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1.
随着气候变化对农业系统的影响不断加剧,为保障粮食安全,必须掌握变化中的自然与人文因素,判别农 业景观中可调整的关键机制,依据未来的可能情景,尽早订定农业景观优化方案。本研究以土壤侵蚀问题为切入 点,整合相关的环境因子,构建农业景观对土壤侵蚀适应性的研究框架。基本思路为首先通过目前气候变化对土壤 侵蚀的影响研究,为不同时空尺度上土壤侵蚀发生、发展趋势提供理论依据;其次,从增强未来农业景观对土壤侵 蚀适应能力的角度,详细讨论景观类型、空间配置和管理措施等与土壤侵蚀的关系,以提高农业景观优化配置的针 对性;最后,为科学评价农业景观对土壤侵蚀适应的程度,基于Agent 模型原理设计土壤侵蚀模拟模型,通过不同 土壤侵蚀情景下景观类型、结构、空间配置和管理措施等的适应性分析,为有效提升区域农业景观的土壤抗侵蚀能 力提供科学依据。 相似文献
2.
Human impacts on fluvial systems in the Mediterranean region 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
The long history of substantial human impacts on the landscape of the Mediterranean region, and their effects on fluvial systems, is documented. These effects have included impacts of deforestation and other land use changes, agricultural terracing on a wide scale, water transfers, and irrigation schemes. During the 20th century, major changes were made directly to channels through channelisation, construction of dams of various sizes, and extraction of gravel, and indirectly by reforestation. These changes have caused a major phase of incision on some rivers. Runoff and soil erosion have been affected by types of crops and agricultural practices as well as by the varying extent of cultivation and grazing. Some recent agricultural practices involve wholescale relandscaping of the topography and alteration of surface properties of material. The importance of analysing the connectivity within different land units and of the spatial position of human activity within a catchment is illustrated. The analysis of connectivity is the key to understanding the variability of impact and the extent of propagation of effects. 相似文献
3.
黄土丘陵区典型小流域土地利用变化研究——以陕西延安地区大南沟流域为例 总被引：50，自引：12，他引：50
利用航片解译和景生态学方法研究了陕北黄土丘陵区大南沟流域在20世纪70年代和90年代的土地利用结构的特点和变化，结果表：从1975年到1999年，梯田，坡耕地，稀疏林地，灌丛面积减少，所占百分比呈下降趋势，而有林地，果园，荒地所占百分比呈上升趋势，梯田，有林地，灌丛和茺地平均斑块面积在增大，而坡耕地，稀疏林地，果园的平均斑块面积在减小，果园和坡耕地分维数在变大，斑块形状趋于复杂化，而有林地，稀疏林地，灌丛，梯田和荒地的斑块分维数在变小，斑块形状趋势规则小，有林地，灌丛，果园，荒地的分离度在下降，稀疏林地，梯田和坡耕地的分离度在上升，说明有林地，罐丛，果园和荒地的地位在上升，而稀疏林地，梯田和坡耕地的地位在下降，全区单位面积的斑块数目的磁大，在一定程度上表明农田中地块之间的边界增多，其结果是导致一些土地资源和浪费和不利于土地管理，景观多样性指数和土地利用相对合理指数在增大，但变化较小，1997年与1975年相比，整体上土利用结构稍有好转，但这种土地利用结构远未达理想状态。 相似文献
4.
延河流域景观格局与生态水文过程分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
延河流域作为典型的黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,水土流失是最主要的生态环境问题,其生态环境治理能为整个黄土高原生态恢复重建提供典型范例,因此评价延河流域景观格局变化对水文过程的影响,对流域景观格局与水文过程的研究具有重要的科学价值和现实意义。本文通过利用SWAT模型模拟的延河流域的41个子流域的水文响应单元,建立延河流域的“源—汇”水文响应单元景观格局指数,通过计算不同地形条件下水文响应单元随着坡度变化的面积累积百分比,构建了新的“地形—水文响应单元 (Slope-HRU) 综合景观指数”。并与SWAT水文模型所模拟获得的子流域径流量、产沙量进行相关性分析,评价“地形—水文响应单元 (Slope-HRU) 景观指数”对水文过程的表征能力和适用性。结果表明：在子流域尺度上Slope-HRU景观指数和产沙状况存在明显的区域分异规律,而且R值空间变异情况基本上与产沙量的空间变化规律相反,即R值呈现由南向北,由东向西递增,而产沙量由南向北,由东向西递减。R值与年产沙量在数值上呈显著相关关系,相关系数为-0.60;再将Slope-HRU景观指数与所选取的7个常用景观格局指数相结合,构成新的综合景观指数,发现它们与子流域的产沙量耦合关系明确,均显著负相关,相关系数绝对值范围为0.43~0.63。 相似文献
5.
John R. Dymond Anne-Gaelle Ausseil James D. Shepherd Lars Buettner 《Geomorphology》2006,74(1-4):70-79
Since European settlement 160 years ago, much of the indigenous forest in New Zealand hill country has been cleared for pastoral agriculture, resulting in increased erosion and sedimentation. To prioritise soil conservation work in the Manawatu–Wanganui region, we developed a model of landslide susceptibility. It assigns high susceptibility to steep land not protected by woody vegetation and low susceptibility everywhere else, following the commonly used approach for identifying inappropriate land use. A major storm on 15–16 February 2004 that produced many landslides was used to validate the model. The model predicted hills at risk to landsliding with moderate accuracy: 58% of erosion scars in the February storm occurred on hillsides considered to be susceptible. The model concept of slope thresholds, above which the probability of landsliding is high and below which the probability is low, is not adequate because below 30° the probability of landsliding is approximately linearly related to slope. Thus, reforestation of steep slopes will need to be combined with improved vegetation management for soil conservation on moderate slopes to significantly reduce future landsliding. 相似文献
6.
This study addresses anthropogenic and ecological factors affecting a 50 hectare farmer-managed reforestation project in the cone karst of the central Philippine island of Bohol. Climate, soil moisture, micro-topographic features, soil fertility, management practices, and pre-plantation land use history are all related to, and assist in explaining the variability in, gmelina and mahogany survival and growth rates. Pre-plantation land use affects soil fertility and structure (affecting moisture-holding capacity), and micro-geomorphologic features such as slope angle, slope length, breaks in slope, and size and distribution of talus influenced tree growth and survival rates because of their relationship to soil erosion and deposition. 相似文献
7.
This article presents an econometric analysis of land‐cover change in western Honduras. Ground‐truthed satellite image analysis indicates that between 1987 and 1996 net reforestation occurred in the 1,015‐km2 study region. While some reforestation can be attributed to a 1987 ban on logging, the area of reforestation greatly exceeds that of previously clear‐cut areas. Further, new area was also deforested between 1987 and 1996. Thus, the observed land‐cover changes represent a complex mosaic of changing land‐use patterns across time and space. The analysis contributes to the literature on land‐cover change modeling in that: (1) it compares two econometric approaches to capture complex and often bidirectional changes in land cover from 1987 to 1996 as a function of agricultural suitability and transportation costs, and (2) it addresses techniques to identify and correct for spatial autocorrelation in a categorical regression framework. 相似文献
8.
卧龙自然保护区土地利用变化对土壤性质的影响 总被引：24，自引：2，他引：24
森林景观受干扰后的次生演替、人工林种植与农业耕作等在许多方面影响着土壤性质的变化。研究选取了四川卧龙自然保护区作为研究地点 ,阐述湿润高山区的土地利用方式与土壤性质之间的关系。选择了六种典型的土地利用方式加以比较 ,方差分析结果表明 ,不同土地利用之间土壤容重、全氮、有机碳、速效磷、速效钾的含量差异显著。相比之下 ,农田土壤养分含量偏低 ,而灌丛有着较高的有机碳、总氮与有效氮含量。 0～ 4 0cm土壤碳的储量变化幅度不大。综合土壤退化指数表明 ,坡耕地 ,撂荒地与人工林有土壤退化的趋势 ,而灌丛与次生林对土壤的性质有着改善的作用。人工林年龄与土壤有机碳、有机氮的含量正相关。 相似文献
9.
基于邻域相关的漓江流域土地利用多情景模拟与景观格局变化 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
建模和情景分析是土地利用变化研究的核心内容。选择旅游业高速发展的漓江流域为研究区,利用基于邻域相关构建空间权重的Auto-logistic 模型代替传统的Logistic 回归,构建CLUE-S 模型,对研究区2020 年土地利用格局进行多情景模拟,并通过景观格局指数对比分析不同发展情景下的景观格局特征。结果表明：① 利用邻域相关构建空间权重的Auto-logistic模型在预测土地空间分布概率方面较传统的Logistic 模型具有更好的预测能力;② 建设用地和草地高度破碎化、水域面积不稳定是漓江流域景观脆弱性的主要来源;③ 旅游地发展需要稳定、多样的景观格局。一方面要合理控制人为活动主导的用地类型对景观格局的冲击,另一方面应兼顾景观多样性,实现用地在社会经济和生态环境之间的协调。 相似文献
10.
近40年来金沙江南岸干热河谷区的土地利用变化及其土壤侵蚀治理研究 ——以云南宾川县为例 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
云南金沙江流域生态环境极为脆弱,在人为作用下土地利用/土地覆被变化较为显著,水土流失严重,生态环境日益恶化,目前已被我国政府列为全国生态环境建设的重点区域。本文选择金沙江中游中山高原与干热河谷区较为典型的宾川县作为研究实例,采用航片判读、实地调查与GIS等方法编制1960、1980和2000年土地利用与土壤侵蚀图,据此分析了该县1960 ~ 2000年的土地利用/土地覆被变化及其引发的土壤侵蚀变化特征,重点揭示区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的基本规律及其引发的土壤侵蚀变化过程,并提出土壤侵蚀治理的工程与技术措施。 相似文献
11.
Soil erosion is a complex process determined by mutual interaction of numerous factors. The aim of erosion research at regional scales is a general evaluation of the landscape susceptibility to soil erosion by water, taking into account the main factors influencing this process. One of the key factors influencing the susceptibility of a region to soil erosion is land cover. Natural as well as human-induced changes of landscape may result in both the diminishment and acceleration of soil erosion. Recent studies of land-cover changes indicate that during the last decade more than 4.11% of Slovak territory has changed. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of land-cover and crop rotation changes over the 1990–2000 period on the intensity and spatial pattern of soil erosion in Slovakia. The assessment is based on principles defined in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) modified for application at regional scale and the use of the CORINE land cover (CLC) databases for 1990 and 2000. The C factor for arable land has been refined using statistical data on the mean crop rotation and the acreage of particular agricultural crops in the districts of Slovakia. The L factor has been calculated using sample areas with parcels identified by LANDSAT TM data. The results indicate that the land-cover and crop rotation changes had a significant influence on soil erosion pattern predominately in the hilly and mountainous parts of Slovakia. The pattern of soil erosion changes exhibits high spatial variation with overall slightly decreased soil erosion risks. These changes are associated with ongoing land ownership changes, changing structure of crops, deforestation and afforestation. 相似文献
12.
Changes in land cover and shallow landslide activity: A case study in the Spanish Pyrenees 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
The Pyrenees, like many other mountain areas in Europe, have experienced depopulation and land abandonment during the 20th century. This has encouraged vegetation recovery in formerly occupied areas, including reforestation to promote woodland. The objective of this study is to analyse the effects of these changes on shallow landsliding, a process responsible for erosion and land degradation in many mountain areas. A sequence of aerial images reveals a slight decrease in the landslide occurrence rate in the last half of the 20th century and a parallel increase in the landslide extinction rate, i.e. the rate at which evidence of landslide activity is removed by vegetation colonisation. A logistic regression routine was used to assess the influence of land use and vegetation recovery in the occurrence of shallow landslides. The result shows that the former arable fields on the valley slopes still facilitate landsliding, even after land abandonment and revegetation by shrubs or trees. A shift in the topographic location of landslides was also detected, pointing to an increased importance of water redistribution in the slopes after prolonged rainfall periods. 相似文献
13.
The agricultural landscape in the semi-arid central Ebro Basin is changing from dry farming towards land abandonment. This study aims to describe quantitatively the influence of this land use change onto wind erosion susceptibility in this region. Additionally, the effects of tillage operations on wind erosion rates were evaluated. A portable wind tunnel was used to assess the relative sediment loss rates at three test sites near Zaragoza. Three different land use systems varying in crust disturbance level were investigated – (1) fallow land with undisturbed physical soil crusts, (2) simulated sheep trampling and (3) conventional tillage (dry farming).The results show that simulations on undisturbed crusted soils produce little soil loss. Consequently, wind erosion can be considered as negligible on these surfaces. Simulated sheep trampling during wind tunnel test runs produce 10 times higher sediment losses than simulations on undisturbed crusted soils. Highest sediment losses (50 times) were observed from rolled surfaces. Because of the ongoing extensification process, the distributions of physical soil crusts will most probably further increase. According to the results, this would lead to a reduction of wind erosion susceptibility in the central Ebro Basin depending on intensity and time of sheep pasturing and tillage. 相似文献
14.
多尺度土地利用与土壤侵蚀 总被引：20，自引：5，他引：15
土地利用能够通过改变一系列的自然现象和生态过程影响土壤侵蚀,尺度不同,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的作用机制也会发生变化。本文针对坡面尺度、小流域／流域尺度和区域尺度,综述了不同尺度上土地利用对土壤侵蚀的影响研究。其中,在坡面尺度上,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的研究主要包括土地利用方式和土地管理措施对土壤侵蚀的影响,相应尺度上的模型有USLE／RUSLE、WEPP等;在小流域／流域尺度上,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的研究主要涉及土地利用结构和土地利用格局对土壤侵蚀的影响,相关的模型有LISEM、AGNPS、EUROSEM和SEDEM等;在区域尺度上土壤侵蚀评价研究主要是通过尺度上推和宏观因子评价的方法进行。多尺度土地利用与土壤侵蚀研究作为自然地理学研究中的热点问题,在进一步的研究中需要关注多尺度综合与尺度转换、土地利用政策效应、土地利用格局与土壤流失过程等方面的研究内容。 相似文献
15.
喀斯特生态系统服务主导影响因子识别是科学治理石漠化的前提,然而环境因子对生态系统服务空间分布的解释力受尺度变换的影响,其尺度效应的定量研究仍需进一步加强。为定量厘定环境因子解释力的尺度效应,本文从多尺度视角出发,利用地理探测器定量分析不同空间分辨率下环境因子对土壤侵蚀和产水量的解释力,并探求其在不同地貌形态类型区的差异性规律。结果表明,坡度和植被覆盖度是影响土壤侵蚀空间分布的主导因子,两者的交互作用对土壤侵蚀空间分布的解释力更强。受研究区地形起伏普遍性和景观破碎化的影响,坡度和土地利用类型在低分辨率下解释力最优。降水、海拔和土地利用类型是产水量空间分异的主导因子。降水和土地利用类型的交互作用对产水量的解释力达95%以上,海拔在不同地貌形态类型区的空间变异性影响其最优解释力水平。具体表现为：在台地、丘陵类型区海拔空间变异性较小,在高分辨率下其解释力最优;在山地类型区,海拔空间变异性较大,在低分辨率下其解释力更强。本文通过多尺度分析定量甄别生态系统服务变量的最优解释力,以期为喀斯特山地生态系统服务的主导因子精准辩识和分区优化提供途径和依据。 相似文献
16.
Urban expansion in Centre County,Pennsylvania: Spatial dynamics and landscape transformations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sprawling urban development is a major driving force of landscape fragmentation and loss of agricultural land. Despite this understanding, science has yet to realize a coherent suite of methods to analyze all circumstances of sprawl. Consequently, this paper contributes to this realization by combining three methods to address sprawl in a small US metropolitan area – Centre County, Pennsylvania: cross-tabulation to identify systematic non-random land use transitions; logistic regression to determine explanatory variables of urban land use location resulting from these transitions; and the CLUE-S regional modeling framework to project future urban land use patterns in the county. The results demonstrate the versatility of the methodology because of its ability to detect land use change despite the large proportion of the landscape that remained uncharged during the two periods under consideration, and because of its ability to distinguish systematic non-random land use transitions from random ones. The strength of the methodology is further demonstrated by its capability to allocate land use change according to change in land use location as well as to net change in land use quantity. The methodology identified soil and topography as the primary explanatory drivers of urban land use location in Centre County. Although the model is able to simulate urban land use location at the county level, it is less able to simulate these locations at the sub-county level, thereby suggesting that the explanatory variables for urban land location are not fully captured at this scale. Overall, the methodology for sprawl analyses presented in the study is robust and adds to the tools available to decision makers for assessing sprawl dynamics. 相似文献
17.
W. Siyuan L. Jingshi Y. Cunjian 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(10):1077-1092
Using Landsat TM data from 1995 and 2000, changes in the landscape erosion pattern of the Yellow River Basin, China were analysed. The aim was to improve our understanding of soil‐erosion change so that sustainable land use could be established. First, a soil‐erosion intensity index model was developed to study soil‐erosion intensity change in the study area. Over the 5 years, the areas of weak erosion, moderate erosion, severe erosion, and very severe erosion all increased. The area of weak erosion increased dramatically by 7.94×105 ha, and areas of slight erosion and acute erosion decreased by 1.93×106 ha and 4.50×104 ha, respectively. The results show that while the intensity of soil erosion has gradually been decreasing as a whole, in some regions the soil erosion is becoming more severe. Based on landscape indices, the pattern of changes in soil erosion over the past 5 years was analysed. The changes in landscape pattern of soil erosion resulted from human activities. Analysis showed that human impact increases fragmentation, having three major effects on landscape pattern, reduction in patch area, variations in patch shape, and changes in spatial pattern. In the study area, population growth, farming, governmental policy and forest degradation are the major factors causing soil erosion change over a 5‐year period. 相似文献
18.
19.
利用2000年和2010年两期TM影像,应用遥感和GIS技术获取关中-天水经济区2000-2010年土地利用变化数据,对研究区土地利用时空状态进行分析,并借助CA-Markov模型对该地区土地利用变化趋势进行情景模拟,深入分析了10 a来和2020年研究区土地利用变化的数量和空间特征以及由此所引起的一系列生态环境效应,主要表现在：过去10 a来城镇建设用地面积增加迅速,耕地和草地面积则减少,城镇建设用地的扩展是通过占用大量城郊的农田来实现的,通过这10 a间的快速城市化进程看出,研究区的城市扩张和基本农田保护之间已经开始产生矛盾;研究区土地利用实际变迁面积约占全区总面积的24.39%,也就是说全区约1/4的土地在这10 a间都发生了变化,从而反映出人类活动之强烈;未来10 a耕地和草地面积将持续下降,耕地面积的减少速度变快,城镇建设用地面积仍然迅速增加,且主要有耕地和草地转化而来,未来10 a研究区土地利用实际变迁面积约占全区总面积的11.43%。景观指数的分析结果表明了研究区内的景观趋向破碎化、复杂化和均匀化发展,景观的稳定性和抗干扰性减小。 相似文献
20.
基于GIS的土地整理景观效应分析 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：14
以北京市怀柔区的土地整理项目为例,基于GIS,应用景观生态学方法,分析了土地整理前后的土地利用结构和景观格局变化。结果表明:(1)土地整理实施后,项目区超过70％的面积为耕地,其他土地利用类型多转变为耕地。(2)土地利用的斑块数量和斑块密度降幅超过50％;平均斑块面积、最大斑块面积和最小斑块面积分别增加1.2倍、0.4倍和79倍,而斑块面积变异系数降低了24.18%。(3)土地利用斑块形状变得简单规则、空间分布集中,景观边缘密度、形状指数和分离度指数明显降低,降幅超过29％,分维数略有降低,而聚集度升高。(4)土地整理在减轻景观破碎化的同时也降低了景观多样性,斑块类型丰富度指数降低14%,而Shannon与Simpson的多样性指数和均匀度指数的降幅超过30%。 相似文献