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1.
This study presented a quantitative comparison of cockpit and doline karst by examining the numbers and characteristics of typical types of landform entities that are developed in Guilin(Guangxi, China), La Alianza(PR, USA), Avalton(KY, USA), and Oolitic(IN, USA). Five types of landform entities were defined: isolated hill(IH), clustered hills(CHs), isolated sinkhole(IS), clustered sinkholes(CSs), and clustered hills with sinkholes(CHSs). An algorithm was developed to automatically identify these types of landform entities by examining the contour lines on topographic maps of two cockpit karst areas(Guilin and La Alianza) and two doline karst areas(Oolitic and Avalton). Within each specific study area, the CHSs is the least developed type yet with a larger size and higher relief. The IH and IS entities are smaller in size, lower in relief, and outnumber their clustered counterparts. The total numbers of these types of entities are quite different in cockpit and doline karst areas. Doline karst is characterized by more negative(IS and CSs) than positive(IH and IHs) landforms and vice versa for cockpit karst. For example, the Guilin study area has 1192 positive landform entities in total, which occupy 9.81% of the total study area. It has only 622 negative landform entities occupying only 3.91% of the total study area. By contrast, the doline karst in Oolitic has 130 negative while only 10 positive landform entities. The positive and negative landforms in Oolitic occupy 12.68% and 2.61% of the total study area, respectively. Furthermore, average relief and slope of the landform entities are much higher and steeper in the cockpit karst than the doline karst areas. For instance, the average slope of CHs in Alvaton is 3.90 degrees while it is 19.78 degrees in La Alianza. The average relief of CSs is 4.07 m and 34.29 m in Oolitic and Guilin respectively. Such a difference within a specific area or between the cockpit and doline karst may reveal different controls on the development of karst landscape. 相似文献
2.
Double Fourier series models of two doline and two cockpit landscapes in northern Jamaica, each 2 × 2 km in area, explained 92% and 90%, and 73% and 58% of the variance in the topographic data. The ten most significant waves accounted for 74% and 76%, and 61% and 58% of the variance in each model. The greater importance of frequency pairs of longer wavelength in the doline karst models suggests that there are fewer horizontally and vertically persistent bedrock fractures controlling topographic development in the doline areas than in the cockpit terrains—a fact confirmed by fracture-trace mapping. Frequency pair orientations and powers indicate that north-west- and northeast-trending fractures exert a major influence on topographic development in the cockpit terrains and that east-trending fractures are relatively more important in the doline areas. Further studies are needed to determine if Fourier models of the doline, cockpit, and tower karst styles differ in a consistent fashion and to find out to what extent these differences are related to the bedding, fracture, and relief characteristics of the karst bedrock. [Key words: Jamaica, karst, morphometry, double Fourier series, dolines, cockpits.] 相似文献
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EULOGIO PARDO‐IGÚZQUIZA ANTONIO PULIDO‐BOSCH MANUEL LÓPEZ‐CHICANO JUAN J. DURÁN 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2016,98(3):247-263
Dolines are the most typical landform in karst landscapes. They play an important role in karst hydrogeology; they are effective sediment traps that provide information about past climates and karst evolution, and can also be indicators of tectonic activity. The morphometic analysis of those depressions can help in their study and interpretation. However, detailed identification and delineation of dolines becomes increasingly difficult when the study area is very large, of limited access or covered by vegetation. Here, we have used a method developed by the authors for automatic identification and delineation of karst depressions based on the use of a pit removal algorithm. Next a complete morphometric analysis of the karst depressions has been carried out. The main advantage of the methodology is that by delineating and identifying the depth of each doline from its rim, many morphometric statistics can be obtained, including the relation of doline depth and area with respect to altitude, the main doline orientations, doline density, the fractal dimension of doline area and frequency, and point field analysis, among others. The results are interpreted from a geomorphological point of view and the mapped dolines can be easily integrated into geomorphological mapping. A case study is presented from the large Sierra Gorda karst massif in southern Spain, where 3100 depressions have been identified. A strong structural control of doline shape and orientation is demonstrated; the main areas of doline density are highlighted and doline size is shown to follow a fractal law. 相似文献
4.
The karst landscapes of Trinidad and Tobago, although restricted in area, present a previously undocumented array of tropical karst landforms, including karren, caves, springs, valley systems, and a range of dolines or sinkholes, including an area of polygonal cockpit karst. The karstlands are located primarily in the Northern and Central Ranges of Trinidad and in the southwestern portion of Tobago, and they have developed on carbonate rocks ranging in age from Jurassic to Quaternary. Associated with them is a range of vegetation types and faunal communities, many of which have been much altered by human land management, including forestry and agriculture. Quarrying has destroyed much of the karst in the western part of Trinidad, and urban development and tourism have taken their toll too, especially in the Lowlands of western Tobago. Little of the karst is incorporated within existing protected areas. 相似文献
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为了弥补岩溶区地下土壤漏失程度评价指标体系空白,基于在粤北岩溶区连南县多个岩溶山地采矿断面、公路修建断面实地调查获得的56条裂隙、40个漏斗和多个孔穴的调查数据,以及粤北岩溶丘陵、峰林区英德市岩背镇、九龙镇等40多个样方的地表景观实地调查资料,探讨构建岩溶地下土壤漏失程度评价指标与标准。首先,充分考虑了土壤漏失途径、阶段、各指标的关联性、断面调查数据及数据采集的可操作性等,将定性指标与量化指标结合,采用裂隙、洞穴、漏斗3个一级指标和与溶洞连通度、断面比、密度,洞穴类型、数量、位置,漏斗深宽比、形状、周边裂隙发育情况9个二级指标,构建了岩溶区地下漏失无漏失、轻度漏失、中度漏失、重度漏失分级标准;其次,将基岩、地貌、地形、岩石裸露率、植被结构、类型、盖度和土壤深度等地表景观特征作为地下漏失程度的辅助参考指标,使地下漏失评价与地表石漠化程度评价能够有机结合,共同形成岩溶环境评价的整体系统。 相似文献
6.
Evan A. Hart 《自然地理学》2014,35(6):514-531
As closed topographic depressions, sinkholes effectively divide karst regions into a series of subwatersheds, where swallets within each sinkhole define the downstream end of each subwatershed. Water and sediment are temporarily stored in sinkholes before continuing to underground streams. While pathways and travel times of water in karst terrain are commonly found using tracing techniques, such techniques do not provide information about the movement and travel time of sediment through these systems. This paper reviews the literature regarding sediment storage within sinkholes and presents a case study, the objective of which is to estimate the magnitude and timing of sediment deposition within three sinkholes in an urbanized area in Tennessee, United States of America. Sedimentation rates in sinkholes were estimated based on age determination of cultural artifacts (buried trash and coal fragments) and by 14C dating. For the three study sinkholes, minimum deposition rates (maximum residence times) were 15?cm?yr ?1(6 yrs), 1.5?cm?yr ?1(81?yrs), and 0.2?cm?yr?1(640 yrs). The analysis revealed that sinkholes undergo fill and flush cycles at different timescales caused by changes in upland sediment supply and morphologic changes at swallet openings. Sinkholes that lack swallet openings, or with swallets that have become blocked by debris, are effectively disconnected from master streams with regard to sediment. Sediment stored in sinkholes may be released downstream when swallet conditions change. 相似文献
7.
典型喀斯特石漠化治理区水土流失特征与关键问题 总被引：54，自引：7，他引：47
喀斯特地区的水土流失资料很缺乏, 传统的研究方法很多不适用, 为科学地认识喀斯特石漠化治理区水土流失的特征与变化规律, 制定符合喀斯特环境的防治对策, 2006-2010 年间, 结合石漠化治理工程, 对鸭池、红枫湖、花江典型示范区进行了长期的水土流失定位监测, 结果显示, 总体上各研究区在生态及工程治理后土壤侵蚀量明显下降, 地貌类型从宏观上控制着各区域的侵蚀特征, 高原山地土层厚, 大量陡坡开垦, 水土流失严重;高原盆地自然条件较好, 发展生态畜牧和生态农业, 侵蚀量较小;高原峡谷经历早期的剧烈流失后, 现阶段几近无土可流, 侵蚀量极低。生态修复是石漠化治理的核心, 水保林、封禁治理的生态效益好, 草地畜牧业和经济林模式能带来良好经济与水土保持效益。不同等级石漠化的坡度与土被组合特征差异显著, 对土壤侵蚀量有强烈的控制作用, 今后应根据石漠化等级细化喀斯特地区的水土流失分级和制定合适的治理措施。地下流失受研究深度所限, 目前尚无法准确判断其在地表-地下水土流失总量中的贡献率, 对落水洞等关键部位进行工程防治能大大降低其危害性。 相似文献
8.
施秉喀斯特地貌世界遗产价值研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对施秉喀斯特演化环境、地貌类型及分布、地貌演化史、石灰岩与白云岩地貌差异等特征进行研究,试图提炼施秉喀斯特的世界遗产地貌价值。研究表明：施秉喀斯特具有热带―亚热带地区独特的喀斯特地貌演化环境;展示了热带―亚热带地区独特而典型的白云岩峰丛峡谷喀斯特地貌景观,从分水岭至峡谷区呈现了峰林洼地―峰林谷地―峰丛谷地―峰丛峡谷喀斯特地貌逆向回春演替规律,是白云岩峡谷喀斯特地貌形态及地貌演化的模式地;记录了古生代以来3次较大的碰撞运动,即早古生代的加里东运动,晚古生代的海西造山运动,及中、新生代以来的印支运动、燕山运动和喜马拉雅山运动。燕山运动是本区最强烈的造山运动,产生了区内众多褶皱和断裂构造,奠定了施秉地区的地貌构造轮廓。喜马拉雅山运动,尤其是第二、三幕运动,全面塑造了施秉喀斯特峡谷地貌;施秉白云岩喀斯特地貌展现出与石灰岩封闭型地貌不同的以开放型地貌为主的特征,在中国南方喀斯特系列自然遗产中有重要地位,具备地貌世界遗产价值。 相似文献
9.
通过对喀斯特地区的形态学、水文地质学、水文学和脉冲试验方法，将研究程度较为详细的贵州普定后寨地下不可流域作为样本区进行试验研究。以划分成八个空间结构类型。并且从中出该流域的喀斯特地貌主要是正向演化过程。但在西部形成反向演化过程。 相似文献
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Recent karst forms in gypsiferous beds are reported from Mathiesondalen in Central Spitsbergen, where several sinkholes (dolines) and swallow holes have been formed after the deposition of Holocene raised beach sediments. The bedrock of the area is mostly interbedded gypsum/anhydrite and dolomites of the Carboniferous Ebbadalen Formation. 相似文献
12.
利用2003年小江流域的TM影像，结合实地调查，再根据流域地质分布和地貌发育情况，将流域地貌类型划分为岩溶地貌和非岩溶地貌两个一级类型景观，在此基础上，根据地貌发育程度结合高程情况，将岩溶区又划分为6个岩溶景观，非岩溶地貌分为两个二级类型景观。应用景观生态学原理，并通过Fragstats 3．3软件在流域尺度上计算了一些相关指标。结果表明：岩溶区的景观生态特征总体上体现了其生态环境的特殊性和脆弱性，地表水资源溃乏，土层薄、土壤资源零星分布且易流失，造成未利用地面积大，石漠化现象严重，土地利用程度低的特点。非岩溶区景观生态由于耕地和林地占绝对优势，石漠化面积少，香农多样性指数和均匀度低，景观的异质性较低，结构较为简单。 相似文献
13.
<正>Karst ecosystem is an ecosystem constrained by karst environment.A series of unique characteristics of karst ecosystem are originated from carbonate rock.In China,the area with karst landform covers a total area of 3.44 million km2,accounting for one third of the whole land 相似文献
14.
则岔石林地质公园位于甘肃省碌曲县,该处地貌完整地保存了高寒喀斯特的特征,具有典型性与稀有性。为了揭示其自然科学价值,促进自然资源开发与景观保护,基于前人工作基础,通过野外地质调查,以碌曲县区域地学为背景,介绍了则岔石林地质公园的喀斯特地貌类型,即以高原石林为主,一线天为亮点,小型溶洞为辅。继而从地质构造、岩性、水文气候、生物因素四方面分析了园内喀斯特地貌的形成机制。对完善我国高海拔地区岩溶系列地质遗迹的科学研究具有一定意义。同时,高寒喀斯特的生态化对南方喀斯特沙漠化的治理具有良好的示范作用。 相似文献
15.
J.P. Galve F. Gutirrez J. Remondo J. Bonachea P. Lucha A. Cendrero 《Geomorphology》2009,111(3-4):160-172
Multiple sinkhole susceptibility models have been generated in three study areas of the Ebro Valley evaporite karst (NE Spain) applying different methods (nearest neighbour distance, sinkhole density, heuristic scoring system and probabilistic analysis) for each sinkhole type separately (cover collapse sinkholes, cover and bedrock collapse sinkholes and cover and bedrock sagging sinkholes). The quantitative and independent evaluation of the predictive capability of the models reveals that: (1) The most reliable susceptibility models are those derived from the nearest neighbour distance and sinkhole density. These models can be generated in a simple and rapid way from detailed geomorphological maps. (2) The reliability of the nearest neighbour distance and density models is conditioned by the degree of clustering of the sinkholes. Consequently, the karst areas in which sinkholes show a higher clustering are a priori more favourable for predicting new occurrences. (3) The predictive capability of the best models obtained in this research is significantly higher (12.5–82.5%) than that of the heuristic sinkhole susceptibility model incorporated into the General Urban Plan for the municipality of Zaragoza. Although the probabilistic approach provides lower quality results than the methods based on sinkhole proximity and density, it helps to identify the most significant factors and select the most effective mitigation strategies and may be applied to model susceptibility in different future scenarios. 相似文献
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《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(3-4):209-214
In August 1983, 18 samples were collected in Norwegian karst environments: seepage waters, surface flow upstream sinkholes or caves, allogenic and authigenie karst springs. Hydrochemical data (ion contents and computed variables for CO-CaCO system) are described by means of a factor analysis, the principal components analysis. Four factors, responsible for about 90 % of the total variance, are extracted and interpreted. Five clusters of samples are then identified: – Authigenic karst waters (seepage and only carbonate aquifer); – Waters of very short residence time (surface or karst flow); – CO-rich waters (seepage and possibly organic-rich surface waters), CO2 part is discussed in more detail; – CO-poor waters (surface waters above tree-line); – a central group, combining 2 or more of these characters. 相似文献
18.
喀斯特城市植被覆盖度时空变化对地表温度的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
随着桂林喀斯特城市的快速扩展、地表植被覆盖度的变化,城市热岛现象越来越明显。以桂林1989-2006年5景TM/ETM遥感图像为数据源,利用遥感归一化植被指数反演植被覆盖度Pv,利用Qin单窗算法反演地表温度ts,分析Pv空间和时间变化对ts的影响。结果表明,在空间上ts随Pv的提高而降低,呈明显负相关关系。在时间上Pv<0.2面积比例逐年增加,1989年7.8%、1991年15.2%、2000年20.7%、2005年21.1%、2006年22.7%;而Pv≥0.7面积比例逐年减少,1989年49.2%、1991年27.4%、2000年27%、2005年16.5%、2006年11.1%。其导致地表温度高于茂密林地表面温度的比率z>20%的高温像元比例逐年上升;而z≤10%的低温像元比例逐年下降,1989年28.9%、1991年25.4%、2000年23.7%、2005年22.2%、2006年20.4%。植被覆盖的喀斯特山峰呈现显著的凉岛现象,从而调节喀斯特城市气候环境。 相似文献
19.
广西乐业国家地质公园地质遗迹成景机制及模式 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
将乐业地质遗迹划分为7种景型,10种景域,19种景段,32种景元,若干处典型地质遗迹实体。同时在对公园区域成景背景进行分析和研究的基础上,按不同地质时期及形成于该时期的典型岩溶地貌,将公园成景过程划分为:峰丛期、地下河和洞穴期、天坑期、现代岩溶作用期。而受构造运动多期由极强→较强→趋弱→平稳周期性演变的宏观控制和影响,及受气候因素、地层岩性和岩溶过程的具体控制和影响,产生不同的"构造-地表过程-气候"响应过程:(1)S岩溶地块,沿地表地下同时发育;(2)碎屑岩地块,多发育于地表;但两者的成景过程沿同一方向演变:各向分散独立成景→各向单一网络式成景→统一网络式成景。期间碎屑岩地块总是S地块的侵蚀基准面和排泄区域,相互制约和影响着各自不同的成景方向、强度和规模,与孤岛和大海间相互制约和影响的过程极为相似,在此基础上提出乐业地质遗迹的孤岛型成景模式。 相似文献
20.
贵州省独山南部喀斯特谷地、槽谷纵横交错,地下河系十分发育。本文从构造体系、构造应力场对喀斯特地貌发育的控制入手,着重探讨了不同期的构造应力场网络及构造节理变形网络对喀斯特地貌及喀斯特地下水网络的控制,并用数理统计的方法探讨了二者的相关性。 相似文献