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1.
This paper presents a study on the statistical forecasts of typhoon tracks. Numerical models have their own systematic errors, like a bias. In order to improve the accuracy of track forecasting, a statistical model called DLM (dynamic linear model) is applied to remove the systematic error. In the analysis of typhoons occurring over the western North Pacific in 1997 and 2000, DLM is useful as an adaptive model for the prediction of typhoon tracks. 相似文献
2.
Russell L. Elsberry 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2010,46(2):217-220
Tropical cyclone track forecasts have been improved, and forecast intervals have been extended to five days, owing to improved global and regional numerical model guidance. Critical time requirements that must be met for operational use of the deterministic model track forecasts are summarized for the U.S. and other selected non-U.S. tropical cyclone warning centers. One of the most accurate deterministic model forecasts from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts arrives too late to be used with other models at the + 6 h warning time, and thus is at least 12 h old before it can be operationally used. The time-critical nature of the tropical cyclone warning system is a major obstacle to operational use of single-model, or proposed multi-model, ensemble prediction system (EPS) mean and spread information, which is 12 h (or 18 h) delayed. This EPS mean and spread must also be superior to the mean and spread of the consensus of deterministic models that are available six hours earlier. These requirements must be met before the EPS tropical cyclone tracks will be operationally useful in specifying the uncertainty in the official track forecasts, which is the next challenge in tropical cyclone track warnings. 相似文献
3.
The present study is conducted to verify the short-range forecasts from mesoscale model version5 (MM5)/weather research and forecasting (WRF) model over the Indian region and to examine the impact of assimilation of quick scatterometer (QSCAT) near surface winds, spectral sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) wind speed and total precipitable water (TPW) on the forecasts by these models using their three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) data assimilation scheme for a 1-month period during July 2006. The control (without satellite data assimilation) as well as 3D-Var sensitivity experiments (with assimilating satellite data) using MM5/WRF were made for 48 h starting daily at 0000 UTC July 2006. The control run is analyzed for the intercomparison of MM5/WRF short-range forecasts and is also used as a baseline for assessing the MM5/WRF 3D-Var satellite data sensitivity experiments. As compared to the observation, the MM5 (WRF) control simulations strengthened (weakened) the cross equatorial flow over southern Arabian sea near peninsular India. The forecasts from MM5 and WRF showed a warm and moist bias at lower and upper levels with a cold bias at the middle level, which shows that the convective schemes of these models may be too active during the simulation. The forecast errors in predicted wind, temperature and humidity at different levels are lesser in WRF as compared to MM5, except the temperature prediction at lower level. The rainfall pattern and prediction skill from day 1 and day 2 forecasts by WRF is superior to MM5. The spatial distribution of forecast impact for wind, temperature, and humidity from 1-month assimilation experiments during July 2006 demonstrated that on average, for 24 and 48-h forecasts, the satellite data improved the MM5/WRF initial condition, so that model errors in predicted meteorological fields got reduced. Among the experiments, MM5/WRF wind speed prediction is most benefited from QSCAT surface wind and SSM/I TPW assimilation while temperature and humidity prediction is mostly improved due to latter. The largest improvement in MM5/WRF rainfall prediction is due to the assimilation of SSM/I TPW. The assimilation of SSM/I wind speed alone in MM5/WRF degraded the humidity and rainfall prediction. In summary the assimilation of satellite data showed similar impact on MM5/WRF prediction; largest improvement due to SSM/I TPW and degradation due to SSM/I wind speed. 相似文献
4.
基于TIGGE资料集下欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）、日本气象厅（JMA）、英国气象局（UKMO）、美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）和中国气象局（CMA）5个气象预报中心2016年5月1日—8月31日中国地区逐日起报预报时效为24~168 h的24 h累积降水量集合预报的结果,对各个集合预报成员进行了频率匹配法的订正,并对订正前后的多模式集成预报效果进行评估。结果表明:采用频率匹配法订正后的降水预报,有效改善了集合平均预报中强降水（日降水量25 mm以上）预报由平滑作用产生的量级偏小现象,使预报的降水量级更接近实况,但对降水落区预报改进不明显。基于卡尔曼滤波技术的集成预报效果优于基于线性回归的超级集合预报和消除偏差集合平均预报,对强降水落区的预报较单模式更优。基于集合成员订正的降水多模式集成预报在强降水的落区预报和降水中心的量级预报更接近实况,效果优于原始多模式集成预报与单模式结果。 相似文献
5.
Abstract A series of fifteen 96‐h forecasts made with a spectral numerical weather prediction model is studied with reference to errors in the planetary wavelengths. The major contributor to the short (less than 48‐h) range forecast error is identified as an external mode. The medium range forecast error (96 h) is internal in character and reflects a deficiency in the simulation of the quasi‐stationary components. 相似文献
6.
数值模式的热带气旋强度预报订正及其集成应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
提供热带气旋强度预报产品的业务数值天气预报模式有很多,并已表现出一定的预报技巧,为提高对模式热带气旋强度预报产品的定量应用能力,分析2010—2012年7个业务数值模式的西北太平洋热带气旋强度预报,发现预报误差不仅受到模式热带气旋初始强度误差的显著影响,还与热带气旋及其所处环境的初始状况有密切关系,包括热带气旋初始强度、尺度、移速、环境气压、环境风切变、热带气旋发展潜势等。根据这些因子与各模式热带气旋强度预报误差之间的相关性,采用逐步回归方法建立热带气旋强度预报误差的统计预估模型,并通过逐个热带气旋滚动式建模来进行独立样本检验。检验结果表明,基于误差预估的模式订正预报比模式直接输出的热带气旋强度预报有显著改进,在此基础上建立的热带气旋强度多模式集成预报方案相对气候持续性预报方法在12 h有28%的正技巧,在24—72 h则稳定在15%—20%,具有业务参考价值。 相似文献
7.
The horizontal diffusion coefficients of the operational model (T42L9) in numerical weather prediction are optimized by the steepest descent search of multi-dimensional optimization. In order to improve prediction accuracy in low latitudes, the optimum horizontal diffusion coefficients are chosen, with changing variation of the basic diffusion coefficient with the passage of time, and later forecasts are also made better. In view of the averages of forecast verifications of 9 cases, the forecasts with optimum diffusion coefficients are an improvement on operational forecasts. It means that the forecasts are got much better with optimum values of some important parameters by optimization in numerical weather prediction. 相似文献
8.
基于国家气象中心GRAPES_Meso高分辨率区域模式,针对中尺度数值预报模式中预报雨带形成滞后问题,研究了潜热加热纳近方法在地面降水资料同化中的应用,以期提高短时数值天气预报的水平。2013年6月20日—7月20日的初步试验结果表明:通过调整模式潜热加热廓线,可以改进初始场中温、湿、风等要素的合理分布,增加降水区的对流不稳定性;潜热加热纳近方法可以缩短模式的调整适应 (spin-up) 时间,改进短时降水预报的落区和强度,提高3 h,6 h,12 h的降水预报TS,ETS评分;与传统的冷潜热加热纳近的试验结果相比,改进的暖潜热加热纳近试验对降水落区和强度的预报更接近观测,但强降水中心范围略大。 相似文献
9.
对中国国家气象中心T639数值预报、德国降水预报和欧洲中心（ECMWF）数值预报中对中国东北地区的降水、温度和环流模式的预报结果,分别进行检验。结果表明：降水预报中,德国降水预报对中国东北地区的晴雨预报、一般性降水预报效果较好,但T639数值预报的漏报率明显低于德国降水预报,而T639数值预报中24-120 h暴雨预报的TS评分明显高于德国降水预报。温度预报中,T639数值预报对中国东北地区温度预报72 h内基本可用;欧洲中心（ECMWF）数值预报在96 h内效果较好。对于24 h的温度预报准确率,T639数值预报稍高于ECMWF数值预报结果。环流模式方面：48h内T639预报效果好于ECMWF,72 h以后ECMWF预报效果好于T639。 相似文献
10.
Summary The National Hurricane Center and Joint Typhoon Warning Center operational tropical cyclone intensity forecasts for the three
major northern hemisphere tropical cyclone basins (Atlantic, eastern North Pacific, and western North Pacific) for the past
two decades are examined for long-term trends. Results show that there has been some marginal improvement in the mean absolute
error at 24 and 48 h for the Atlantic and at 72 h for the east and west Pacific. A new metric that measures the percent variance
of the observed intensity changes that is reduced by the forecast (variance reduction, VR) is defined to help account for
inter-annual variability in forecast difficulty. Results show that there have been significant improvements in the VR of the
official forecasts in the Atlantic, and some marginal improvement in the other two basins. The VR of the intensity guidance
models was also examined. The improvement in the VR is due to the implementation of advanced statistical intensity prediction
models and the operational version of the GFDL hurricane model in the mid-1990s. The skill of the operational intensity forecasts
for the 5-year period ending in 2005 was determined by comparing the errors to those from simple statistical models with input
from climatology and persistence. The intensity forecasts had significant skill out to 96 h in the Atlantic and out to 72 h
in the east and west Pacific. The intensity forecasts are also compared to the operational track forecasts. The skill was
comparable at 12 h, but the track forecasts were 2 to 5 times more skillful by 72 h. The track and intensity forecast error
trends for the two-decade period were also compared. Results showed that the percentage track forecast improvement was almost
an order of magnitude larger than that for intensity, indicating that intensity forecasting still has much room for improvement. 相似文献
11.
In this study, the statistical post-processing methods that include bias-corrected and probabilistic forecasts of wind speed measured in PyeongChang, which is scheduled to host the 2018 Winter Olympics, are compared and analyzed to provide more accurate weather information. The six post-processing methods used in this study are as follows: mean bias-corrected forecast, mean and variance bias-corrected forecast, decaying averaging forecast, mean absolute bias-corrected forecast, and the alternative implementations of ensemble model output statistics (EMOS) and Bayesian model averaging (BMA) models, which are EMOS and BMA exchangeable models by assuming exchangeable ensemble members and simplified version of EMOS and BMA models. Observations for wind speed were obtained from the 26 stations in PyeongChang and 51 ensemble member forecasts derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF Directorate, 2012) that were obtained between 1 May 2013 and 18 March 2016. Prior to applying the post-processing methods, reliability analysis was conducted by using rank histograms to identify the statistical consistency of ensemble forecast and corresponding observations. Based on the results of our study, we found that the prediction skills of probabilistic forecasts of EMOS and BMA models were superior to the biascorrected forecasts in terms of deterministic prediction, whereas in probabilistic prediction, BMA models showed better prediction skill than EMOS. Even though the simplified version of BMA model exhibited best prediction skill among the mentioned six methods, the results showed that the differences of prediction skills between the versions of EMOS and BMA were negligible. 相似文献
12.
雷达资料与中尺度数值预报的融合方法研究及其在临近预报中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过融合多普勒天气雷达资料与中尺度数值预报产品,发展了一种便于临近预报业务使用的方法。该方法首先通过相关分析计算当前相同时刻雷达估测降水与中尺度数值预报的反射率因子估测降水之间的位置偏差,导出一个位移偏差矢量场;然后,利用人机交互的方式对矢量场进行分区,并对各分区的矢量场进行平滑处理,计算出各分区的平均位移偏差矢量;最后,采用最小二乘法对各分区连续多次的平均位移偏差矢量进行线性拟合,得到各分区平均位移偏差矢量随时间的变化特征,订正未来时段相应区域的数值预报反射率因子估测降水的位置偏差。利用该方法对2012和2013年夏季发生在重庆西部、四川东部的3次强降水天气过程进行临近预报试验并对预报结果进行了检验,结果表明:对0~2 h的临近预报,融合预报效果总体上优于模式预报效果;另外,与雷达外推定量降水预报相比,0~1 h雷达外推预报效果优于融合预报效果,1~2 h融合预报效果优于雷达外推预报效果。 相似文献
13.
应用国家气象中心全球谱模式T213L31(简称T213) 及其升级版本T639L60(简称T639) 对2009—2010年西北太平洋热带气旋数值预报的结果进行对比。结果表明:T213与T639模式24～120 h预报平均距离误差基本相近,但由于T639模式分辨率较高,T639模式的热带气旋强度预报明显好于T213模式。从分类误差来看,T639模式对于西北行登陆及转向热带气旋的路径预报好于T213模式,但对西行及北上热带气旋预报误差偏大。对于异常路径热带气旋预报,T639模式能较好预报环流形势的突然调整,对路径突变的热带气旋预报比T213模式有明显优势;从登陆类热带气旋预报的移向误差来看,T213模式存在东北偏北向系统性偏差,T639模式存在东北偏东向系统性偏差。 相似文献
14.
Lu YANG Cong-Lan CHENG Yu XIA Min CHEN Ming-Xuan CHEN Han-Bin ZHANG Xiang-Yu HUANG 《大气科学进展》2023,40(5):937-951
Ensemble forecasting systems have become an important tool for estimating the uncertainties in initial conditions and model formulations and they are receiving increased attention from various applications. The Regional Ensemble Prediction System(REPS), which has operated at the Beijing Meteorological Service(BMS) since 2017, allows for probabilistic forecasts. However, it still suffers from systematic deficiencies during the first couple of forecast hours. This paper presents an integrated prob... 相似文献
15.
择优法降水集合预报试验的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于集合平均预报方法的基础上，提出了择优法降水集合预报方法，以多物理过程集合预报系统为例，对该方法进行阐述和试验。利用集合预报系统各成员过去24 h预报的500 hPa和700 hPa温度差（T500-700）与实况温度差的相关系数作为集合预报成员的筛选因子，选择相关系数较大的成员作为集合成员进行降水集合预报试验。初步试验结果表明，择优法降水集合预报要略优于集合平均法的预报，24 h降水集合预报有所改善。择优法降水集合预报简单易行，在计算资源有限的情况下，可优先计算择优的成员，因此比集合平均法节约计算时间，提高集合预报时效，具有一定的业务应用价值。 相似文献
16.
全球数值模式中的台风初始化Ⅱ: 业务应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
由于缺少大量有效的观测资料,台风初始化对数值天气预报业务模式而言,仍然是一个悬而末决的难题.中国国家气象中心自从1996年将台风数值预报系统投入业务运行以来,一直使用经验的人造bogus涡旋台风初始化技术.实际上,不同时期的台风有着不同的环流结构,即使同一个台风在不同的生命期也具有不同的结构特征,而这些结构特征的差异并不能依靠现有的bogus涡旋技术体现出来,这种主观方法的统一性与台风在时空上的差异性形成了强烈的反差.最近,基于国家气象中心全球资料分析同化-预报循环系统,设计和发展了一套新的台风初始化业务方案,它主要由初始涡旋形成、涡旋重定位和涡旋调整3部分过程组成.相比于业务中使用的人造bogus涡旋台风初始化方案,新方案在很大程度上减少了人为因素对台风涡旋结构的影响,而更多地是依靠数值模式自身的动力和物理过程来协调约束产生三维空间的涡旋结构.应用新方案,文中对生成于西北太平洋的2006年0605号台风格美(Kaemi)进行了数值试验,初步分析表明,新方案在实现台风涡旋环流结构的初始化方面效果较好,同时,对台风格美多个时次的预报结果也显示,相比于业务使用的bogus方案而言,新方案对台风路径平均预报误差有了大幅度的降低. 相似文献
17.
2013年汛期华中区域业务数值模式降水预报检验 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为充分了解华中区域中尺度业务数值预报模式更新为WRF后的预报性能,对该模式2013年汛期24 h和48 h的累积降水预报产品,采用TS评分、预报正确率、漏报率、空报率、偏差及ETS评分等统计量对其进行了较详细的评估。结果表明：从日平均降水率分布来看,24 h预报的降水中心位置和强度与实况更接近,48 h的预报明显偏大、偏强;汛期总体降水检验表明,该模式的降水预报以偏大为主,随着降水量级的增大,TS和ETS评分逐渐减小,且ETS评分逐渐靠近TS;逐月降水检验结果发现,该区域汛期月晴雨预报正确率与雨日率呈正相关;通过梅雨期WRF与GRAPES_Meso的预报对比检验可见,两个模式都表现出了较好的预报性能。值得指出的是,随着降水量级的增大,WRF模式降水预报优势逐渐显现。总的来说,该模式的降水预报产品具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
18.
Assimilating AMSU-a radiance data with the WRF hybrid En3DVAR system for track predictions of Typhoon Megi (2010) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The impact of assimilating radiances from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) on the track prediction of Typhoon Megi (2010) was studied using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and a hybrid ensemble three-dimensional variational (En3DVAR) data assimilation (DA) system. The influences of tuning the length scale and variance scale factors related to the static background error covariance (BEC) on the track forecast of the typhoon were studied. The results show that, in typhoon radiance data assimilation, a moderate length scale factor improves the prediction of the typhoon track. The assimilation of AMSU-A radiances using 3DVAR had a slight positive impact on track forecasts, even when the static BEC was carefully tuned to optimize its performance. When the hybrid DA was employed, the track forecast was significantly improved, especially for the sharp northward turn after crossing the Philippines, with the flow-dependent ensemble covariance. The flow-dependent BEC can be estimated by the hybrid DA and was capable of adjusting the position of the typhoon systematically. The impacts of the typhoon-specific BEC derived from ensemble forecasts were revealed by comparing the analysis increments and forecasts generated by the hybrid DA and 3DVAR. Additionally, for 24 h forecasts, the hybrid DA experiment with use of the full flow-dependent background error substantially outperformed 3DVAR in terms of the horizontal winds and temperature in the lower and mid-troposphere and for moisture at all levels. 相似文献
19.
M. Mayers T. N. Krishnamurti C. Depradine L. Moseley 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2001,78(1-2):75-88
Summary
A month-long short-range numerical weather prediction experiment using the Florida State University’s (FSU) global and regional
models and the multi-model/multi-analysis super-ensemble over the Eastern Caribbean domain is presented in this paper. The
paper also investigates weather prediction capabilities of FSU global and regional models by examining the root mean square
errors (RMSE) for the wind and precipitation fields.
Super-ensemble forecasting, a new statistical approach to weather forecasting, is used over this domain. Here, forecasts from
a number of numerical models provide the input and statistical combinations of these forecasts produce the super-ensemble
forecast. A similar approach is used for the precipitation field where one model using different rain rate algorithms is used
to generate different model outputs.
The results show that the super-ensemble method produces forecasts that are superior to those obtained from the ensemble members.
Received May 29, 2000/Revised February 15, 2001 相似文献
20.
This study presented an evaluation of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecasts from five global ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) during 2015-2019 in the western North Pacific region. Notable error features include the underestimation of the TC intensity by ensemble mean forecast and the under-dispersion of the probability forecasts.The root mean square errors (brier scores) of the ensemble mean (probability forecasts) generally decrease consecutively at long lead times during the five years, but fluctuate between certain values at short lead times.Positive forecast skill appeared in the most recent two years (2018-2019) at 120 h or later as compared with the climatology forecasts. However, there is no obvious improvement for the intensity change forecasts during the 5-yearperiod, with abrupt intensity change remaining a big challenge. The probability forecasts show no skill for strongTCs at all the lead times. Among the five EPSs, ECMWF-EPS ranks the best for the intensity forecast, while NCEP-GEFS ranks the best for the intensity change forecast, according to the evaluation for ensemble mean and dispersion. As for the other probability forecast evaluation, ECMWF-EPS ranks the best at lead times shorter than 72 h, while NCEP-GEFS ranks the best later on. 相似文献