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1.
An Empirical Correlation of Index Geomechanical Parameters with the Compressional Wave Velocity 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The geomechanical strength of rockmass plays a key role in planning and design of mining and civil construction projects.
Determination of geomechanical properties in the field as well as laboratory is time consuming, tedious and a costly affair.
In this study, density, slake durability index, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and P-wave velocity tests were conducted
on four igneous, six sedimentary and three metamorphic rock varieties. These properties are crucial and used extensively in
geotechnical engineering to understand the stability of the structures. The main aim of this study is to determine the various
mechanical properties of 13 different rock types in the laboratory and establish a possible and acceptable correlation with
P-wave velocity which can be determined in the field as well as laboratory with ease and accuracy. Empirical equations were
developed to calculate the density, slake durability index and UCS from P-wave velocities. Strong correlations among P-wave
velocity with the physical properties of different rock were established. The relations mainly follow a linear trend. Student’s
‘t’ test and ‘F’ test were performed to ensure proper analysis and validation of the proposed correlations. These correlations can save time
and reduce cost during design and planning process as they represent a reliable engineering tool. 相似文献
2.
The joint frequency rating index accounts for 40% of the weight in the hundred-mark Rock Mass Rating 2014 (RMR14) classification system. However, owning to the natural variations of in-situ rock mass, this parameter is difficult for site engineers to obtain along the tunnel axis, especially in groundwater-rich conditions or prior to any disturbances made to rock mass. In this study, we propose an equivalent joint frequency, expressed quantitatively in terms of the ratio of the P-wave propagation velocity in the rock mass to that of the intact rocks, which is mainly based on engineering statistics easily obtained from the Chinese National Standard, GB/T 50218. We also explore a new rating method, based on field P-wave propagation velocity tests, for the joint frequency in the RMR14 classification system. Literature from in-situ databases is discussed to verify the applicability of the proposed rating method. The verifications demonstrate that, compared with the results of on-site parameters ratings as per the RMR classification system, the new rating method using P-wave propagation velocity can obtain a certain degree of accuracy. Hence, this enables the presentation of the primary state of integrity of an in-situ rock mass in accordance with the RMR14 classification system, through simple and non-destructive field P-wave velocity tests.
相似文献3.
西南山区节理岩体发育,处于强震易发区,强地震动和节理化岩体结构是汶川地震近场区地震地质灾害多发的两大主控因素,两者的相互耦合使得岷江两岸地震崩滑灾害成因复杂,崩滑机理研究难度增大。由于节理化岩体结构的复杂性以及早期对地震纵波关注不足,强震近场纵波作用下节理岩体变形破裂机制研究成果基本处于空白阶段。本文在系统归纳总结边坡地震动力变形破坏研究进展的基础上,分析了动荷载诱发节理岩体的变形破裂机制,探讨了解决目前研究中存在的核心问题的正确思路和有效途径,旨在对地震纵波作用下节理岩体宏观动力响应及其细观机制研究起到抛砖引玉的作用,并深化有关节理岩体地震响应、强震近场纵波引起节理岩质斜坡失稳模式等科学问题的认识,为下一步地震地质灾害研究指明方向。 相似文献
4.
Experimental studies were carried out in laboratory in order to investigate the effects of fracture on compressional (P) wave and shear (S) wave velocity propagation and therefore the relations between seismic properties and rock mass parameters. The discontinuity index, Id, fracture density parameter C, linear fracture parameter Γ and the rock quality designation (RQD) were used to describe the rock mass parameters. These parameters are analyzed and then related to the seismic properties. Four vertical aligned fractures were created on an intact calcarenite block, 0.6 m long, 0.4 m thick and 0.4 m width, by sawing. The measures were carried out in four different blocks of cacarenite, having the same physical properties, and in four different phases: in first block the fractures were filled with air; in the second block the fractures were filled with “terra rossa”; in third block the fractures were filled with wet “terra rossa” and in the fourth block the fractures were filled with clay. The test results were statistically analysed using the method of least squares regression and polynomial relationships with high correlation coefficient were found between the fractured rock parameters and P-wave, S-wave velocities and Vp/Vs ratio. The investigations suggest that the P-wave and S-wave velocities decrease with increasing the fracture parameters, while the Vp/Vs ratio increases with decreasing the fracture parameters.
Furthermore the results of the experimental studies were applied on the seismic refraction tomography data acquired in a great measurements campaign undertaken in the Adriatic salentina coast (south Italy) in order to monitor the coastal erosion.
The geophysical results, using the polynomial relationships between the fractured rock parameters and P-wave velocity, are in good agreement with the geomorphological and geological results. 相似文献
5.
预钻式岩体剪切测量系统可以测量矿山原位岩体的内摩擦角和黏聚力,与传统室内试验和现场测试相比,该测试方法可以最大限度保持岩体本质状态,方便快捷获取测试数据。首先阐述了系统整体设计思路,并成功研制出预钻式原位岩体剪切仪设备,搭建了数据采集存储软件平台;其次,基于剪切仪的工作原理,通过配套完整的测量系统试验装置,制定了试验数据处理方法和试验步骤;最后为验证系统方法的工程适用性,对测量系统进行了标定试验,并在混凝土平台进行了岩体侵入试验与剪切试验。剪切试验结果与室内直剪试验相比,内摩擦角小24.77%~41.33%,黏聚力小13.11%~32.84%。针对试验结果的差异性,从仪器设备和试验方式进行了分析,指出试验误差主要来源于设备剪切加载方式的变化和岩体直剪试验方法的不同。研究结果为矿山原位岩体力学参数的准确测量提供了新的思路和方法,也为后续系统的改进设计提供借鉴参考。 相似文献
6.
Klaus Ullemeyer Siegfried Siegesmund Patrick N.J. Rasolofosaon Jan H. Behrmann 《Tectonophysics》2006,414(1-4):97
A representative suite of deformed, metamorphic rocks from the TRANSALP reflection seismic traverse in the Eastern Alps was studied in the laboratory with respect to elastic properties and whole-rock texture. Compressional wave (P-wave) velocities and their anisotropies were measured at various experimental conditions (dry, wet, confining pressure), and compared to the texture-related component of anisotropy. Here ‘texture’ refers to crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs), which were determined by neutron texture goniometry. In gneisses and schists P-wave anisotropies are mainly controlled by the microcrack fabric. In marbles and amphibolites CPO contributes very significantly to anisotropy. At 200 MPa confining pressure the degree of anisotropy is between 5% and 15%, depending on rock composition and/or CPO intensity. Special emphasis was also put on discussing possible effects of fluids on seismic velocity and anisotropy. Distributions of water-filled microcracks and pores are distinctly anisotropic, with maximum contribution to bulk rock velocity mostly parallel to the foliation pole. Decreasing P-wave velocity and increasing anisotropy of immersed samples may be explained by crack-induced changes of the elastic moduli of bulk rock. The main conclusion regarding interpretation of TRANSALP data is that strong reflections in the deep Alpine crust are probably due to marble–gneiss and metabasite–gneiss contacts, although P-wave anisotropy and boundaries between zones of ‘dry’ or ‘wet’ series may contribute to reflectivity to some extent. 相似文献
7.
Summary. Conventional blasting causes cracks and fractures in the rock. Controlled blasting techniques produce the macrocrack in a
desired direction and eliminate microcrack in the remaining rock. Macrocrack development in desired direction is required
for extraction of dimensional stone and at the same time there is need to reduce microcrack development in the block and remaining
rock. To achieve the objectives, experimental work in the quarries was carried out for separating marble block from the in
situ strata as practiced in some of the Indian mines by using detonating cord of 30 to 50 g/m by varying hole spacing, hole
diameter, air cushioning, water and sand filled blast-holes. Blasthole notching was carried out. Further, tests were carried
out by using various liners inside the blasthole to determine the damages in the extracted block and remaining rock. The designed
experimental work was undertaken and rock samples were collected by coring before and after blasting for quantification of
microcrack in the rock. P-wave velocity and microscopic studies were conducted for quantification of damages. Experiments
were also conducted at laboratory scale for the quantification of damages in single circular and notched holes with variation
of stemming and liners. The P-wave velocity close to hole always reduces after blast and in case of NG-based charge and detonating
cord it decreases up to 1/3rd. With PVC pipe and paper tube liners decrease is negligible. Thus, by using notched hole with paper tube, decrease in P-wave
is minimum indicating least damage. 相似文献
8.
矿井槽波地震勘探数据中,含有多种类型地震波,包括线性极化的纵波、横波、勒夫型槽波和椭圆极化的瑞利型槽波。由于槽波频散现象严重,不同类型槽波互相重叠,在地震记录上难以区分,合理地进行波场分离是槽波数据处理的重要环节。根据不同类型槽波振动极化特征,提出基于S变换的时频域自适应协方差矩阵极化滤波方法;在时频域中,针对槽波水平双分量信号建立自适应协方差矩阵;利用矩阵对应特征值和特征向量,计算椭圆率和方位角参数来描述槽波极化振动特征;依据极化参数建立极化滤波函数,对槽波地震信号进行波场分离。经过理论合成信号和实际数据测试表明,该方法可以有效地从槽波地震记录中提取出勒夫型槽波,避免其它类型地震波在槽波数据处理过程中产生的干扰,为槽波地震勘探数据处理提供新的技术手段。 相似文献
9.
Discovery of anisotropy for upper-mantle P-wave velocities has resulted recently in many laboratory determinations of velocities for natural mantle material, either by direct measurement on rock samples or through calculations based on single-crystal elastic constants, fabrics and modal compositions Comparison of field and laboratory data provides gross constraints for convection processes and flow mechanisms. As natural peridotites yeidl a wide range of maximum seismic anisotropies, their depth of origin and deformation history are inferred from pyroxene geobarometry and geothermometry, and from stress estimates derived from neoblast grain sizes. Large maximum anisotropies (ca. 1.0 km/s) are typical of samples with fabrics strengthened by low-temperature/highstress deformation related to emplacement. Other highly anisotropic mantle material includes peridotites beneath continental rifts and thinned continental crust. Maximum anisotropies for ordinary suboceanic and infracontinental peridotites are generally in the range of the field data (0.3–0.6 km/s) and support a model with [010]ol nearly vertical (in accord with observations on ophiolites) and [100]ol subparallel to the spreading direction. On the basis of fabric data, seismic anisotropy should decrease with depth. 相似文献
10.
波速测试技术是地震勘探方法之一,也是一种简便、快速、准确的原位测试技术。它通过获取的地震波在经过不同深度的岩、土层的直达波旅行时,求得纵波、剪切波波速,进而通过弹性波理论,计算出岩、土层动弹性力学参数,同时也可以根据剪切波的波速,来划分场地土类型和建筑场地类别,以及计算卓越周期,这些参数可以为场地抗震设计及地震安全性评价提供依据。这里简述了波速测试技术的工作原理和野外实测技术,以及数据处理和资料解释全过程,并且结合某一建筑场地的实例,说明了波速测试技术在场地抗震评价中的应用及其效果。 相似文献
11.
Antoni Kidybiński 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1986,4(2):91-109
Summary Conditions under which dynamic loads occur in mines are briefly described and the special vulnerability of roadways in coal mines to fail under dynamic load is considered. A method for assessment of shock load energy anticipated is proposed, based on the volume of rock and the velocity of rock particles induced by rapid rock failure and/or seismic tremors. Case examples from Upper Silesian coal mines are given and the safety factor of steel supports against the shock energy from rockbursts is discussed. The shock energy damping ability of various parts of steel supports and support systems is calculated as a basis for rational support design. Results of six mine experiments where various types of roadway support were installed and then loaded dynamically by blasting within surrounding rocks are discussed. 相似文献
12.
Prediction of specific energy of carbonate rock in industrial stones cutting process 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Specific energy (SE) measurements of circular saws were conducted on 12 different carbonate rocks. Rock samples were collected from the factories for laboratory tests. Bulk density, apparent porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, flexural strength, Schmidt rebound hardness, Shore hardness, point load strength index, Los Angeles abrasion values, and P-wave velocity values were determined in the laboratory. SE and rock properties were evaluated using simple regression analysis and empirical equations were developed. The equations were verified by statistical tests. Regression analysis showed that high correlations exist between SE and uniaxial compressive strength, Shore and Schmidt hardness, bulk density, apparent porosity, and flexural strength. It was found that the SE value of rocks in cutting process was highest for those rocks having the high density, compressive strength, flexural strength, Schmidt and Shore hardness, point load strength index, and P-wave velocity values. 相似文献
13.
The geomechanical models were established based on the absence or presence of certain rock fabric elements — texture (crystallographic preferred orientation), microstructure (shape preferred orientation) and microcracks (flat voids). The proposed models include both (i) the ideal material showing random texture and structure but no microcracks, i.e. the material which is hardly to be found in nature, and (ii) the materials possessing various combinations of fabric elements that show different spatial arrangements. The mutual relationship between those parameters and seismic and geomechanical properties are discussed.Selected models were experimentally verified during laboratory experiments. These consist of measurement of P-wave velocities in 132 independent directions under several confining pressures in the range 0.1–400 MPa. From measured data 3D P-wave patterns can be constructed and the influence of microcracks and of texture and structure on the rock seismic anisotropy can be determined. The seismic anisotropy established at different levels of confining pressure can be used for the interpretation of rock fabric symmetry of rocks showing low anisotropy in macroscale and for the selection of directions in which the geomechanical test can be performed. The measured P-wave velocities were then mathematically processed by using a fitting function which reflects contribution of P-wave velocity in the mineral skeleton of an ideal sample without microcracks extrapolated to the atmospheric pressure level from high confining pressure interval (ca. 200–400 MPa) (v0), linear compressibility of the samples (kv), and confining pressure during which most of the cracks are closed (P0). These parameters improve the understanding of the response of various rock fabric elements on increasing confinement and corresponding changes in elasticity.The observed seismic and geomechanical anisotropies reflect intensity of the fabric of rock-forming minerals and microcracks. The magnitude of seismic anisotropy measured at atmospheric pressure corresponds to the anisotropy of static elastic modulus and is governed by the spatial arrangement of microcracks. The magnitude of strength anisotropy (uniaxial compressive strength) correlates more likely to the seismic anisotropy determined at high confining pressure and is connected to the preferred orientations (either CPO or SPO or both) of rock-forming minerals. 相似文献
14.
A. K. Naithani P. C. Nawani L. G. Singh Devendra Singh 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,81(6):835-843
The 200m long and 106.2m wide spillway of Bunakha Hydroelectric Project is proposed at the centre of the dam to pass the flood discharge. The spillway area was investigated through detailed engineering geological mapping, geophysical survey, exploratory drilling and laboratory testing. The rock mass properties, i.e. joint sets, weathering grade, RQD, RMR, permeability, P-wave velocity etc. of the rock masses to be encountered during the excavation of spillway have been analyzed in detail. Core samples from the exploratory drill hole drilled at the spillway alignment were tested for physico-mechanical properties of rocks in the laboratory. The mapping details indicated that the major rock types which are exposed to the surface and cover the entire spillway area are foliated gneisses with bands of banded gneisses. On the basis of detailed investigations and laboratory testing, inferences and recommendations have been made which will be helpful during the construction of the project. 相似文献
15.
P. K. Sharma Manoj Khandelwal T. N. Singh 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2011,100(1):189-195
The main objective of this study was to establish statistical relationship between Schmidt hammer rebound numbers with impact
strength index (ISI), slake durability index (SDI) and P-wave velocity. These are important properties to characterize a rock
mass and are being widely used in geological and geotechnical engineering. Due to its importance, Schmidt hammer rebound number
is considered as one of the most important property for the determination of other properties, like ISI, SDI and P-wave velocity.
Determination of these properties in the laboratory is time consuming and tedious as well as requiring expertise, whereas
Schmidt hammer rebound number can be easily obtained on site which in addition is non-destructive. So, in this study, an attempt
has been made to determine these index properties in the laboratory and each index property was correlated with Schmidt hammer
rebound values. Empirical equations have been developed to predict ISI, SDI and P-wave velocity using rebound values. It was
found that Schmidt hammer rebound number shows linear relation with ISI and SDI, whereas exponential relation with P-wave
velocity. To check the sensitivity of empirical relations, Student’s t test was done to verify the correlation between rebound values and other rock index properties. 相似文献
16.
准确和形象地分析煤矿微地震波在不同介质中的传播规律,能够为煤矿主动地震勘探以及反演煤矿不同区域内部介质结构提供有效的理论依据。基于二维介质模型,以煤矿典型的煤、岩单一均匀介质模型、煤岩组合多层介质模型、含断层煤岩介质模型以及含水煤岩双相介质模型为例,利用高阶有限差分法对不同煤岩介质进行了波场模拟,分析不同介质的波场特征。研究结果表明,高阶有限差分法可以准确、形象地得到煤岩不同介质条件下的纵横波的波场特征;不同介质模型的波场特征各不相同,在多层煤岩介质中不同介质的分界面会发生纵横波的反射、透射和转换,产生透射波、透射转换波、反射波和反射转换波;在含断层煤岩介质中断层处不仅可以产生透射波、透射转换波、反射波和反射转换波,还可以发生绕射产生绕射波;在含水煤岩双相介质中不仅有快纵波和横波,也会产生慢纵波。不同时刻的波场快照可以进一步形象地描述波场动态特征,都为矿山微震波场分析打下了理论基础。 相似文献
17.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(1):53-61
In many rock engineering applications such as foundations, slopes and tunnels, the intact rock properties are not actually determined by laboratory tests, due to the requirements of high quality core samples and sophisticated test equipments. Thus, predicting the rock properties by using empirical equations has been an attractive research topic relating to rock engineering practice for many years. Soft computing techniques are now being used as alternative statistical tools. In this study, artificial neural network models were developed to predict the rock properties of the intact rock, by using sound level produced during rock drilling. A database of 832 datasets, including drill bit diameter, drill bit speed, penetration rate of the drill bit and equivalent sound level (Leq) produced during drilling for input parameters, and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Schmidt rebound number (SRN), dry density (ρ), P-wave velocity (Vp), tensile strength (TS), modulus of elasticity (E) and percentage porosity (n) of intact rock for output, was established. The constructed models were checked using various prediction performance indices. Goodness of the fit measures revealed that recommended ANN model fitted the data as accurately as experimental results, indicating the usefulness of artificial neural networks in predicting rock properties. 相似文献
18.
The stability of slopes and underground openings against flexural toppling and their stabilisation 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
Summary The stability of slopes and underground openings during and after excavation is always of great concern in the field of rock engineering. Depending upon the geologic conditions and material properties of rock and discontinuities, and the geometry of excavations and topography, various kinds of instabilities are likely to be encountered. One of these is the flexural toppling failure which has become to be known recently. A stability analysis method for slopes and underground openings under various loading conditions against the flexural toppling failure is proposed. In addition, for the stabilisation of structures, a method is suggested to take into account the reinforcement effect of fully grouted rockbolts. The applicability and validity of the proposed method is checked through model tests carried out in laboratory under well controlled conditions. 相似文献
19.
Rock reinforcement is widely used in tunnels and surface and underground mines. A large number of proprietary products are available in various configurations of components. While the mechanical properties of the primary element are available from product brochures, the associated component properties may vary widely and adversely influence the overall performance of the system. Field pull out tests are most commonly used to measure the system response in the toe anchor region. However, the response of the collar region is less commonly considered but may be more important. Several case studies are described in which various components and systems of rock bolts and cable bolts have been subjected to static loading in the laboratory and in the field. The results generally demonstrate the importance of considering the properties of all the components and not simply those of the primary element. In some cases, the internal fixtures have strengths much less than the elements. Often it has also been found that the fixture at the collar has significantly less strength than the element and this will result in complete loss of function in restraining surface support hardware, such as plates, mesh and reinforced shotcrete. 相似文献
20.
槽波地震勘探技术具有探测范围广、准确率高的特点,在煤层地质构造的精细化勘探中作用越来越重要,但当前地震勘探装备多数体积笨重、施工布设大量线缆,效率低下,施工成本较高,严重制约了煤矿井下高精度槽波地震勘探技术的发展。针对上述问题,借鉴节点式地震仪的设计理念,将动圈检波器与采集控制电路、时间精度保持电路以及电源电路一同集成在一个完整的腔体中,省去大线传输,观测系统灵活、无约束,解决煤矿井下复杂工况环境下多道数地震数据采集的问题。并设计授时同步装置,通过GPS授时与温补晶振相结合的时钟机制,解决各个采集单元间的时间同步性问题,实现采集系统的小型化、轻量化、高集成度化。经过实验室及现场测试,各项性能指标均满足设计要求。 相似文献