共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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根据亚洲粉尘关键区域(中国沙漠、黄土高原、青藏高原和中国历史降尘区)大气气溶胶中15～28种元素的浓度-粒度分布、沉降速率和通量分析,以及元素示踪系统的进一步解析,发现中国北方沙漠存在两个粉尘地-气交换较活跃区域,即中国西部沙漠和北部沙漠高粉尘区,且证明这两个区域及其邻区是亚洲粉尘和黄土高原黄土主要源区的中心区域;通过对5个亚太区域粉尘沉降量的模式估算,得出亚洲粉尘释放总量每年约为800Tg,约相当于全球沙漠排放总量的一半;粉尘与黄土的对比表明,亚洲粉尘区域尺度输送受季风环流控制,但间冰期时并不取决于尘暴过程,而全球尺度输送主要由高空西风完成,无论冰期、间冰期均受尘暴过程控制;粉尘通量的结果表明干沉降是粉尘在黄土区沉降的主要过程,且晚第四纪粉尘沉积的再改造份额不超过其沉积总量的10%;元素示踪系统应用于风成黄土,发现在间冰期北部沙漠源区输出的粉尘量增加,而在冰期西部源区输出的粉尘量增加.这种晚第四纪亚洲粉尘“源区摆动”的快速变化其实是全球千年尺度气候变化的一环,并可视为过去北半球大气环流长期变化的代用序列. 相似文献
3.
This paper evaluates the influence of natural sand particle characteristics on the amount and particle-size distributions of dust produced by aeolian abrasion. It contrasts with previous studies of aeolian abrasion by conducting experiments using: (i) whole sand samples, as opposed to selected size fractions; (ii) natural, mature dune sands, rather than artificial or freshly crushed material; and (iii) weathered sands that have acquired a superficial clay coating, instead of grains with clean surfaces. Whilst previous research has found clear, positive relationships between particle size, sorting, roundness and the amount of dust produced by aeolian abrasion, the relationships determined in this study show some variation according to the geomorphological context from which the original samples were obtained. The most important factor affecting the amount and particle-size characteristics of the dust produced was the presence of a clay coating on the grain surface that is removed by the abrasion process. The dust produced by this mechanism had a modal size of 2–5 μ m and material <10 μ m comprised up to 90% of the particles produced. 相似文献
4.
Results of modeling the chemical evolution of protostellar objects are presented. The models take into account the existence of different dust populations with distinct grain sizes, total mass fractions, and temperatures. In addition to ”classical” dust grains, the models include an entirely different second dust population, with dust grain sizes of 30 Å and a higher temperature. Two chemical-evolution models are compared, one taking into account only classical dust and the other including both dust populations. The influence of a complex dust composition on the general evolution of the molecular contents of prestellar cores and the abundances of a number of chemical species is studied. At early evolutionary stages, differences are mainly determined by the modification changes in the photoprocesses’ balance due to efficient UV absorption by the second population of dust grains and in collisional reactions with the dust grains. At late stages, distinctions between the models are also determined by the increasing dominance of additional reaction channels. The species that respond to the presence of small grains in different ways are separated into different groups. Allowing for the presence of small grains makes it possible to significantly lower the water abundance in the gas phase. 相似文献
5.
The variability of critical shear stress, friction angle, and grain protrusion in water-worked sediments 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
JAMES W. KIRCHNER WILLIAM E. DIETRICH† FUJIKO ISEYA‡ HIROSHI IKEDA‡ 《Sedimentology》1990,37(4):647-672
The erodibility of a grain on a rough bed is controlled by, among other factors, its relative projection above the mean bed, its exposure relative to upstream grains, and its friction angle. Here we report direct measurements of friction angles, grain projection and exposure, and small-scale topographic structure on a variety of water-worked mixed-grain sediment surfaces. Using a simple analytical model of the force balance on individual grains, we calculate the distribution of critical shear stress for idealized spherical grains on the measured bed topography. The friction angle, projection, and exposure of single grain sizes vary widely from point to point within a given bed surface; the variability within a single surface often exceeds the difference between the mean values of disparate surfaces. As a result, the critical shear stress for a given grain size on a sediment surface is characterized by a probability distribution, rather than a single value. On a given bed, the crtitical shear stress distributions of different grain sizes have similar lower bounds, but above their lower tails they diverge rapidly, with smaller grains having substantially higher median critical shear stresses. Large numbers of fines, trapp.ed within pockets on the bed or shielded by upstream grains, are effectively lost to the flow. Our calculations suggest that critical shear stress, as conventionally measured, is defined by the most erodible grains, entrained during transient shear stress excursions associated with the turbulent flow; this implies a physical basis for the indeterminacy of initial motion. These observations suggest that transport rate/shear stress relationships may be controlled, in part, by the increasing numbers of grains that become available for entrainment as mean shear stress increases. They also suggest that bed textures and grain size distributions may be controlled, within the constraints of an imposed shear stress and sediment supply regime, by the influence of each size fraction on the erodibility of other grain sizes present on the bed. 相似文献
6.
对2006年4月17日北京降尘的粒度和磁学性质进行深入分析,提出降尘磁化率相对黄土样品较高是现代降尘磁化率的特点,源区表土磁化率普遍较高是本次降尘磁化率值高的主要原因,污染产生的磁性物质对其也有一定的影响。同时通过对比几次降尘的粒度特征和传输方式提出粒度可以有效地指示源区的变化。结合降尘的粒度、磁化率分析与沙尘暴的监测信息和卫星云图,认为此次降尘粒度为0.8～20.0μm的组分可能是来自内蒙古西部的物质;20～70μm与>70μm的组分可能是来自距离北京较近的河北北部和内蒙古中部发生强烈沙尘暴的地区。 相似文献
7.
长春市城区近地表灰尘粒度特征及其环境意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为剖析长春市城区近地表灰尘粒度特征,分别沿南北和东西轴线采集了34件城市近地表灰尘样品,采用激光粒度仪对样品进行了粒度测试分析。结果表明：长春市近地表灰尘颗粒物平均中值粒径和算术平均粒径分别为21.58 μm和24.24 μm,分选极差;以粗粉粒（10.00～80.00 μm）为主,平均约占71.28%,黏粒组（<5.00 μm）和细粉粒组（5.00～10.00 μm）分别约占14.75%和13.05%。频率曲线呈正偏双峰型分布,峰态中等偏窄,与现代尘暴和城市街道灰尘分布特征相一致,反映出其起源的多元性和相对稳定性,表明近地表灰尘沉积仍是风积作用的继续。近地表灰尘颗粒物粒径均小于100.00 μm,极易在外动力条件下再次扬起并悬浮搬运,PM10和PM2.5所占比例分别为27.76%和7.32%,其生态环境效应不应被忽视。粒径分布无显著空间变化,但城市中心区域粒径变化范围小,这可能说明城市边缘区域较中心区域近地表灰尘的起源更具多源性和复杂性。 相似文献
8.
Observations of collisions of saltating grains with a granular bed from high-speed cine-film 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
High-speed photography was used to record saltating sand grains colliding with a horizontal, noncohesive bed of similarly sized grains. Impacting grain/bed interaction is discussed in general. The process, as observed from the films, is then described in terms of the apparent bed contact length (ABCL) and various parameters of the impacting grains and any ejected grains. Examples are given of typical behaviour of bed grains in response to impacting grains of different sizes. Saltating grains that are large in comparison to the bed grains they encounter at collision can churn up the surface layers of soils and sediments, so that previously buried grains become available for entrainment. This process is discussed in relation to the potential release of dust particles into the airflow. 相似文献
9.
A linear relationship exists between the mean volume of garnet porphyroblasts and the squared inverse of mean matrix grain diameter for six samples of garnetiferous mica quartzite with identical thermal histories and similar mineralogy and modes. This relationship accords with theoretical predictions of the dependence of intergranular diffusive fluxes on the volume fraction of grain edges that function as diffusional pathways during porphyroblast growth. The impact of matrix grain size is large: compared to a rock with a 1‐mm matrix, a rock with a 10‐μm matrix would experience rates of diffusion‐controlled porphyroblast growth that are 10 000 times faster, and characteristic length scales for chemical equilibration that are 100 times larger. Precursor grain sizes may therefore exert a major influence on crystallization kinetics. If matrix coarsening occurs during prograde reaction, a decrease in the volume fraction of diffusional pathways will tend to counteract the exponential thermal increase in diffusive fluxes. The impact of such matrix grain growth, although difficult to assess without firm knowledge of coarsening rates in polymineralic aggregates, might be significant for matrices finer than c. 100 μm at temperatures above c. 500–600 °C, but is likely negligible for coarser grain sizes and lower temperatures. 相似文献
10.
T. V. Zinov’eva 《Astronomy Reports》2005,49(5):417-424
We investigate the influence of small-scale asphericity of the surfaces of dust grains on the characteristics of the two deepest absorption bands observed in the spectra of protostellar objects and stars (the 3.1 μm water-ice and 9.7 μm silicate bands). The model used has composite particles in the form of radially inhomogeneous spheres with intermediate layers in which the index of refraction changes. The observed band widths and the ratios of the optical depths at the band centers can be explained if the grains are composed of small particles consisting of silicate cores with thin ice mantles and rough surfaces. The grain surface roughness considerably broadens the profile of the silicate band. 相似文献
11.
月尘是广泛分布于月球表面的微小颗粒,大小约在30 nm~20 μm之间,95%以上小于2 μm,中值粒径约为100~300 nm,形态复杂多变,以玻璃小球、气泡构造、棱角状碎片为主,含有大量纳米颗粒金属铁和玻璃质,玻璃质含量超过50%,尤其是＜2 μm的部分中,玻璃质含量高达80%~90%,化学成分与月壤基本类似,在不同地貌单元也体现出SiO2含量的差异.月尘的成分和颗粒特征使其具有独特的电磁性质和生物毒性,容易粘附于航天器表面和进入航天员体内,危害航天器和航天员的安全和健康,严重影响月面探测的正常实施.因此,对月尘的研究是保证月面探测工程正常实施的迫切需要;同时,月尘是月球表面物质经历长期的太空作用形成的,在颗粒成分和结构特征上保留了其演化过程的重要信息,是研究月表物质和大气演化、太空风化作用等科学问题的关键线索.但是目前对月尘的颗粒微观成分和结构差异、电磁特性和光学特性,纳米金属铁的特征和成因等方面的研究还不够深入,限制了月表物质演化历史的研究和月尘粘结腐蚀性、生物毒理学具体机理的认识.在月尘研究中利用模拟月尘弥补月尘样品稀缺的局限,并通过模拟实验加强以上方面的研究,能够更好地满足科学问题和工程探测的实际需要. 相似文献
12.
对2006年春季南京地区一次“泥雨”形式的湿降尘特征进行了系统分析,并在此基础上对泥雨粉尘来源及泥雨降尘形成机制进行了探讨。结果表明： 1)本次泥雨降尘通量为3.77g/m2,在南京全境的降尘总量达到2.49×104t; 2)泥雨粉尘的质量磁化率值为174×10-8m3/kg,略高于黄土磁化率值; 3)泥雨粉尘中<16μm的细粒组分占绝对优势(含量为91.91％),平均粒径6.05μm,众数粒径7.68μm; 粒度参数及分布曲线显示泥雨粉尘具有比黄土和现代干降尘更好的分选性和更对称的峰态; 4)XRD和SEM分析表明,泥雨粉尘以絮状矿物颗粒为主,其中粘土矿物含量最高,占57.7％,其他矿物有石英(15.5％),钠长石(12.0％)和微量的白云石(1.0％); 5)泥雨粉尘的常量元素组成与黄土、现代干降尘以及上陆壳(UCC)大体相似,显示其主要为地壳源; 而微量元素中Zn,Co,Ni,Ba,Cr,V,Cu,Zr,Cd和Pb等重金属元素含量较黄土及UCC偏高,其中Zn,Cu,Cd和Pb等含量显著偏高,显示了地壳源之外的人为污染源的影响; 相比本地的下蜀黄土,南京泥雨粉尘样品的REE组成特征与北方黄土之间的相似程度更高,显示了更为密切的亲缘关系; 6)根据泥雨降尘的特征,结合天气活动过程,可以判定此次南京泥雨降尘并非本地扬尘所致,而主要来源于北方尘暴活动所产生的细粒粉尘; 寒潮冷锋的南侵提供了长距离输送动力,而长江下游海洋性暖湿气流对细粒粉尘的清除过程则最终导致了泥雨的形成; 南京春季泥雨降尘事件实质上是长江下游地区对西北内陆干旱区沙尘暴活动的一种区域响应。 相似文献
13.
The initiation of particle movement by wind 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
W. G. NICKLING 《Sedimentology》1988,35(3):499-511
When air blows across the surface of dry, loose sand, a critical shear velocity (fluid threshold, ut), must be achieved to initiate motion. However, since most natural sediments consist of a range of grain sizes, fluid threshold for any sediment cannot be defined by a finite value but should be viewed as a threshold range which is a function of the size, shape, sorting and packing of the surface sediment. In order to investigate the initiation of particle movement by wind a series of wind-tunnel tests was carried out on a range of pre-screened fluvial sands and commercially available glass beads with differing mean sizes and sorting characteristics. A sensitive laser-monitoring system was used in conjunction with a high speed counter to detect initial grain motion and to count individual grain movements. Test results indicate that when velocity is slowly increased over the sediment surface the smaller or more exposed grains are first entrained by the fluid drag and lift forces either in surface creep (rolling) or in saltation (bouncing or hopping downwind). As velocity continues to rise, larger or less exposed grains may also be moved by fluid drag. On striking the surface saltating grains impart momentum to stationary grains. This impact may result in the rebound of the original grain as well as the ejection of one or more stationary grains into the air stream at shear velocities lower than that required to entrain a stationary particle by direct fluid pressure. As a result, there is a cascade effect with a few grains of varying size initially moving over a range of shear velocities (the fluid threshold range) and setting in motion a rapidly increasing number of grains. Results of the tests showed that the progression from fluid to dynamic threshold, based on grain movement, can be characterized by a power function, the coefficients of which are directly related to the mean size and sorting characteristics of the sediment. 相似文献
14.
西昆仑山冰芯记录指示的塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘对流层中上部近百年大气尘埃变化趋势 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
钻自西昆仑山崇测冰帽海拔6530 m的18.7 m冰芯提供了近百年间的尘埃沉积记录.冰芯记录覆盖的90 a间尘埃表现出持续下降的总趋势,大体可以分为3个阶段,即1930年之前,1930-1960年和1960年之后,尘埃浓度的降低是量级上的.几个突出的尘埃阶段出现在1900年代早期、1910年代、1920年代后期和1940年代早期,它们分别以约2.5×106、2.7×106、2.5×106和1.5×106粒·mL-1的高浓度为特征,而1970年代则表现出相对较低的浓度(5×105粒·mL-1).就年份来看,突出的高尘埃浓度出现于1906,1915,1919和1943年.根据微粒的粒径资料分析,局地输入的尘埃分量约占总值的17%,剔除后可以得到中、大尺度范围的大气尘埃沉积通量.根据后60 a资料建立的通量平均值为913μg·cm-2·a-1,大气尘埃随时间的每10 a下降速率为-124μg·cm-2,它可反映塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘对流层中上部的大气尘埃通量半个多世纪以来的变化趋势. 相似文献
15.
本文以中国台湾大鬼湖沉积物岩芯回推此区过去1600年以来PM10与空飘重金属之变化情形.湖区沉积物主要来自集水区冲刷来的岩屑及植物碎屑,一般为黑色,平均粒径30～50μm,PM10约10%～20%.但在干冷时期,由空飘来的祖国大陆北方沙尘较多,形成相对亮度指数较高的白层,其磁化率较高、平均粒径约10μm,且PM10可达60%;而从1350年以来,无机元素沉积累积速率较前期有所增加,且白层中大部分无机元素皆有较高的累积速率,可能导因于空飘物质输入量增加.较暖湿时期,则以亲有机质元素之沉积累积速率较高. 相似文献
16.
沙粒不能“远走高飞”———有关“尘暴”的一条根本原理 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
沙与尘虽然都是岩石物理风化的产物, 但在风力作用下, 习性截然不同。拜格诺用严格的物理实验证明, 尘粒能随风远走高飞, 而沙粒却只能在地面附近跳跃前进。从北方侵袭华北平原的所谓沙尘暴, 实质上都是尘暴。对历次重大天气事件沉积物的分析, 也完全证明了这一点。因此, 尘暴物质的源头不是来自有沙, 而是有尘的地方; 从而可以使人们采取正确的治理方法。 相似文献
17.
Dust variation recorded by lacustrine sediments from arid Central Asia since ~ 15 cal ka BP and its implication for atmospheric circulation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Cheng-Bang An Jiaju Zhao Shichen Tao Yanbin Lv Weimiao Dong Hu Li Ming Jin Zongli Wang 《Quaternary Research》2011,75(3):566-573
A long dust history established using geological archives from dust provenance areas is necessary to understand the role of atmospheric dust in the global climate system better. Core sediments from a closed-basin groundwater-recharged lake in arid Central Asia were investigated using a multi-proxy approach (e.g. 14C AMS dating, pollen, and grain size) to trace the dust history since ~ 15 cal ka BP. Pollen analysis showed that before 7.9 cal ka BP, the vegetation was of desert type. After 7.9 cal ka BP, vegetation density increased, probably due to slightly increased moisture. The Chenopodiaceae-dominated desert expanded rapidly at 4.2–3.8 cal ka BP. Grain-size analysis was conducted for samples of lake deposits, modern aeolian dust, and dust trapped in snow, and the data showed that there was strong aeolian dust deposition at 11.8–11.1, 10.6–8, 6.1–4.9, and after 3.3 cal ka BP. This timing corresponds well with periods of increased terrestrial dust fluxes recorded by Greenland ice cores. Our study may document changes in the location and intensity of the Siberia High. These changes may play a more important role in the history of dust emission in arid Central Asia than previously thought. 相似文献
18.
In polycrystalline aggregates of olivine with mean grain sizes above 35 μm plus a low basaltic melt fraction, both wetted
and melt-free grain boundaries are observed after equilibration times at high pressures and temperatures of between 15 and
25 days. In order to assess a possible dependence of the wetting behaviour on the relative orientation of neighbouring grains,
a SEM based technique, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), is used to determine grain orientations. From the grain orientations
relative orientations of neighbouring grains are calculated, which are expressed as misorientation axis/angle pairs. The distribution
of misorientation angles and axes of melt-free grain boundaries differ significantly from a purely random distribution, whereas
those of wetted grain boundaries are statistically indistinguishable from the random distribution. The relative orientation
of two neighbouring grains therefore influences the character of their common grain boundary. However, no clustering towards
special (coincident site lattice) misorientation axes is observed, with the inference that the energy differences between
special and general misorientations are too small to lead to the development of preferred misorientations during grain growth.
Received: 8 December 1997 / Revised, accepted: 6 April 1998 相似文献
19.
北京2002年3月20～21日尘暴过程的降尘量与降尘粒度特征 总被引：27，自引：3，他引：24
本文对2002年3月20～21日发生在北京地区的一次尘暴过程进行了降尘量和降尘粒度的研究。通过对分时段监测取得的13组降尘样品进行降尘量和粒度测定,结合风速变化情况,可将本次尘暴分为尘暴前期和尘暴后期两个过程。降尘量和粒度参数值在尘暴前期和后期都呈现不同特征。结论认为,风速是降尘量变化的重要因素。当风速进一步增大时,降尘量反而有所下降。说明北京地区尘暴降尘量除受本地风速影响外,还与粉尘浓度等特征有关。尘暴降尘的粒度基本呈双峰态分布。本次尘暴初始降尘主要为细粒径颗粒,尘暴前期降尘粒径随风速而变化,尘暴后期降尘粒径基本维持在5～6之间 相似文献
20.
川西高原甘孜黄土的成因 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
本文通过对甘孜满地黄土的粒度组分、石英砂的表面结构以及其它地质现象的综合研究,对甘孜黄土的成因进行了探讨。在黄土的概率累计曲线上,跃进组分和悬移组分反映明显,并以悬移组分为主。悬移组分粒径小于2φ~3φ,并以粉砂(4φ~8φ)为主,占悬移总体的94%~99%;对甘孜黄土进行扫描电镜观察表明,石英砂大部分为块状颗粒,少量(10%)呈纺锤形。采用矩阵法计算甘孜黄土的粒度参数:黄土的平均粒径(d50)为5.057φ~5.883φ,明显大于古土壤(6.120φ~6.549φ).古土壤的标准偏差(σφ)为1.513~1.973,大于黄土(1.205~1.778);黄土和古土壤的偏度系数(SKφ)为-0.088~0.248,显示为正偏或近于对称。黄土和古土壤的尖度系数(Kφ)分别为0.123~1.702、0.023~0.059,前者峰形窄,后者峰形较宽。对甘孜黄土扫描电镜观察表明,石英砂大部分为方形或长方形颗粒,少量(10%)呈纺锤形。石英砂有密集的翻卷片、蛇曲脊、圆麻坑,这些结构反映了风成特征。另方面,少量石英砂显示冰川作用结构,例如大大小小的贝壳状断口、平行擦痕等。在甘孜西面、德格以南的金沙江东岸川藏公路980km路碑处,三阶地上部的黄土层中,发现3条冰楔。此外,甘孜黄土中孢粉稀少。根据上述特征推断,甘孜黄土应为冰缘风成黄土。 相似文献