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1.
The Damoshan deposit is a small B-F-Sn Bi exoskarn deposit and contains a distinctive mineral assemblage comprising andradite,vesuvianite,calcite,diopside,magnetite,hematite,nordenskioldine,cassiterite,varlamoffite,schenfliesite,native bismuth,eulytite,bismite and bismuthite,in which the occurrence of eulytite is the first reported in China.Textures of the mineral paragenses show that andradite,vesuvianite and diopside were the earliest phases formed during metasomatism,i.e.,the skarn forming stage.Then nordenskioldine,magnetite and native bismuth,perhaps together with eulytite,were precipitated at the stage of retrograde alteration.The minerals varlamoffite,schoenfliesite,hematite ,bismite and bismuthite were probably the product of supergene alteration.The minerals were analyzed by means of electron microprobe.The data on the ,coexisting phases and their compositons show that during the metasomatism reduced F-and Sn-rich primary mineralizing solutions reacted with highly oxidized carbonated of the Gejie Formation,producing a high Fe^2 /Fe^3 skarn(vesuvianite-fluorite skarn)near the contact of granite,and a low Fe^2 /Fe^3 skarn(vesuvianite-fluorite skarn)near the contact of granite,and a low Fe^2 /Fe^3 skarn(andradite skarn)in the outer zone of the skarn body in which andradite is extremely tin-bearing up to 5.14 wt% SnO2),In the retrograde alteration stage ,B-rich,but F-and Si-deficient mineralizing solutions replaced the tin-bearing andradite,forming an association of nordenskioldine and magnetite,No sulphides were deposited at this stage because of the oxidization ambient conditions in the andradite skarn.In the spergene oxidation zone,the nordenskioldine was dissolved into varlmoffite and calcite,the native bismuth was transformed into bismite or bismuthite ,and the magnetite was altered into hematite under the action of the CO2-rich supergene solutions.  相似文献   

2.
A Preliminary Review of Metallogenic Regularity of Tin Deposits in China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
China is rich in tin resources,and contains many types of tin deposits.Among the tin deposit types,the cassiterite-sulfide type,skarn type and quartz vein type occupy a large proportion of tin resources and reserves.From the aspect of exploitation and utilization,the most important types are cassiterite-sulfide type and quartz vein type.The cassiterite-sulfide type tin deposits are mainly located in Northern Guangxi and Eastern Yunnan,skarn type deposits are mainly distributed in the ore-concentration areas of South Hunan in Middle Nanling,and the quartz vein type tin deposits are mainly distributed in South China,such as Western Fujian,Middle Jiangxi,Northern Guangzhou and Southern Hunan.The most important metallogenic epoch for tin deposits is the Mesozoic era.The metallogenic geotectonic background is mainly continental environments after orogeny process,with strong tectonic changes,interlaced deep fracture and frequent magmatism.And the most distinctive feature is the well developed Mesozoic granites,which have a close relationship with tin mineralization.Based on the detailed study of the data from 873 tin deposits in China,this paper summarized the metallogenic regularity of tin deposits,classified 20 important metallogenic series of tin or tin-associated deposits,and inferred that the cassiterite-sulfide type,skarn type,quartz vein type and greisen type are the main prediction types of tin resources.Forty-four tin-mineralization belts were divided,among which,19 belts are the most important.In addition,a series of maps about tin metallogenic belts and tin metallogenic regularity were compiled,aiming to provide theoretical basis for potential estimation and prediction of tin mineral resources.  相似文献   

3.
某钽铌钨铍矿化花岗岩岩石化学特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
章崇真 《地球化学》1975,(2):135-146
During the magmatie evolution from biotite granite through two-mlca granite to mineralized muscovite granite it has been noted that Na^ , Mm^2 , Si^4 increase while K^ , Ca^2 , Mg^2 , Fe^2 , Fe^3 , Ti^4 , and P^5 decrease systematically in this district. Oreforming metals occur in higher abundance in biotite granite which is thought to be the representative of primary magma, and have been enriched rapidly with magmatic evolution R^ /R^2 Na^ /K^ , Rb/K, Mn/Fe and other petrochemical parameters increase whereas Ti^4 /Si^4 decreases in a sympathetic way with the enrichment of niobium and tantalum, providing good indicators of the degree of differentiation and metasematism of the magma ,Within the mineralized granite, there is a same trend of variation upward whioh is found closely related to the enrichment of tantalum. Fluorine is strongly concentrated in wall rocks above blind mineralized granite, and the eontente of tantalum and niobium in wolframite from quartz veins genetically related to the granite increase towards buried mineralization. The latter two phenomena are suggested by the author as clues to buried ore bodies.  相似文献   

4.
As the principal ore mineral in various tungsten (-gold) deposits, scheelite (CaWO4) plays an important role in directly dating the timing of ore formation, and in tracing associated material sources through the study of its Sm-Nd geochronology and Nd isotopic characteristics. Since the retention of Sm-Nd systematics within scheelite is presently unconstrained, equivocal interpretations for isotopic data resulting from this method have occurred quite often in previous studies that apply these isotopic data. In order to better elucidate the closure of Sm-Nd in scheelite, the kinetics of Sm and Nd within this mineral lattice were investigated through calculation of diffusion constants presented herein. The following Arrhenius relations were obtained: DNd = 4.00exp(?438 kJ·mol–1/RT) cm2/s DSm = 1.85exp(?427 kJ·mol–1/RT) cm2/s showing diffusion rate of Nd is near identical to Sm in scheelite when at the same temperature. However, compared to other rare earth elements (REEs), which have markedly different atomic radii to either Nd or Sm, these are shown to exhibit a great variation in diffusivities. The observed trends in our data are in excellent agreement with the diffusion characteristics of REEs in other tetragonal ABO4 minerals, indicating that ionic radius is a key constraint to the diffusivity of REEs in the various crystal lattices. With this in mind, the same substitution mechanism and a very slight discrepancy in radii will allow us to infer that significant Sm/Nd diffusional fractionation in scheelite is unlikely to occur during most geological processes. Based upon the diffusion data determined herein, Sm and Nd closure temperatures and retention times in scheelite are discussed in terms of diffusion dynamics. Those results suggest that closure temperatures for Sm-Nd within this mineral are relatively high in contrast to the temperature ranges of ore-formation responsible for scheelite-related deposits, and any later thermal environments. It is likely, therefore, that relevant isotopic information could be easily retained under most geological conditions, since initial crystallization of the scheelite. In addition, comparison of this mineral-element pair over a range of temperatures with some other common minerals used as geochronometers (e.g., zircon and apatite) indicates that Sm-Nd system has a slower diffusive rate in scheelite than for Sr in apatite or Ar in quartz, and only a little faster than for Pb in zircon. It should be noted, within most hydrothermal deposits where zircon has crystallized, its size is typically no more than 100 μm, whereas scheelite commonly occurs as macroscopic grains. For this reason, the larger dimensions of scheelite would provide a robust Sm-Nd system more able to resist perturbations, relating to any later thermal process. As such Sm-Nd investigations of scheelite are akin to U-Pb within zircon samples used in isotopic dating. These observations indicate that Sm-Nd age and isotopic information can provide reliable data in all but the most extreme case, especially when data are extracted from macroscopic grains of scheelite that are chosen to be “pristine” (i.e., free of surface alteration and/or fractures).  相似文献   

5.
Classic physical and chemical treatments applied to separating clay minerals from the host sediments are often difficult or aggressive for clay minerals. A technique using cation exchange resins (amberlite IRC-50H and amberlite IR-120) is used to separate clay minerals from the host sediments. The technique is based on the exchange of cations in the minerals that may be associated clay minerals in sediments, such as Ca and Mg from dolomite; Ca from calcite, gypsum and francolite with cations carried by resin radicals. The associated minerals such as gypsum, calcite, dolomite and francolite are removed in descending order. Separation of clay minerals using cation exchange resins is less aggressive than that by other classic treatments. The efficiency of amberlite IRC-50H in the removal of associated minerals is greater than that of amberlite IR-120.  相似文献   

6.
鞍本抚顺地区科马提岩的初步研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Komatiites have been discovered for the first time in the Lower Anshan Group with a metamorphic grade from amphibolite to granulite facies. Komatiites occur as bedded ultramafic volcanic rocks on the ocean-floor. The kematiites in the Region occurring in the metamorphic rocks are some monomineralic rocks such as hornblendite, monoclinie augitite and hypersthenite. Local komatiites are found retaining some typical pre-existing structures and textures of volcanic rocks, such as blastophitie texture and blastospinifex. The chemical composition of komatiites in this region is much similar to that of other well-known model komatiites in the world, and so are their geochemical charaeteristies. The occurrence of komatiites in the Anshan-Benxi-Fusun Region provide strong evidence to show that this region is an Archean greenstonc belt. Studies on komatiites in this region will shed much light on the stratigraphic division of the Anshan Groupand the paleostructure of the greenstone belt as well as on the rules governing metallogenesis in the Anshan-Benxi-Fusun Region.  相似文献   

7.
For the first time, fluid-melt inclusions are found in fluorite of the Huanggangliang skarn iron-tin deposit (HSID). The fluorite was formed in the main stage of mineralization, named the hydro-skarnization stage. The inclusions contain various components such as Fe, Mg and Cr from deep sources. The melts of primary inclusions are mainly Ca- and F-rich and those of secondary inclusions tend to become Si-rich. During this evolution process, the melts and iron daughter minerals decreased and even vanished. These facts reveal that the evolution of the primary mineralizing fluids and the differentiation of the fluids and melts are the main factors leading to the deposition of Fe, Sn and other elements. This discovery confirms the magmatic genesis of the HSID and has filled in the gaps in the research of magmatogenic skarn deposits and furnished new methods for such research. Furthermore, it has enlarged the scope of the research on fluid inclusions.  相似文献   

8.
Based on regional geological setting, stratigraphic distribution and other geological conditions, this paper summarized three types of geothermal reservoirs in the southeast coastal areas of China: Cenozoic sandstone or sandy conglomerate reservoir, Mesozoic granite fissure reservoir and Paleozoic karst reservoir. Cenozoic sandstone or sandy conglomerate reservoirs are mainly located in Cenozoic basins, such as Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, Sanshui and Leiqiong basins. The Tertiary sedimentary basins such as Leiqiong Basin and Sanshui Basin, are controlled by NE-trending faults, while the Quaternary sedimentary such as Zhangzhou and Fuzhou basins are controlled by NW-trending faults. Mesozoic granite fissure reservoirs are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas, such as Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, Fengshun, Yangjiang and southern part of Hainan Province. The distribution of good Mesozoic granite fissure reservoir in these areas is mainly controlled by NE-trending faults. Paleozoic carbonate reservoirs are widely distributed in these areas. Most carbonate rocks are from the upper Paleozoic strata, such as those in the area of Huizhou in Guangdong Province. The major types of geothermal systems in the southeast coastal areas of China belong to medium and low-temperature convection. The geothermal resources developed from the ground to-3 000 m underground could be utilized directly for space heating, greenhouse heating, aquaculture pond heating and industrial uses, as well as other purposes. The geothermal resources with a depth of 3 000～6 000 m underground is mainly featured by Hot Dry Rock(HDR) with a temperature ranges from 150 ℃ to 200 ℃, which is conductive to the development of Enhanced Geothermal System(EGS) and can be utilized for power generation.  相似文献   

9.
Element geochemistry of gold arsenic and mineralogical features of their sulfides in the Carlin-type gold depostis of the Qinling region are discussed in this paper.The initial contents of ore-forming elements such as glod and arsenic are high the ore-bearing rock series in the Qinling region.Furthermore,both the metals are concentrated mainly in the diagenetic pyrite.Study on the mineralogy of arsenic-bearing sulfide minerals in the ores demonstrated that there is a poistive correlation between gold and arsenic in the sulfide minerals.Available evidence suggests that gold in the As-bearing sulfide minerals in likely to be presented as a charge species(Au ),and it is most possible for it to replace the exxcess arsenic at the site of iron and war probably deposited together with arsenic as solid in the sulfide minerals. Pyrite is composed of(Aux^3 ,Fe1-2^2 )([AsS]x^3-[S2]1-x^2-),and arenopyrite of (Aux^3 ,Fe1-x^3 )([AsS]x^3-[AsS2]1-x^3-).The occurrence of glod in the As-sulfied minerals from the Carlin-type gold depostis in the Qinling region has been confirmed by electron probe and transmission electron microscopic studies.The results show that gold was probably depostied together with arsenicas coupled solid solutions in sulfide minerals in the early stage of mineralization.Metallogenic chemical reactions concerning gold deposition in the Carlin-type As-rich gold deposits would involve oxidation of glod and concurrent reduction of arsenic.Later,the deposited gold as solid was remobilized and redistributed as exsolutions,as a result of increasing hydrothermal alteration and crystallization,and decreasing resistance to refractoriness of the host minerals.Gold occurs as sub-microscopic grains(ranging from 0.04tp 0.16μm in diameter)of native gold along micro factures in and crystalline grains of the sulfiedes.  相似文献   

10.
The study of fluid inclusions can help constrain the conditions at which diagenetic minerals precipitated, leading to a better understanding of the geologic controls and relative timing of changes in porosity and/or mineralising events. Many of the diagenetic minerals are easily deformed and it is important to check for any post-entrapment changes to the inclusions. Possible post-entrapment changes include reaction with the host crystal, necking down, nucleation metastability and thermal re-equilibration. The recommended method of detecting these problems is to examine individual fluid inclusion assemblages (FIAs) and report data for each individual FIA. These studies have been enhanced by the development of new micro-analytical techniques such as micro-fluorescence spectroscopy, micro-infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, various mass spectrometry techniques and the analysis of individual fluid inclusions using laser ablation/decrepitation methods. Special techniques have been developed for hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions such as the Grains containing Oil Inclusions (GOI), Fluid Inclusion Stratigraphy (FIS), and the Molecular Composition of Inclusions (MCI) techniques. The fluid inclusions that form in some minerals during diagenesis provide the only direct means of examining the fluids present in these systems. They provide useful temperature, pressure, and fluid composition data that cannot be obtained by other means.  相似文献   

11.
The Jingbaoshan platinum-palladium deposit is China＇s largest independent PGM （platinum-group metals） deposit so far discovered. There are eleven kinds of useful components in the ore： Pt, Pd, Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, and Co. The platinum-group elements, gold and silver occur in the form of minerals in ores. twenty-five kinds of precious metal minerals have been found, of which twenty one belong to the platinum-group minerals. The minerals are very small in grain size. Copper occurs mainly as copper sulfide with a small amount of free copper oxide, and the beneficiated copper accounts for 95.21%. Nickel occurs mainly as nickel sulfide, and some nickel silicate and nickel oxide occur in the ore. The beneficiated nickel accounts for 72.03%. Cobalt occurs mainly as cobalt sulfide, and there are some cobalt oxide and other kinds of cobalt. The beneficiated cobalt accounts for 77.58%.  相似文献   

12.
某些低对称矿物中二价铜离子晶场光谱的计算   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
林传易 《地球化学》1979,(3):222-230
Reported in this paper are the expressions for the crystal field potential energy and perturbation matrix elements for the symmetry of C4v, D2h and Ci, by which the crystal field spectra of Cu^2 ions in the minerals such as metatorbernite, conichalcite and turquoise have been calculated. In our calculation, the values uf (r^3) and (r^4)are determined by the empirical radial-wave function cited from reference [1]. The results obtained are essentially consistent with the experimental data.  相似文献   

13.
The ultrahigh-pressure eclogites from the northern Dabie Mountains in central China occurred as tectonic lens or blocks within granitic gneisses or meta-peridotites. Petrologic studies suggest that the studied eclogites experienced strongly retrogressive metamorphism and produced a series of characteristic retrogressive microstructures. The retrograde structures mainly include: (1) oriented needle mineral exsolution, e. g. , quartz needles in Na-clinopyroxene and rotile, clinopyroxene and apatite exsolution in garnet formed under decreasing pressure conditions during exhumation; (2) symplectite, especially, two generations of symplectites developed outside the garnet grains, which are called ““double symplectite““ here; (3) compositional zoning of minerals such as garnet and clinopyroxene; (4) minerals with a reaction rim or retrograde rim, e.g. , omphacite with a diopside rim, diopside with an amphibole rim and rutile with a rim of ilmenite. These retrograde textures, especially mineral zoning and symplectite, provide important petrologic evidence for the exhumation process and uplift of high-grade metamorphic rocks such as eclogite in the northern Dabie Mountains, indicating a rapid exhumation process.  相似文献   

14.
The so-called“Yangtze-type”copper deposits include:（1）Cu-bearing massive pyrite bed ,(2)Cu-bearing skarn and magnetite-type ore deposits,with replacement Cu-vein-type deposits near the metasomatic zone,and (3)mineralized intrusive bodies and breccia pipes ,some of which are known as porphyry copper ores(e.g.Chengmenshan).This type of ore deposits is a typical example to verify the polygenesis of inost of the deposits in China,as has been promoted by Prof.Tu Guangchi in view of the polycyclic development of the geological history in China.This paper is con-cemed with one sub-type of such deposits.  相似文献   

15.
A new species of tapejarid pterosaur, Huaxiapterus coroUatus sp. nov. is erected on the basis of a nearly complete skull and postcranial skeleton from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning Province, China. Huaxiapterus coroUatus sp. nov. is characterized by a hatchet-shaped rectangular process on the premaxilla, whose short axis is perpendicular to the anterior margin of the premaxillae. Except for this process, other characters of the skull such as the breadth of the snout between the anterior margin of the nasoantorbital fenestra and the anterior margin of the premaxilla are similar to that of Huaxiapterus jii. Huaxiapterus and a second Chinese tapejarid, Sinopterus, share several unique cranial characters in common with Tapejara and these three genera appear to be more closely related to each other than to other azhdarchoids. The Chinese tapejarids （Sinopterus and Huaxiapterus） have relatively elongate skulls and weakly developed cranial crests and seem to be less derived than Tapejara, with its shorter, deeper skull and large cranial crest. Tupuxuarids （Tupuxuara and Thalassodromeus） have often been associated with tapejarids in the family Tapejaridae, but this relationship is controversial because some phylogenetic analyses have supported the pairing of tupuxuarids with Azhdarchidae. We propose that Tapejaridae be restricted to Tapejara, Sinopterus and Huaxiapterus.  相似文献   

16.
Gld deposits occurring in metamorphosed microcelastic rocks are distributed extensively at home and abroad.Some deposits of this type are of superlarge tonnage.The formation of gold deposits in metamorphosed microclastic rocks involves three stages:the sedimentary stage,the regionally metamorphic stage,and the ore-forming stage.At the first stage,microclastic sedimentary source rocks were developed in a relatively semi-enclosed reducing sea basin and were enriched in carbon,sulfur and gold.At the second stage,the gold adsorbed on organic matter and clay minerals was relesed and poorly concentrated during the destruction of organic matter and the depletion of clay minerals by regional metamorphism with increase temperature and pressure.At the third stage,a tectono-hydrothermal event took place.As a result,gold was leached from metamorphosed microclastic rocks,transported to ore depositional locus and/or mixed with gold of other sources in the course of migration,and finally precipitared as ores.Gold deposits of this type were eventually formed at the third stage,and they also can be classified as the orogenic belt type and the activation zone type.The gold deposits occurring in metamorphosed microcalastic rocks are the products of reworking processes and the influence of magmatism should be taken into consideration in some cases.  相似文献   

17.
我国地方性氟病的地球化学问题   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
Endemic fluorine disease is a chronic fluorine poisoning caused by high level of fluorine in drinking water or foods. Incidence of this disease has been knowu in many parts of the world. In China its occurrence has been observed in the Northeast, Northwest, Southwest and some other localities. Investigation shows that it is closely related to geochemical environment: Major fluorine sources in nature include fluorinerich volcanic rocks, calcareous dolomites, phosphorus-bearing rocks/loess and Quarternary loose sediments. Under special conditions fluorine is concentrated in ground water or soil and seeks its way into human body through diet. Areas With high fluorine concentration responsible for the fluorine disease can be classified into four types, depending on characteristics of geochemical environment: (1) Arid and semiarid calcium-rich soda saline areas; (2) Semiarid, alternatively marine-terrestrial strata with a high degree of salinity; (3) Semihumid iron- and aluminum-rich intermediate-acid soils; (4) Localities where fluorine-rich rocks or deposits are developed;and those with high fluorine content as a result of industrial pollution. Based on medical statistics and chemical analyses, of water, soil, food and other related samplcs,this work will provide a scientific baekground for the prevention and control of fluorine disease.  相似文献   

18.
In Liaoning, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Gansu, Sichuan, Anhui, Jilin and other provinces in China, there is a wide occurrence of metal quantity over 1000 tons of refractory gold ores, principally because of low gold recoveries and become ＂stay mine＂. Features of refi＇actory gold ores are： gold in micro-particles or a microscopic state that is wrapped in pyrite, presence of arsenopyrite and other sulfide minerals or disseminated in the crystal lattice of sulfide minerals; harmful impurity elements such as arsenic, carbon, mercury, antimony, copper with high content are closely related with the gold, and these elements affect the contact reaction between the gold and solvent extraction, making the recovery of the gold extraction process low. In the past 20 years, overseas countries have developed the application of the roasting oxidation method, hot acid （alkali） oxidation, bacterial oxidation and flash chlorination oxidation technology to solve this problem.Among these, biological oxidation has developed rapidly in the domestic market and gold enterprises abroad because of its low investment in infrastructure, low production costs, less environmental pollution, simple process and easy control, etc.  相似文献   

19.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2018,9(6):1595-1596
正In the design of geotechnical infrastructure, engineers have to deal with naturally occurring soils and rocks which are subjected to spatial variability as well as other uncertainties such as errors in measurement and in modeling methods. Reliability assessment which provides a systematic approach for quantifying the risk of failure has been shown to be a promising tool for solving these  相似文献   

20.
A large-scale evaporate series is developed in Paleogene-Neogene strata in the Kuqa basin. The series is composed mainly of evaporate with thin beds of clastic rock (mainly mudstone and siltstone). In grayish white medium- and coarse-grained sandstone in Miocene strata, the formation of copper minerals is in close connection with brine. In joint planes, which are developed in vertical strata, are filled with gypsum. Gypsum and copper-mineralized sandstone contains enormous copper minerals, mainly atacamite. According to the SEM analysis for salt rock, gypsum rock, limestone, grayish green siltstone, grayish white medium-coarse-grained sandstone, some minerals are composed of metallic elements including Au, Ag, Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Ni and U etc., in which Au occurs in a native form, Cu occurs in a native form or as atacamite in salt rock, gypsum rock and limestone, Ag occurs as silver sulfide in gypsum, and Zn, Pb, Co, Ni, U occur as compounds along with the above metallic ions in evaporate or clastic rock. From SEM images, we can see that metallic elements or their compounds (oxides or sulfides) “take root” as grains in salt or gypsum crystals, which belong to primary chemical sedimentation along with evaporate, while some grains “float” on surface of salt or gypsum. In the former case, mineral grains were formed together with salt (gypsum) crystals; while in the latter case, minerals were enriched from internal metallic ions (Paleogene evaporate samples) or external metallic ions (Neogene gypsum samples) in the late stage of evaporate formation. The metallic ions in Paleogene evaporate samples might originate from weathered or denudated materials in the south Tianshan Mountains. The metallic ions in the Neogene evaporate samples might be from metal-bearing brine, which migrated upward to surface along fractures and leached into evaporate (gypsum). Occurrence of metallic minerals and their compounds (elementary substance) in Paleogene evaporate proves that diversified metallic minerals exist in evaporate. The source of metallic ions in the Neogene evaporate series shows that evaporate could provide materials for late-stage metallic mineralization.  相似文献   

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