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福建长乐屏山风化坑与河流壶穴的成因及其证据 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
风化坑和壶穴是一种常见的岩石坑穴地形,其形成原因和形态完全不同,但容易被误解和混淆.结合对福建长乐三溪河地区这两种坑穴地形的实地考察,本文从地貌学,沉积学,岩石化学和矿物学等各个方面对两者的形成过程、影响因素进行了论证和对比.研究表明：风化坑形成于岩石面积水的风化作用,壶穴则是由河流的旋转水流对河床产生的侵蚀作用形成;山顶风化坑的发育与河流流水作用没有关系,河流壶穴的形成与河谷的发育过程有关,河谷中的风化坑只能在河流深切后,流水不再作用到的河床部位发育;只要条件合适,风化坑或壶穴随时可以生成;风化坑与河流壶穴的形态,坑内沉积物的磨圆度、粒度特征等反映出各自不同的形成过程.风化坑内碎屑与周边岩石的化学蚀变指数CIA 值的差异反映了风化坑的化学风化成因;风化坑内碎屑与周边岩石石英长石比例的差异说明风化坑是矿物差异风化的结果;用CIA 值和英长比均无法区分河流壶穴和风化坑中的碎屑颗粒,但两者化学元素迁移特征的差别反映了风化坑的风化作用和河流壶穴的流水搬运作用的成因差别;风化坑的风化程度达不到当地风化壳的风化程度,但不同气候带风化坑碎屑的CIA 值能反映不同气候带风化作用的强度差异. 相似文献
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风化洞穴在全球不同气候区广泛发育,其形成过程和主控因素是地貌学研究的热点问题,但形成机制至今仍存在不少争议,尤其对丹霞地貌区风化洞穴的研究还较少。丹霞山是世界自然遗产地“中国丹霞”的典型代表,陡坡上发育形态和规模各异的风化洞穴,是丹霞地貌的重要景观要素,为认识亚热带湿润气候风化洞穴成因提供了良好的机会。文章以丹霞山砾岩和砂岩陡坡上的5处典型风化洞穴为研究对象,利用野外考察、形态测量、气象监测、样品显微观察及盐化学实验等方法,在已有研究的基础上进一步对湿润气候丹霞地貌区风化洞穴的特征和成因进行探讨。结果表明：1）在砾岩中发育的洞穴一般个体形态较大,洞穴具有较明显的向上和向内生长趋势;砂岩中发育的洞穴大多密集排列,形态较小,常具有蜂巢结构。2）岩石性质是洞穴发育的基本影响因素,在宏观尺度上决定了洞穴的发育位置和排列方式,也决定了不同岩性下发育的风化洞穴的形态特征。在微观尺度上,岩石含有较多长石、钙质胶结物等易溶矿物组分,在酸性雨水渗流过程中发生化学溶解,加上盐结晶作用导致岩石微观结构破坏,诱发洞穴初始形成。3）洞穴尺寸变大后,洞穴内适宜的微气候是洞穴演化的关键因素,为水和盐的聚集及盐风化提... 相似文献
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澧阳平原岩板垱剖面地球化学特征与风化强度研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对岩板垱剖面氧化物含量分析及年代测定,揭示其常量地球化学特征,探讨澧阳平原晚更新世晚期至全新世中期的化学风化过程和环境变化。结果表明,岩板垱剖面沉积物出现不同程度Na、Ca元素亏损及TFe和Mn元素富集,其化学风化作用程度明显高于黄土高原黄土,稍高于镇江下蜀黄土,处于中等的风化阶段。多个风化指标的垂向变化表明岩板垱剖面化学风化强度表现为风化较强、风化较弱、风化加强和风化较强4个阶段的变化。化学风化强度指示澧阳平原27~6.0 ka B.P.间,气候环境经历了相对暖湿-凉湿-气候回暖-温暖湿润的演变过程。 相似文献
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阿尔泰山风化作用的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
阿尔泰山的风化作用分为两类,即以化学风化作用为主的古风化阶段和风化作用随山体高度变化发生分异的现代风化阶段。占风化作用深入而持久,成了广泛分布而具有不同色彩的古风化壳和氧化带,是寻找原生矿的重要标志。现代风化作用类型复杂而多样,它们对找矿具有指导意义。 相似文献
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在热带条件下，不同种类岩石受到强烈的化学风化作用，并导致某些环境问题，香港在这方面提供了十分典型的例子。在香港，岩石风化厚度可达８０ｍｉｎ，普通成岩矿物长石和云母被转化为粘土矿物埃洛石和高岭石，风化岩密度一般降低４０％￣８０％，埃洛石密度看来是亚稳定的，随年龄的增加而降低。在老于晚侏罗纪或早白垩纪的岩石中，还未临别出埃洛石。埃洛石、高岭石及其风化产物少含植物所需营养元素，且阳离子交换能力低，因而所 相似文献
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《山地学报》2016,(5)
根据梅州山地丘陵区地表径流的化学组成,应用物质平衡法和扣除法进行化学风化过程中CO_2吸收通量的估算。结果表明:在硅酸盐岩分布面积为84%的湿热梅州山地丘陵区,河水总溶解性物质含量均值为41.58 mg/L,远低于世界河流平均值。河水离子组成以Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-以及溶解性硅(DSi)为主。岩石化学风化过程和大气降水作用对流域水化学特征的影响最为显著,其中硅酸盐岩的风化作用对水体离子的贡献率为81.46%~86.03%;大气降水对水体离子的贡献率为10.86%;碳酸盐矿物化学风化作用的贡献仅为5%左右。岩石化学风化过程对大气CO_2的吸收通量为(3.46~5.26)×10~5mol/(km~2·a),高于全球平均值2.46×10~5mol/(km~2·a),说明北半球亚热带季风山区的表生地质作用构成全球碳汇的一个重要组成部分。 相似文献
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风化坑是常见的岩石坑穴地形,但容易被误解或与其他成因坑穴地形混淆。通过对庙湾岛风化坑地貌特征及形态参数进行详细测量和分析,采集风化坑内残积碎屑物、坑外岩石和当地风化壳样品进行粉晶X射线荧光光谱化学主量分析（XRF）和X射线衍射矿物分析（XRD）,对风化坑发育的成因机制进行了探讨,并得出以下结论：1）风化坑的发育与地形坡度有关,通常出现在平坦裸露的岩石面上。2）风化坑的形态特征表现为宽且浅,口缘有出水口,底部平坦,侧壁最凹处与出水口高度一致,其口径发育的速度远大于深度,长轴发育速度远大于短轴。3）同一岩石面上的风化坑具有不同的大小和深度,显示了其发育程度不一,其最大、最小深度对比反映了风化坑的发育过程。4）风化坑碎屑物与表岩之间的元素迁移和化学蚀变指数（CIA值）的差异,反映了风化坑的化学风化成因。5）风化坑碎屑物的英长比大于表岩,证明了化学风化导致的矿物差异风化作用。研究表明：庙湾岛风化坑形成和发育的主要作用为坑内积水的化学风化。 相似文献
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青海湖区是研究亚洲季风和西风环流强度变化和相互作用的良好区域。与青海湖湖泊钻孔沉积物一样,青海湖岸边广泛堆积的陆相风成沉积独立地记录了青海湖区晚第四纪以来的环境演变。过去对青海湖风成沉积的元素地球化学特征虽有过一些研究,但对于这套风成沉积的化学风化研究相当薄弱。通过对青海湖东岸种羊场剖面晚第四纪风成沉积的常量元素组成及主要的化学风化指标进行研究,结果表明:1)化学风化指标CIA(化学蚀变指数)、CIW(化学风化指数)、K2O/Na2O和Fe2O3/Mg O比值均反映了种羊场风成沉积经历了早期化学风化强度弱、中期强和晚期再度变弱的变化特征;2)在距今~5 ka时,风化指标显示化学风化作用最强,可能记录了青海湖区暖湿的气候特征;3)种羊场风成沉积的Fe2O3/Mg O比值与!fd%(频率磁化率的百分比)呈显著线性正相关(相关系数R2为0.939),指示在化学风化过程中Fe元素的富集对于磁化率增强具有重要贡献。 相似文献
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对内蒙、河北等地新近发现的壶穴进行详细的计量及采样分析 ,并参考国内外相关研究资料 ,认为本区壶穴是非冰成的风化风蚀穴。它的发育受到风、温度、降水、湿度、生物、地貌及岩体的结构构造等多种因子的控制。其中风化 ,尤其是盐风化等化学风化 ,是其主要控制因子 ,而风不仅加速风化 ,进行风蚀 ,并不断把风化物搬运走。作者综观国内外各类壶穴 ,并结合自己的研究成果 ,对壶穴的成因进行了类型划分 ,这些成因皆反映了特定的环境背景。本区古人类文化相当发达 ,壶穴正是在夏家店文化年代跨度内达到了相对稳定 ,气候环境、地貌过程、文化类型三者存在很好的响应互动关系。 相似文献
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Jonathan D. Phillips 《自然地理学》2013,34(4):321-332
Landscapes, environments, and ecosystems (i.e., places) are historically and spatially contingent and therefore unique. Generalizations and laws are based on “all other things being equal.” Owing to historical and spatial contingency, all other things are never completely equal and often do not approach that ideal closely enough to allow for reliable prediction. The problem is illustrated by examining effects of grazing and fire suppression on transitions between grass and woody vegetation communities. In three different environments in the southern United States (central Texas, southwestern Virginia, and eastern North Carolina), three different relationships exist between grazing and fire regime, and vegetation. Other examples are common in the geographic and environmental literature. This suggests that the search for a single applicable generalization or predictive model of a given human-induced environmental change that can be applied without accounting for the particular characteristics of places may be futile. Several general ways to address this issue are suggested. First is the recognition that place matters. Conditions specific to a location or region will influence what, how, or even if generalizations apply. Second is the adoption of a “demographic” approach. This is based on the idea that for places, like people, it is possible to make aggregate or probabilistic generalizations or predictions, but these cannot be applied to deterministic prediction of individuals. Third is a synoptic approach based on forecasting not via simple cause-effect relationships, but based on a typology of situations that recognizes and incorporates the unique characteristics of site and situation. Several converging threads of inquiry in geography and geosciences explicitly or implicitly address the issue of historical and spatial contingency. [Key words: landscape, environment, place, prediction.] 相似文献
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辽东半岛红色风化壳粒度分布特征浅析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
运用贝克曼激光衍射粒度分析仪对辽东半岛大连市棋盘子村和龙王村的红色风化壳作粒度特征分析,粒度频率分布曲线的差异指示出两地风化壳风化程度较弱,风化不完全.结合X射线荧光光谱仪进行化学分析进一步探讨两地的风化特征,发现两地各自发育的母岩都具有不均一性,棋盘子村风化壳的发育与母岩具有同源关系,龙王村风化壳发育与母岩非同源.与南方红色风化壳比较,南方红色风化壳风化程度高于棋盘子村,且母岩具有均一性. 相似文献
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红色风化壳地球化学特征及对古气候演变的响应——以辽南石槽剖面为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以辽南地区石槽剖面红色风化壳为研究对象,通过研究剖面的常量元素和地球化学指标,揭示剖面的地球化学特征,探讨剖面化学风化过程以及对古气候环境演变过程的响应。结果表明：石槽剖面红色风化壳中Ca元素重度亏损,其他常量元素均出现了相对富集;石槽剖面风化强度总体上低于南方红色风化壳,属于中等风化阶段;多个地球化学指标的垂向变化表明石槽剖面风化强度表现为风化很强-风化减弱-风化加强-风化较弱4个阶段的变化,指示辽南地区在石槽剖面发育期内古气候环境经历了湿热-暖湿-回暖-相对暖湿的演变过程。 相似文献
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S.W. Campbell J.C. Dixon R.G. Darmody & C.E. Thorn 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2001,83(4):169-178
This study examines the spatial variability of early season water chemistry in the arctic-alpine valley of Kärkevagge, Sweden. The data demonstrate the spatially heterogeneous nature of water chemistry and the general patterns of chemical weathering in the valley. Water chemistry in this valley is dominated by two anions, bicarbonate and sulfate. Bicarbonate is derived from the dissolution of atmospheric CO2 and the weathering of carbonate units in the local metamorphic rocks, while the sulfate is derived from the oxidation of pyrite in the Seve-Koli tectonic nappe. Spatial patterns of chemical constituents reflect the broad effects of local geology on surface water chemistry. In particular, they demonstrate the effects that mineral species present in minor amounts have on basin-wide water chemistry. However, solute flux rates derived from water chemistry and discharge demonstrate less variability. 相似文献
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Simon G. Lewis & Jacky F. Birnie 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2001,83(4):179-190
This paper reports a preliminary investigation of the sedimentary succession in two alluvial fans in western Norway. Sedimentological information is supplemented by palaeoecological data from pollen analysis and the age of the sequence is constrained by six radiocarbon age estimates on woody fragments and peat. These data suggest that significant accumulation of fan sediments took place after AD 1637–1685. Before this, the fluvial landscape and the adjacent slopes may have been more stable with the development of Betula , Salix and Alnus woodland on the valley floor and sides. Although there is no indication of gradual climatic deterioration in the vegetation record from these sites, the radiocarbon chronology suggests that enhanced fan development was coincident with the climatic change associated with the 'Little Ice Age'. This was probably a response to glacier expansion and increased discharge and sediment supply to the alluvial fans from outlets of the Jostedalsbreen ice cap on the southern side of Langedalen. Initial response to climate change in this setting was therefore enhanced geomorphic activity and instability of the valley-side slopes. 相似文献
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Regional patterns of January and mean annual temperature change between 1949 and 1981 are compared with regional changes in January precipitation totals and related to upper-level atmospheric circulation. During cold periods, cooling is concentrated in the eastern United States and is associated with a southward shift in the zone of maximum precipitation in the eastern United States (reflecting the mean position of the polar front jet), and with a strengthening of meridional flow aloft. During this same period, enhanced meridionality yields an increase in temperatures in the Pacific Northwest, associated with amplification of the mean long wave ridge over the Rocky Mountains. Warm periods in the eastern United States, conversely, correlate with a stronger zonal flow aloft (resulting in cooler, wetter conditions in the Pacific Northwest). Accordingly, temporal variation in regional temperature trends may be more readily interpreted as responses to synoptic controls which yield departures of opposite sign in locales influenced by ridges vs. troughs, rather than as a reflection of uniform, progressive hemispheric or global temperature change. 相似文献
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ABBIE TINGSTAD 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2008,90(2):165-171
A fundamental concern in the practice of experimental research is how to ensure that laboratory simulations model field conditions as closely as possible, thereby providing useful information about natural and built environments. Salt weathering is one research area where studies conducted in the laboratory have fostered a significant portion of the knowledge, but the results of many experiments are difficult to apply to field sites because they focus on the salt weathering process itself, rather than the situation at a particular site. The design of the experiment reported in this paper, which simulates salt weathering along a hard-rock coast near Swansea, Wales, incorporates the results of previous work that demonstrated the critical importance of the salt solution, rock properties, and environmental conditions in determining the rate and nature of salt weathering. SEM images demonstrate the development of incipient weathering zones with characteristics specific to the type of salt solution used, a result that may have implications for the origins of larger-scale weathering features. Samples also gained mass due to the uptake of salt. This work is useful both for understanding a process that helps to shape hard-rock coasts, and in highlighting the importance of experimental design in salt-weathering research. 相似文献