
Water is our most precious and arguably most undervalued natural resource. It is essential for life on our planet, for food production and economic development. Moreover, water plays a fundamental role in shaping weather and climate. However, with the growing global population, the planet’s water resources are constantly under threat from overuse and pollution. In addition, the effects of a changing climate are thought to be leading to an increased frequency of extreme weather causing floods, landslides and drought. The need to understand and monitor our environment and its resources, including advancing our knowledge of the hydrological cycle, has never been more important and apparent. The best approach to do so on a global scale is from space. This paper provides an overview of the major components of the hydrological cycle, the status of their observations from space and related data products and models for hydrological variable retrievals. It also lists the current and planned satellite missions contributing to advancing our understanding of the hydrological cycle on a global scale. Further details of the hydrological cycle are substantiated in several of the other papers in this Special Issue.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

Access to hydrometric information underpins many areas of effective water management. This paper explores the operational practices of one national hydrological information service, the UK National River Flow Archive, in collating, managing and providing access to river flow data. An information lifecycle approach to hydrometric data management is advocated, with the paper detailing current UK procedures in the areas of: monitoring network design and development; data sensing and recording; validation and archival; synthesis and analysis; and data dissemination. The methods and policies outlined herein are widely transferable to other hydrological data archives around the world.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis

Citation Dixon, H., Hannaford, J., and Fry, M.J., 2013. The effective management of national hydrometric data: experiences from the United Kingdom. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (7), 1383–1399.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

The increasing human population and degradation of biological integrity of ecosystems has been expressed, to a great extent, as a decline in water resources, the most critical factor to achieve sustainable development. This is because overexploitation and degradation of the biotic structure alters ecosystem processes to the point at which the ecosystem ability to provide desired resources is seriously diminished. The progress in ecology during recent years has created a background for integration of ecology and hydrology. UNESCO, under the International Hydrological Programme IHP-V, has initiated and provided a framework for such an interdisciplinary effort. During the programme, the conceptual background and principles of the surficial processes of ecohydrology were defined: first, by integration and quantification of biological and hydrological processes at the basin scale; second, by the enhancement of basin ecosystem absorbing capacity against human impact; and third, by using ecosystem properties as a management tool. Those principles are targeted, not only to eliminate threats, but also to amplify the opportunities for sustainable development as far as the control and regulation of nutrients and water cycling at the basin scale become possible. According to Popper's philosophy, the predictive planning of the future cannot be generated by extrapolating from recently used solutions. The integration of environmental sciences should create not only new scientific disciplines, but also a new solution which can face new challenges-sustainable management of the biogeosphere.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

The analysis and use of hydrological data for decision making in water resources planning and management can only be meaningful if the data possess the appropriate characteristics. In general, it is customary that data being analysed are consistent, free of trend and constituting a stochastic process whose random component is described by an appropriate probability distribution hypothesis. This paper describes, using hypothetical numerical examples where possible, some of the commonly used tests for establishing the presence or otherwise of these attributes in hydrological data series. The tests were then applied to actual streamflow data records from seven sites, in Iran and England, which formed the basis of an extensive water resources planning study carried out recently. In general, the data from all seven sites possessed the right attributes, which made their use in the wider water resources planning study straightforward.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

Abstract The Shiyang River basin is a typical interior river basin that faces water shortage and environmental deterioration in the arid northwest of China. Due to its arid climate, limited water resources and some inappropriate water-related human activities, the area has developed serious loss of vegetation, and gradual soil salinization and desertification, which have greatly impeded the sustainable development of agriculture and life in this region. In this paper, the impacts of human activities on the water–soil environment in Shiyang River basin are analysed in terms of precipitation, runoff in branches of the river, inflow into lower reaches, water conveyance efficiency of the canal system and irrigation water use efficiency in the field, replenishment and exploitation of groundwater resources, soil salinization, vegetation cover and the speed of desertification. The results show that human activities and global climate change have no significant influence on the precipitation, but the total annual runoff in eight branch rivers showed a significant decrease over the years. The proportion of water use in the upper and middle reaches compared to the lower reach was increased from 1:0.57 in the 1960s, to 1:0.27 in the 1970s and 1:0.09 in the 1990s. A reduction of about 74% in the river inflow to the lower reaches and a 15-m drop in the groundwater table have occurred during the last four decades. Strategies for improving the water–soil environment of the basin, such as the protection of the water resources of the Qilian Mountains, sustainable use of water resources, maintenance of the balance between land and water resources, development of water-saving agriculture, diverting of water from other rivers and control of soil desertification, are proposed. The objective of this paper is to provide guidelines for reconstruction of the sustainable water management and development of agriculture in this region.  相似文献   

20.
Páramos, a neotropical alpine grassland-peatland biome of the northern Andes and Central America, play an essential role in regional and global cycles of water, carbon, and nutrients. They act as water towers, delivering water and ecosystem services from the high mountains down to the Pacific, Caribbean, and Amazon regions. Páramos are also widely recognized as a biodiversity and climate change hot spots, yet they are threatened by anthropogenic activities and environmental changes. Despite their importance for water security and carbon storage, and their vulnerability to human activities, only three decades ago, páramos were severely understudied. Increasing awareness of the need for hydrological evidence to guide sustainable management of páramos prompted action for generating data and for filling long-standing knowledge gaps. This has led to a remarkably successful increase in scientific knowledge, induced by a strong interaction between the scientific, policy, and (local) management communities. A combination of well-established and innovative approaches has been applied to data collection, processing, and analysis. In this review, we provide a short overview of the historical development of research and state of knowledge of the hydrometeorology, flux dynamics, anthropogenic impacts, and the influence of extreme events in páramos. We then present emerging technologies for hydrology and water resources research and management applied to páramos. We discuss how converging science and policy efforts have leveraged traditional and new observational techniques to generate an evidence base that can support the sustainable management of páramos. We conclude that this co-evolution of science and policy was able to successfully cover different spatial and temporal scales. Lastly, we outline future research directions to showcase how sustainable long-term data collection can foster the responsible conservation of páramos water towers.  相似文献   

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