Keywords: Jupiter; Magnetosphere; Radio emission; Radio astronomy; LOFAR; Solar system; Planetology 相似文献
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1.
K. D. Cole 《Planetary and Space Science》1961,5(4):292-298
The propagation of hydromagnetic and low frequency radio waves in all directions in a fully ionized gas containing a magnetic field is examined. For longitudinal and transverse propagation the addition of one extra term in the magneto-ionic formulae (without collisions) accounts for the presence of heavy ions. where V is the Alfvén speed. Thus approximate equipartition may exist for some audio- and radio-frequencies in the Earth's exosphere.
The partition of energy of disturbance between kinetic (K) and magnetic (M) for longitudinal propagation of all frequencies is given by
Some errors in Paper I of this series are corrected. 相似文献
2.
The effect of an electric field induced by a rapidly decaying ring current on the motion of charged particles in the magnetosphere has been investigated using Euler potentials. For a model consisting of the earth dipole and the symmetric ring current, the electric field satisfies the condition E . B = 0. where and β are Euler potentials.
Under this circumstance, the E × B drift of the particle can be identified as the motion of the magnetic field lines and vice versa. The time dependent electric field induced can be evaluated in a Spherical polar coordinate system by the formula
A model calculation on the particle drift velocity vD = E × B/B2 shows that the radial component of the drift velocity is in good agreement with those deduced from whistler duct studies. 相似文献
3.
Correlation of cosmic-ray intensity (I) with the solar magnetic field expanded into the spherical surface harmonics, Bns(n 9), by Hoeksema and Scherrer has been studied using the following regression equation: , where
are subgroups of Bns classified in ascending order of n, and τi is the time lag of I behind correlation coefficient between the observed and simulated intensities (Iobs, Isml) in the period 1976–1985 is 0.87 and considerably better than that derived from any single index of solar activity. The lag time τ3 is greater than others, indicating that the higher order magnetic disturbances effective to the cosmic-ray modulation have a longer lifetime in space than the lower order disturbances. The rigidity spectrum of the cosmic-ray intensity variation responsible for AI due to the dipole moment is harder than those for others (A2,A3), indicating that the lowest order (i.e. largest scale) magnetic disturbances can modulate cosmic rays more effectively than the higher order disturbances. As another result of the present analysis, it has been found that the intensity depends also on the polarity of the polar magnetic field of the Sun; the residual (Iobs−Isml) of the simulation changes its sign from positive to negative with a time lag (0–5 Carrington rotation periods) behind the directional change of the solar magnetic dipole moment from northward to southward, and has a softer rigidity spectrum than AiS. The dependence is consistent with the result having been obtained in the previous period, 1936–1976, by one (K.N.) of the present authors. The polarity dependence can be found also in the 22-year variation of the time lags obtained every solar cycle in the period 1936–1985. The theoretical interpretation of these polarity dependences is discussed on the basis of the diffusion-convection-drift model. 相似文献
4.
Shi Tian-yi Gao Shang-hui Liang Shao-rong LI Zong-wei 《Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics》1983,7(4):288-294
We further discussed the Modified Mean Field Theory proposed in [1,2]. We found that this model has a new solution ml = 2; adding -meson, we calculated the symmetric energy of nuclear matter a4; with the new parameters we calculated the equations of state with and without the addition of -meson; we compared the two; we also compared with the results for ml = 4.3; we made a preliminary theoretical investigation of the form of the vector meson mean field using the two-body correlation function; lastly, using the structural equation of neutron star we calculated the maximum mass for the various equations of state. The results are: 相似文献
MMFT-2 (ml = 2): Mmax = 2.22M (without -meson) Mmax = 2.27M (with -meson)
MMFT-1 (ml = 4.3): Mmax = 1.69M (without -meson) Mmax = 1.89M (with -meson)
5.
Jupiter emits intense decameter (DAM) radio waves, detectable from the ground in the range 10–40 MHz. They are produced by energetic electron precipitations in its auroral regions (auroral-DAM), as well as near the magnetic footprints of the Galilean satellite Io (Io-DAM). Radio imaging of these decameter emissions with arcsecond angular resolution and millisecond time resolution should provide:
- (1) an improved mapping of the surface planetary magnetic field, via imaging of instantaneous cyclotron sources of highest frequency;
(2) measurements of the beaming angle of the radiation relative to the local magnetic field, as a function of frequency;
(3) detailed information on the Io–Jupiter electrodynamic interaction, in particular the lead angle between the Io flux tube and the radio emitting field line;
(4) direct information on the origin of the sporadic drifting decameter S-bursts, thought to be electron bunches propagating along magnetic field lines, and possibly revealing electric potential drops along these field lines;
(5) direct observation of DAM emission possibly related to the Ganymede–Jupiter, Europa–Jupiter and/or Callisto–Jupiter interactions, and their energetics;
(6) information on the magnetospheric dynamics, via correlation of radio images with ultraviolet and infrared images of the aurora as well as of the Galilean satellite footprints, and study of their temporal variations;
(7) an improved mapping of the Jovian plasma environment (especially the Io torus) via the propagation effects that it induces on the radio waves propagating through it (Faraday rotation, diffraction fringes, etc.);
(8) possibly on the long-term a better accuracy on the determination of Jupiter's rotation period.
6.
The analyses have been made with the emphasis on four existing criteria for calibrating the azimuth of the photospheric transverse magnetic field measured with a heliomagnetograph. The results indicate that the potential criterion, Krall's criterion, i.e. Bt · Bz < 0 and Wu-Ai's criterion, i.e.
, are applicable to different cases, and the criterion based on the assumption about azimuth continuity of the transverse field is unreliable for the magnetograms with discrete data. On the basis of these analyses, a synthesized method for determining the azimuth of the transverse magnetic field on solar photosphere has been suggested in this paper. The main points of the method are as follows:
Full-size image (1K)
The transverse magnetic field observed with a heliomagnetograph could be calibrated, respectively, by means of potential criterion and Krall's criterion, and two different results could be obtained. By comparing the both results with one another, we can find that the azimuth distributions of transverse field are the same in some areas, which are named as areas with certain transverse field (CA), and different in other areas, which are named as areas with uncertain transverse field(UA). In order to determine the transverse field in UA, we introduce an assumption that the values of (the factor of force-free magnetic field) at neighbouring points are close. According to this assumption, the distribution of in UA could be determined through extrapolating from the CA, and hence the azimuth distribution of the transverse field in UA could be determined as well.
An observational example shown in this paper preliminarily demonstrates the availability of the synthesized method. 相似文献
7.
David M. Kipping 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,392(1):181-189
As the number of known exoplanets continues to grow, the question as to whether such bodies harbour satellite systems has become one of increasing interest. In this paper, we explore the transit timing effects that should be detectable due to an exomoon and predict a new observable. We first consider transit time variation (TTV), where we update the model to include the effects of orbital eccentricity. We draw two key conclusions.
We go on to predict a new observable due to exomoons – transit duration variation (TDV). We derive the TDV amplitude and conclude that its amplitude is not only detectable, but the TDV signal will also provide two robust advantages.
- (i)
In order to maintain Hill stability, the orbital frequency of the exomoon will always be higher than the sampling frequency. Therefore, the period of the exomoon cannot be reliably determined from TTV, only a set of harmonic frequencies.
- (ii)
The TTV amplitude is ∝ M
S aS where MS is the exomoon mass and aS is the semimajor axis of the moon's orbit. Therefore, MS and aS cannot be separately determined.
We go on to predict a new observable due to exomoons – transit duration variation (TDV). We derive the TDV amplitude and conclude that its amplitude is not only detectable, but the TDV signal will also provide two robust advantages.
- (i)
The TDV amplitude is ∝ M
S a−1/2 S and therefore the ratio of TDV to TTV allows for MS and aS to be separately determined. - (ii)
TDV has a π/2 phase difference to the TTV signal, making it an excellent complementary technique.
8.
Peng Qiu-he 《Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics》1993,17(4):363-372
Based on the method of Paper I and concentrating on the rigidly rotating, inner region of the galaxy, a theoretical investigation is carried out here on the asymptotic property of the projected surface density σ(r); combining with the asymptotic solution of Paper I for the outer region with flat rotation curve, I suggest the form
as a possible, reasonable mass model for the whole galactic disk. In the course of the study, an important relation between the masses of the bulge and the disk and certain parameters characterizing the distribution was found. 相似文献
Full-size image (1K)
9.
If the photon possessed an electric charge or a magnetic moment, light waves propagating through magnetic fields would acquire new quantum mechanical phases. For a charged photon, this is an Aharonov–Bohm phase, and the fact that we can resolve distant galaxies using radio interferometry indicates that this phase must be small. This in turn constrains the photon charge to be smaller that if all photons have the same charge and smaller than if there are both positively and negatively charged photons. The best bound on the magnetic moment comes from the observed absence of wavelength-independent photon birefringence. Birefringence measurements, which compare the relative phases of right- and left-circularly polarized waves, restrict the magnetic moment to be less than . This is just a few orders of magnitude weaker than the experimental bounds on the electron and neutron electric dipole moments. 相似文献
10.
R. J. Protheroe 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,341(1):230-238
I re-examine the brightness temperature problem in PKS 0405-385, which is an extreme intra-day variable radio quasar with an inferred brightness temperature of ∼5 × 1014 K at 5 GHz, well above the Compton catastrophe limit of ∼1011 K that is reached when the synchrotron photon energy density exceeds the energy density of the magnetic field. If one takes into account the uncertainty in the distance to the ionized clouds responsible for interstellar scintillation causing rapid intra-day variability in PKS 0405-385, it is possible that the brightness temperature could be as low as ∼1013 K at 5 GHz, or even lower. The radio spectrum can be fitted by optically thin emission from mono-energetic electrons, or an electron spectrum with a low-energy cut-off such that the critical frequency of the lowest energy electrons is above the radio frequencies of interest. If one observes optically thin emission along a long narrow emission region, the average energy density in the emission region can be many orders of magnitude lower than calculated from the observed intensity if one assumed a spherical emission region. I discuss the physical conditions in the emission region and find that the Compton catastrophe can then be avoided using a reasonable Doppler factor. I also show that MeV to 100-GeV gamma-ray emission at observable flux levels should be expected from extreme intra-day variable sources such as PKS 0405-385. 相似文献
11.
N.E. Kassim T.J.W. Lazio P.S. Ray P.C. Crane B.C. Hicks K.P. Stewart A.S. Cohen W.M. Lane 《Planetary and Space Science》2004,52(15):1343-1349
We present an overview of the low-frequency array (LOFAR) that will open a window on one of the last and most poorly explored regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. LOFAR will be a large (baselines up to 400 km), low-frequency aperture synthesis array with large collecting area ( at ) and high resolution (1.5″ at 100 MHz), and will provide sub-mJy sensitivity across much of its operating range. LOFAR will be a powerful instrument for solar system and planetary science applications as reviewed by papers in this monogram. Key astrophysical science drivers include acceleration, turbulence, and propagation in the galactic interstellar medium, exploring the high red-shift universe and transient phenomena, as well as searching for the red-shifted signature of neutral hydrogen from the cosmologically important epoch of re-ionization. 相似文献
12.
With the aim of evaluating the actual possibilities of doing, from the ground, sensitive radio astronomy at decametre wavelengths (particularly below ), an extensive program of radio observations was carried out, in 1999–2002, by using digital spectral and waveform analysers (DSP) of new generation, connected to several of the largest, decametre radio telescopes in the world (i.e., the UTR-2 and URANs arrays in Ukraine, and the Nançay Decametre Array in France).
We report and briefly discuss some new findings, dealing with decametre radiation from Jupiter and the Solar Corona: namely the discovery of new kinds of hyper fine structures in spectrograms of the active Sun, and a new characterisation of Jupiter's “millisecond” radiation, whose waveform samples, with time resolution down to 40 ns, and correlated measurements, by using far distant antennas (3000 km), have been obtained. In addition, scattering effects, caused by the terrestrial ionosphere and the interplanetary medium, could be disentangled through high time resolution and wide-band analyses of solar, planetary and strong galactic radio sources. Consequences for decametre wavelength imaging at high spatial resolution (VLBI) are outlined. Furthermore, in spite of the very unfavourable electromagnetic environment in this frequency range, a substantial increase in the quality of the observations was shown to be provided by using new generation spectrometers, based on sophisticated digital techniques. Indeed, the available, high dynamic range of such devices greatly decreases the effects of artificial and natural radio interference. We give several examples of successful signal detection in the case of much weaker radio sources than Solar System ones, down to the intensity level.
In summary, we conclude that searching for sensitivity improvement at the decametre wavelength is scientifically quite justified, and is now technically feasible, in particular by building giant, phased antenna arrays of much larger collecting area (as in the LOFAR project). In this task, one must be careful of some specifics of this wavelength range—somewhat unusual in “classical” radio astronomy—i.e., very high level and density of radio interference (telecommunications) and the variable terrestrial ionosphere. 相似文献
13.
Yoel Rephaeli Yinon Arieli Massimo Persic 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2010,401(1):473-478
Measurement sensitivity in the energetic γ-ray region has improved considerably and is about to increase further in the near future, motivating a detailed calculation of high-energy (HE; ≥100 MeV) and very high-energy (VHE; ≥100 GeV) γ-ray emission from the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253. Adopting the convection–diffusion model for energetic electron and proton propagation, and accounting for all the relevant hadronic and leptonic processes, we determine the steady-state energy distributions of these particles by a detailed numerical treatment. The electron distribution is directly normalized by the measured synchrotron radio emission from the central starburst region; a commonly expected theoretical relation is then used to normalize the proton spectrum in this region. Doing so fully specifies the electron spectrum throughout the galactic disc and, with an assumed spatial profile of the magnetic field, the predicted radio emission from the full disc matches well the observed spectrum, confirming the validity of our treatment. The resulting radiative yields of both particles are calculated; the integrated HE and VHE fluxes from the entire disc are predicted to be f (≥100 MeV) ≃ (1.8+1.5 −0.8 ) × 10−8 cm−2 s−1 and f (≥100 GeV) ≃ (3.6+3.4 −1.7 ) × 10−12 cm−2 s−1 , with a central magnetic field value B 0 ≃ 190 ± 10 μ G. We discuss the feasibility of measuring emission at these levels with the space-borne Fermi and ground-based Cherenkov telescopes. 相似文献
14.
Guinevere Kauffmann & Stéphane Charlot 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,297(1):L23-L28
We report the first detection of an inverse Compton X-ray emission, spatially correlated with a very steep spectrum radio source (VSSRS), 0038-096, without any detected optical counterpart, in cluster Abell 85. The ROSAT PSPC data and its multiscale wavelet analysis reveal a large-scale (linear diameter of the order of 500 h −1 50 kpc), diffuse X-ray component, in addition to the thermal bremsstrahlung, overlapping an equally large-scale VSSRS. The primeval 3 K background photons, scattering off the relativistic electrons, can produce the X-rays at the detected level. The inverse Compton flux is estimated to be (6.5 ± 0.5) × 10−13 erg s−1 cm−2 in the 0.5–2.4 keV X-ray band. A new 327-MHz radio map is presented for the cluster field. The synchrotron emission flux is estimated to be (6.6 ± 0.90) × 10−14 erg s−1 cm−2 in the 10–100 MHz radio band. The positive detection of both radio and X-ray emission from a common ensemble of relativistic electrons leads to an estimate of (0.95 ± 0.10) × 10−6 G for the cluster-scale magnetic field strength. The estimated field is free of the 'equipartition' conjecture, the distance, and the emission volume. Further, the radiative fluxes and the estimated magnetic field imply the presence of 'relic' (radiative lifetime ≳ 109 yr) relativistic electrons with Lorentz factors γ ≈ 700–1700; this would be a significant source of radio emission in the hitherto unexplored frequency range ν ≈ 2–10 MHz. 相似文献
15.
R. F. Griffin A. P. Cornell 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,371(3):1140-1158
Paper XIII of this series presented radial velocities for 406 stars in certain of the Clube Selected Areas, a set of areas systematically arranged in Galactic coordinates. We now complete the survey by providing the radial velocities, mostly obtained at the European Southern Observatory (ESO), of 625 stars in the six southernmost Areas. Each star has been measured at least twice; the mean velocities have standard errors typically of 0.2–0.3 km s−1 . Additional observations made from Haute-Provence of many of the stars that are observable from there have helped to identify, and in some instances to characterize, the ∼70 spectroscopic binaries discovered in this programme. The final results of the programme, complementing those given in table 3 of Paper XIII, are summarized in Table 12 , which presents the mean velocities and velocity dispersions in the six southern Areas. It is noted that the difference between Paper XIII and this one as regards the provenance of the radial velocities has led to a small difference in zero-points, which is discussed in Section 3 and needs to be taken into account in any analysis of the combined data.
Table 12. Synopsis of radial-velocity results – mean velocities and velocity dispersions by Area. 相似文献
16.
We classify the Lane–Emden-type equation xy″+ny′+xνf(y)=0 with respect to the standard Lagrangian according to the Noether point symmetries it admits. First integrals of the various cases, which admit Noether point symmetries, and reduction to quadratures for these cases are obtained. Six cases result in new solutions. 相似文献
17.
K.-H. Mack M. A. Prieto G. Brunetti M. Orienti 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,392(2):705-717
We present new high spatial resolution Very Large Telescope (VLT) and Very Large Array (VLA) observations of a sample of nine low-power ( P 1.4 GHz ≤ 1025 W Hz−1 ) radio hotspots. Infrared/optical emission is definitely detected in four of the nine observed objects, resulting in a detection rate of at least 45 per cent. This emission is interpreted as synchrotron radiation from the electrons accelerated in the hotspots. The integrated spectra of these hotspots reveal typical break frequencies between 105 and 106 GHz, two orders of magnitude higher than typically found in high-power hotspots. This supports the idea that in low-power hotspots with their relatively low magnetic field strengths, electrons emit most of their energy at higher frequencies. A simple spectral ageing analysis would imply that the emitting electrons have been injected into the hotspot volume less than ∼103 years ago. We discuss possible scenarios to explain the lack of older electrons in the hotspot region. In particular, the extended morphology of the near-infrared/optical emission would suggest that efficient re-acceleration mechanisms rejuvenate the electron populations. 相似文献
18.
S. Kida K. Niinuma S. Suzuki T. Tanaka R. Nakanura K. Takefuji N. Matsumura M. Kuniyoshi T. Daishido 《New Astronomy》2008,13(7):519-525
The Nasu Observatory, which is composed of eight 20 m elements, was constructed for observing radio transients over a wide field at 1400 MHz. We report on two radio transients detected in consecutive drift scanning observations at declination 32° over a period of about two months. One of the two transients, WJN J1039+3200, appeared at =10h39m40s±10s, δ=32°±0.4° on March 4, 2005, and the other one, WJN J0645+3200, appeared at =06h45m25s±10s, δ=32°±0.4° on March 24, 2005. Both exhibited flux densities in excess of 1 Jy, and the burst durations were up to two days. Since there are few examples of radio transients outside the Galactic plane, these are very important observations. We have previously reported on four radio transients with features that look like the two transients detected this time. Of these six WJN transients in total, five had a duration of up to two days, and one up to three days. Four of the transients were detected at high Galactic latitude of b > 30°. Counterparts of the six WJN transients included X-ray sources in four events and had a consistency of 66%. The consistency of γ-ray, PGC Galaxy, NVSS, and FIRST sources was concentrated at about 50%. We were not able to find any special features in the counterparts. The distribution was verified by making a log N–log S plot using data for the four previously detected transients and the new ones. As a result, the distribution of the radio transients that we observed might have an isotropic distribution not dependent on Galactic longitude and Galactic latitude. The detection probability was calculated based on the assumption of an isotropic distribution. The 2σ upper probability limit for detection of transients of 1000 mJy or more is 0.0049 [deg−2 yr−1]. We cannot yet identify these two radio transients, because their features are different from any radio bursts observed in the past. 相似文献
19.
B. Lehnert 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1976,40(1):225-229
A one-dimensional model is being considered where a fully ionized plasma is separated from a neutral gas by a homogeneous magnetic field directed along the plasma boundary. The plasma and the neutral gas consist of two different types of ions and neutral particles. In a stationary state the outflux of plasma by diffusion across the magnetic field is compensated by an influx of neutrals which are ionized in a partially ionized boundary region. It is found that the ratio between the ion densities in the fully ionized region will in general differ from the density ratio of the two types of neutrals being present in the gas region. This provides a separation mechanism with applications both to cosmical and laboratory plasmas, such as in the following cases:
- The abundance anomalies in magnetic variable stars and in the solar wind.
- Separation processes of non-identical ions and neutral atoms in gas blanket systems.
20.
A. Pedlar B. Fernandez N. G. Hamilton M. P. Redman & P. E. Dewdney 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,300(4):1071-1076
We present subarcsecond MERLIN 0.4-GHz (73 cm) and 1.6-GHz (18 cm) radio measurements of the nuclear region of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151. By comparison with higher frequency observations, we deduce that one component (C4) shows a low-frequency turnover which we interpret as evidence for free–free absorption by ionized gas with an emission measure between 3 × 105 and 106 pc cm−6 . The free–free absorption appears to be localized to a region ∼50 pc in extent, and we consider models in which the ionized gas may be closely associated with a neutral molecular torus. 相似文献