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1.
The Dambuki ore cluster of the Upper Amur region is characterized by numerous and high-grade gold placers. A few small primary deposits and occurrences of gold-quartz type were formerly considered to be the main source of placers. However, the study of widespread Early Cretaceous Cu- and Ni-bearing ultramafic intrusions has shown that gold occurring in primary Cu-Ni ores and products of their weathering practically does not differ from placer gold in morphology, fineness, or geochemical features. In both cases, elements typical of Cu-Ni ore (Cu, Fe, Pd, Ni, etc.) are detected as impurities of gold particles. These data indicate that the Au-and Pt-bearing Cu-Ni ore mineralization may be the main source of placer gold. This ore mineralization is genetically related to small pyroxenite-cortlandite sills and dikes, abundant in the Dambuki ore cluster. The primary gold-quartz deposits and occurrences also contributed to the placers, but their part was rather small.  相似文献   

2.
The Pt-Pd and Au-Ag mineralization hosted in both wehrlite without visible links to sulfide mineralization (dispersed assemblage of the Tartai massif) and disseminated Cu-Ni sulfide ore (ore assemblage of the Ognit massif) was found in dunite-wehrlite massifs localized in the fold framework of the Siberian Craton. The Pt minerals in both assemblages comprise sperrylite (PtAs2) and secondary Pt-Fe-Ni alloys in the Ognit massif and Pt-Fe-Cu and Pt-Cu alloys in the Tartai massif. The Pd minerals are widespread in the ore assemblages as compounds with Te, Sb, and Bi, whereas in the dispersed assemblage Pd is concentrated primarily in Pd-Cu-Sb compounds. Both assemblages are characterized by similar substitution of sperrylite with orcelite (Ni5 ? xAs2) and then with secondary Pt-Fe-Ni or Pt-Fe-Cu and Pt-Cu alloys; the occurrence of Au-Ag alloys with prevalence of Ag over Au; and replacement of them with auricupride (Cu3Au) at the late stage. Sperrylite in both assemblages contains Ir impurities, while the Pd minerals contain Cu and Ni admixtures, which are typical of mineral assemblages related to the ultramafic intrusions with nickel specialization. PGM were formed under a low sulfur fugacity and high As, Bi, and Sb activities. The postmagmatic fluids affected the primary mineral assemblages under reductive conditions, and this effect resulted in replacement of sperrylite with Ni arsenide (orcelite) and Pt-Fe-Ni and Pt-Fe-Cu alloys; Ni and Cu sulfides were replaced with awaruite and native copper.  相似文献   

3.
自然重砂是地质体经自然风化、剥蚀、搬运、沉积等地质作用而分离出的单矿物(或矿物组合)。自然重砂矿物晶体由于仍然保留有许多矿物成因信息,包括颜色、形态、化学成分、物理性质和矿物组合等特征,因此常用于追溯源区地质体或者找矿勘查。这种方法被认为是一种经济实用的找矿方法——自然重砂测量。本文基于全国自然重砂找矿的数据资料,系统梳理了自然重砂的矿物类型、出现频率及其分布等特点,分析了自然重砂的矿物组合和成因矿物学特征,研究了自然重砂矿物的源区烙印、搬运距离及标型指示矿物组合特征,探讨了自然重砂成因矿物学研究意义及其找矿应用前景。自然重砂矿物的颜色、形态及内部结构依然保留着明确的成因矿物学信息:其颜色和晶体形态具有继承性而与其源区母体联系起来,体现源区母体的特性;其矿物组成可分出残余原生重矿物(包括造岩矿物、副矿物、矿石矿物等)和新生重砂矿物两个部分,如赤铜矿、孔雀石等反映着源区岩性体的成分或者赋存状态特征,其矿物组合也在很大程度上继承原生共生矿物而体现诸如有无矿化等意义;重砂颗粒的磨圆度、边界光滑性等表面特征反映搬运距离,有利于明确响应源区母体或者物源,而具有良好的找矿指示意义。  相似文献   

4.
The results of mineralogical-technological studies of PGM mineralization in zonal mafic-ultramafic complexes of the Ural-Alaskan type are given. All studied massifs in the Urals and Kamchatka are characterized by similar evolution of mineral assemblages. The chromite (platinum-chromitite-dunite) and dunite (platinum-pegmatoid dunite) geological-economic types of small platinum deposits and occurrences are separate enriched sites (ore shoots) of large-volume platinum ore deposits. These are rather thick and extended zones of recrystallized dunites with attributes of high-temperature structural deformations and intense fluid reworking. Low Pt grade in ore (<0.5 gpt) is determined by fine and very fine (grain size class — 80 μm) euhedral PGM crystals distributed rather uniformly in ore mass. The high and occasionally anomalous Pt contents (up to 1 kgpt and higher) are related to large xenomorphic segregations of PGM, which concentrate largely in the marginal parts of separate chromite segregations. The significant part of productive Pt-bearing mineralization is hosted in olivine matrix of igneous rocks, so that recovery of platinum cannot be associated only with separation of chromite ore. The direct gravity concentration of platinum ore without preliminary separation of chromite concentrate is recommended as the main technique of platinum recovery. The technological scheme provides for two-stage comminution of ore with between-cycle separation of coarse the PGM fraction into the concentrate as a commodity product. The results obtained allow us to regard the aforementioned mineralization as a new geological and economic type of lode platinum deposits, whose potential is comparable with active platinum reserves in the complex Cu-Ni ores of the Noril’sk district.  相似文献   

5.
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6.
The mineral field structure of a complex placer is a set of features reflecting the distribution and correlation of useful and accompanying placer-forming minerals, their variation trends, the ordering degree of mineral assemblages, inhomogeneity levels, etc. The mineral field structure is one of the most important characteristics of polymineral placers. Along with other properties, it allows one to judge the regional and local formation condition of a placer and to assign it to a certain dynamic class. The informativeness of this parameter increases if the mineral field inhomogeneity of complex placers is estimated using various statistical models, in particular, the method of major components, which is one of the modifications of the factor analysis. This method allows one to restore the structure of such a multifactor system as mineral assemblages of complex heavy-mineral placers. This analysis yields particularly interesting results in the reconstruction of formation environments of fossil placers that have lost connection with the recent topography (Devonian gold-diamond-rare metal placers in the middle Timan region and Mesozoic-Cenozoic titanium-zirconium placers in northern Kazakhstan). It is demonstrated that the mineral field of a proximal polymineral placer is extremely disordered; its mineral assemblages primarily reflect the provenance rock composition and only insignificantly the formation environment of the placer itself. The mineral field of a complex coastal-marine placer of heavy minerals (CMP), in contrast, reflects practically exclusively the lithodynamic situation within the shoreline zone, including an influence of local factors. Only in exceptional cases, the inhomogeneity of the mineral field of a certain CMP reflects an additional influence of rocks of the source area.  相似文献   

7.
Several pilot studies were made in a PGE-mineralized area of central Madagascar in order to compare Pt,Pd halos in heavy mineral concentrates and to select the most suitable stream-sediment fractions, sampling densities and anomaly thresholds for regional PGE surveys. Results show low anomaly thresholds for Pt (30 ppb) and Pd (20 ppb) in the −63 μm fractions of the active sediment, with restricted halos of nearly 300 m for Pt and nearly 500 m for Pd. Using a slightly coarser fraction (−125 μm) increases the anomaly contrast. The Pt anomalies in heavy mineral pan concentrates are considerably enhanced (400–1,000 ppb) but occur further downstream in residual terraces. A regular increase in the weight of the heavy mineral concentrate for a given volume of sediment is noticed downstream. A simple weight correction of the raw Pt grade in the heavy mineral concentrate gives a better definition of the mineralized source upstream. Assessment of the corrected heavy mineral concentrate Pt anomalies together with Pt,Pd anomalies in the finest stream-sediment fraction produces the optimum definition of the target. Optical determination and scanning electron microscope studies of the PGM show sperrylite to be the major Pt-bearing mineral in the stream sediment, whereas the Pd mineralogy remains unresolved. Pt dispersion appears to be a predominantly mechanical process and Pd dispersion a chemical process with deposition controlled mainly by MnO scavenging.  相似文献   

8.
Blind structurally controlled hydrothermal uranium ore bodies have definite geochemical expressions in their primary dispersion complex halos of lead, molybdenum, and soluble uranium extending over long distances upwards from the ores. Zonations in distribution-abundance of the three metals within the halos, as shown by orderly variations and trends in the ratios between the metals' concentrations, may serve by themselves as guides to the prospecting targets, under certain conditions — V.P. Sokoloff  相似文献   

9.
Gold and platinum group minerals from the gold placers of the South Urals are studied in order to identify the metal sources. In placers from the Main Uralian fault zone (MUF), the primary gold contains Ag (up to 29 wt.%), Cu (up to 2 wt.%) and Hg (up to 4 wt.%) and its fineness ranges from 538 to 997‰. Tetra-auricupride and cupriferous gold (up to 20 wt.% Cu) are common for the Nizhny Karabash placer of the MUF zone. In the eastern part of the South Urals, the placer gold is mainly characterized by high fineness of 900–1000‰ and low Cu contents (max 1.38 wt.%). Most of the placer gold grains consist of the primary domains, which are rimmed by secondary high-fineness gold with diffuse and clear boundaries. The secondary gold also develops along the shear dislocations of primary gold. Gold contains microinclusions of geerite, balkanite, chalcopyrite, Se-bearing galena, sphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite and hematite.Twenty four (including five unnamed) platinum group minerals (PGMs) were found in 28 placers; those from the Kialim and Maly Iremel placers of the Miass placer zone were studied in details. In the Kialim placer, ruthenium is most abundant PGM, which hosts microinclusions of isoferroplatinum, ferroan platinum, laurite, cupriferous gold, a mineral similar in composition to tolovkite, heazlewoodite and unnamed RhSbS phase. The osmium contains microinclusions of erlichmanite and laurite. The iridium grains hosts various sulfides and arsenides of platinum group elements (PGEs). The inclusion-free PGMs form Ru compositional trend in contrast to Os–Ru trend of the Ir-depleted inclusion-hosted PGMs. The isoferroplatinum from the Maly Iremel placer hosts laurite, rhodarsenite, bowieite, a mineral similar in composition to miassite and unnamed sulfide of Pt (Pt1.11S2.00) and antimonide of Pd ((Pd2.41Rh0.43Fe0.17)3.01(Sb0.91Te0.09)1.00). Ruthenium is a host to isoferroplatinum, PGE sulfides and arsenides, and heazlewoodite. Osmium contains microinclusions of ferroan platinum; iridium is a host to a mineral similar in composition to hongshiite. Three types of PGM intergrowths were identified in the Maly Iremel samples: (1) the intergrowths of platy grains of ruthenium with isoferroplatinum and a mineral similar in composition to tulameenite; (2) the open-latticework intergrowths of platy crystals of ruthenium with interstitial aggregates made up of gold, isoferroplatinum and a mineral similar in composition to xingzhongite and (3) the intergrowths of osmium and irarsite and iridarsenite, which are developed along cleavage of the osmium grains. Nickel sulfides associated with some PGMs contain Ru (11.32 wt.%) and Rh (2.21 wt.%) in millerite and Ir (31.00 wt.%), Ru (5.81 wt.%) and Rh (2.87 wt.%) in vaesite.The primary metal sources were determined on the basis of the mineral assemblages and composition of minerals, taking into account the nearby mineral deposits and directions of rivers. The rodingite-associated gold, gold-bearing massive sulfide and chromite deposits are major sources of gold and PGMs in placers of the Miass placer zone confined to the MUF structure of the South Urals. In the southern part of this structure, gold was mainly originated from orogenic gold–sulfide deposits associated with volcanic/volcaniclastic rocks and listvenite-associated gold deposits. The placer PGMs were derived from the adjacent ultramafic massifs of ophiolitic origin. The distance between the placers and primary deposits varies from 2 to 5 km (up to 20 km in the extended valley of the Miass River). Usage of ore microinclusions and associated PGMs in study of placer gold is far more advanced than an ordinary consideration of gold composition alone. This approach allowed us to identify the concrete sources for individual placers and to predict some mineralogical findings in already known primary occurrences.  相似文献   

10.
本文分析了广西花山铀矿床氧化带中铀酰矿物的类型、组合及赋存特征,探讨铀酰矿物的成因机制及其对深部铀矿体勘查的指示意义。研究发现,花山铀矿床氧化带中铀酰矿物的类型非常复杂,长冲、白石脚和糙米坪等三个矿点出现不同的铀酰矿物组合。长冲矿点发育准钙铀云母、钙铀云母和硅钙铀矿等铀酰磷酸盐和铀酰硅酸盐组合,铀酰矿物的阳离子组分以富Ca为特点;白石脚矿点出现硅铅铀矿和斜磷铅铀矿等铀酰硅酸盐组合,铀酰矿物的阳离子组分以富Pb为特点;糙米坪矿点出现翠砷铜铀矿、铜铀云母和脂状铅铀矿等铀酰磷酸盐、铀酰砷酸盐和铀酰氢氧化物组合,铀酰矿物的阳离子组分以富Cu和As等为特点。花山铀矿床中的铀酰矿物是原生铀矿物(推断为沥青铀矿)在氧化环境下发生次生沉淀作用而形成的,三个矿点铀酰矿物组合的差异归因于原生铀矿体元素地球化场、地下水中络阴离子类型和地下水介质pH环境等多种因素的耦合。研究认为,铀矿床氧化带中的铀酰矿物对于指导深部盲矿勘查具有一定的指示意义。在花山地区,铀酰矿物沿断裂带出现大规模的垂向分布,它的发育位置大致记录了原生铀矿体的产状特征,而铀酰矿物的含量和类型则有助于提供原生铀矿石品位和硫化物含量等重要的成矿信息。本研究预测,在花山矿区内的糙米坪和白石脚矿点仍然存在发现氧化型铀矿体的良好潜力。  相似文献   

11.
Summary ?We report, for the first time, the occurrence of five palladium-rich, one palladium bearing and two gold-silver minerals from podiform chromitites in the Eastern Alps. Minerals identified include braggite, keithconnite, stibiopalladinite, potarite, mertieite II, Pd-bearing Pt-Fe alloy, native gold and Ag-Au alloy. They occur in heavy mineral concentrates produced from two massive podiform chromitite samples (unaltered and highly altered) of the Kraubath ultramafic massif, Styria, Austria. Distribution patterns of platinum-group elements (PGE) in these chromitites show considerable differences in the behaviour of the less refractory PGE (PPGE-group: Rh, Pt, Pd) compared to the refractory PGE (IPGE-group: Os, Ir, Ru). PPGE are more enriched in chromitite showing pronounced alteration features. The unaltered chromitite displays a negatively sloped chondrite-normalised PGE pattern similar to typical ophiolitic-podiform chromitite. Except for the Pd- and Au-Ag minerals that are generally rare in ophiolites, about 20 other platinum-group minerals (PGM) have been discovered. They include PGE-sulphides (laurite, erlichmanite, kashinite, bowieite, cuproiridsite, cuprorhodsite, unnamed Ir-rich variety of ferrorhodsite, unnamed Ni-Fe-Cu-Rh- and Ni-Fe-Cu-Ir-Rh monosulphides), PGE alloys (Pt-Fe, Ir-Os, Os-Ir and Ru-Os-Ir), PGE-sulpharsenides (irarsite, hollingworthite, platarsite, ruarsite and a number of intermediate species), sperrylite and a Ru-rich oxide (?). Three PGM assemblages have been recognised and attributed to different processes ranging from magmatic to hydrothermal and weathering-related. Pd-rich minerals are characteristic of both chromitite types, although their chemistry and relative proportions vary considerably. Keithconnite, braggite and Pd-bearing ferroan platinum, together with a number of PGE-sulphides (mainly laurite-erlichmanite) and alloys, are typical only of the unaltered podiform chromitite (assemblage I). Euhedral mono- and polyphase PGM grains in the submicron to 100 μm range show features of primary magmatic assemblages. The diversity of PGM in these assemblages is unusual for ophiolitic environments. In assemblage II, laurite-erlichmanite is intergrown with and overgrown by PGE-sulpharsenides; other minerals of assemblage I are missing. Potarite, stibiopalladinite, mertieite II, native gold and Ag-Au alloys, as well as PGE-sulpharsenides, sperrylite and base metal arsenides and sulphides are characteristic for the highly altered chromitite (assemblage III). They occur either interstitial to chromite in association with metamorphic silicates, in chromite rims or along cracks, and are thus interpreted as having formed by remobilization of PGE by hydrothermal processes during polyphase regional metamorphism. Received August 3, 2000;/revised version accepted December 28, 2000  相似文献   

12.
The Engteri is a new hidden Au-Ag deposit in the Russian segment of the Pacific ore belt. The discovery of this deposit merits special attention, because it involves repeated attempts to reappraise a lowprospective ore occurrence, which were crowned with success as a result of fulfillment of large-scale drilling project. The average Au grade is 18.6 gpt. The deposit is classified as the gold geochemical type of Au-Ag deposits. The major ore mineral is pyrite, which amounts to no less than 95% of the total ore minerals. The native phases comprise electrum and to a lesser extent native gold of low fineness (730). The homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions is 125–255°C with a distinct maximum at 145–150°C. Despite blind localization of some orebodies, the Engteri deposits bears evidence for a deep erosion level: (1) small vertical range of economic mineralization (50–100 m); (2) predominant occurrence of massive sugarlike quartz with a low sulfide content; (3) prevalence of massive and brecciated textures above rhythmically banded textures; and (4) lack of low-temperature propylites. The southern part of the ore field distinguished by occurrence of rhythmically banded, framework-tabular, and brecciated texture has the best prospect for revealing new orebodies. The Engteri deposit allowed us to outline the following prospecting guides and methods of prospecting for hidden Au-Ag deposits: (1) these deposits are regularly arranged in ore clusters between heavy concentrate anomalies of cinnabar and gold-silver or silver-base-metal occurrences (method of missed link); (2) findings of fragments of ore mineral assemblages with sporadically high Au and Ag contents in barren calcite-quartz veins (method of indicators); (3) linear zones of ankeritization in the fields of low- and mediumtemperature propylites (mapping of metasomatic rocks); and (4) pyrite-quartz veinlets with rhythmically banded pockets (mineralogical mapping of halos of stringer-disseminated mineralization).  相似文献   

13.
On the basis of detailed fieldwork and analytical procedures (microprobe, X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis, etc.), ores and altered wall-rock rocks of the Khadatkanda and Etyrko deposits in the Kodar-Udokan mineragenic zone were studied. Economic concentrations of gold and some other accompanying metals have been established in ore of the Khadatkanda uranium deposit in the Syul’ban uranium district. REE-U lodes with brannerite-uraninite have been found at the Etyrko Fe-Ti-V deposit related to the Chinei layered pluton in the Udokan mining district. The outlook for the discovery of new types of economic uranium deposits is substantiated with respect to the known hydrothermal uranium ore objects and nontraditional setting related to the layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions.  相似文献   

14.
A Mesoarchean greenstone belt (3.5–3.0 Ga) in the western part of the East Indian Shield comprising the Iron Ore Group of the Noamundi basin contains economic resources of both iron and manganese ores in the NNE plunging regional synclinorium. Manganese mineralization in the central and eastern parts of this synclinorium, particularly in Joda–Noamundi sector, has taken place in multiple cycles starting from syngenetic sedimentary and exhalative type through mobilization and remobilization in different stages of tectonism, deformation and hydrothermal activities to latest lateritic or supergene type. A relatively high temperature metamorphic jacobsite–hausmannite–bixbyite–braunite assemblage, low temperature hydrothermal pyrolusite–psilomelane–hollandite assemblage and supergene pyrolusite–manganomelane–groutite–polianite assemblage are present and were formed by recycling of manganese in different stages of mineralization. A detailed structural study of the manganese ore bodies as well as their ore petrographic and mineralogical characteristics with mineral chemistry has revealed systematic mineralization and their relation to deformational phases. Such recycling of manganese and its structural control of mineralization in different phases is unique of its kind in comparison with other Archean manganese deposits in the world.  相似文献   

15.
The Pindos ophiolite complex, located in the northwestern part of continental Greece, hosts various chromite deposits of both metallurgical (high-Cr) and refractory (high-Al) type. The Pefki chromitites are banded and sub-concordant to the surrounding serpentinized dunites. The Cr# [Cr/(Cr?+?Al)] of magnesiochromite varies between 0.75 and 0.79. The total PGE grade ranges from 105.9 up to 300.0?ppb. IPGE are higher than PPGE, typical of mantle hosted ophiolitic chromitites. The PGM assemblage in chromitites comprises anduoite, ruarsite, laurite, irarsite, sperrylite, hollingworthite, Os-Ru-Ir alloys including osmium and rutheniridosmine, Ru-bearing oxides, braggite, paolovite, platarsite, cooperite, vysotskite, and palladodymite. Iridarsenite and omeiite were also observed as exsolutions in other PGM. Rare electrum and native Ag are recovered in concentrates. This PGM assemblage is of great petrogenetic importance because it is significantly different from that commonly observed in podiform mantle-hosted and banded crustal-hosted ophiolitic chromitites. PGE chalcogenides of As and S are primary, and possibly crystallized directly from a progressively enriched in As boninitic melt before or during magnesiochromite precipitation. The presence of Ru-bearing oxides implies simultaneous desulfurization and dearsenication processes. Chemically zoned laurite and composite paolovite-electrum intergrowths are indicative of the relatively high mobility of certain PGE at low temperatures under locally oxidizing conditions. The PGM assemblage and chemistry, in conjunction with geological and petrologic data of the studied chromitites, indicate that it is characteristic of chromitites found within or close to the petrologic Moho. Furthermore, the strikingly different PGM assemblages between the high-Cr chromitites within the Pindos massif is suggestive of non-homogeneous group of ores.  相似文献   

16.
The study of the mineralogical and geochemical features of ores and their textural and structural relationships at the Nikolaevsky base-metal skarn deposit allowed us to establish the succession of mineral assemblages and to ascertain the complex distribution of elements in minerals, ores, and orebodies resulting from nonuniform development of metasomatic zones in the single ore-metasomatic process. The vertical mineralogical and geochemical zoning of the deposit is expressed in the replacement of economic Pb-Zn mineralization at the lower levels of the skarn orebodies with Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization at the upper levels of the major Vostok-1 orebody located at the contact of limestone and felsic volcanics and the block orebodies at the lower level of felsic volcanic rocks. Au-bearing vein Pb-Ag-Sb mineralization occurs in the near-surface zone of the deposit. Three mineralogical types of ores have been identified: sulfide-hedenbergite, quartz-carbonate-sulfide, and sulfide. The zonal distribution of these types within orebodies is combined with variations in mineralogy and in the distribution of major and minor elements. The statistical processing (the Geokhimiya-1 program) of 96 chemical analyses of monomineralic galena and sphalerite samples taken from skarn showed that an intimate Pb ? Bi assemblage is characteristic of the lower levels, whereas a Ag Bi assemblage is typical of the upper levels. The elemental assemblages correspond to definite mineral assemblages, determining the mineralogical and geochemical zoning of the deposit.  相似文献   

17.
薄海军  申俊峰  董国臣  张翔  韦少港 《地质通报》2014,33(12):1878-1889
根据铜矿床的成因类型,对全国177个铜矿床的自然重砂矿物进行统计分析。结果显示,自然重砂矿物对于铜矿床成因类型具有较好的指示意义。不同成因类型铜矿床的自然重砂矿物组合不同,尤其是岩浆型、斑岩型、矽卡岩型、火山岩型铜矿床均具有特征自然重砂指示矿物。除了铜矿物、铅锌矿物、黄铁矿、白钨矿等各类型铜矿床共有自然重砂矿物外,铬铁矿、镍黄铁矿、辉石、橄榄石等为岩浆型铜矿床的特征指示矿物,自然金、辉钼矿、磷灰石、磷钇矿等可以指示斑岩型铜矿床;锆石、锡石和石榴子石是矽卡岩型铜矿床的特征指示矿物;火山岩型铜矿床则以雄黄、雌黄作为特征指示矿物。这些研究对于建立不同成因类型铜矿的自然重砂找矿模型具有重要意义。  相似文献   

18.
The paper presents materials on the genesis of gold deposits of the magnesian-skarn association. It is demonstrated that sulfides are precipitated at these deposits late in the course of the mineral-forming process and often contain visible and fine gold. Post-sulfide mineral-forming processes resulted in the widespread development of hydroxisulfides: tochilinite and valleriite in high-Mg rocks and borate ores affected by serpentinization, brucitizatin, and szaibelyitization. The newly formed hydrosulfides inherit gold from the replaced sulfides. The endogenic or supergene decomposition of tochilinite and valleriite in endogenic and supergene environments stimulates the dissolution of the fine-grained gold and its remobilization, first, by hydrothermal solutions and, subsequently, by meteoric waters. The possibility is discussed of the later regeneration of gold as a consequence of electrochemical processes or at geochemical barriers. The deposition of “newly formed” gold in weathering crusts and placers is discussed, along with the significance of this process for assaying the potential of the weathering crusts and placers. It is emphasized that a significant role in this process is played by cryogenic processes, which can increase gold concentrations in naturally occurring solutions and facilitate its later regeneration. The data presented in this paper are compared with data on gold and PGE deposits of other genetic types, which are hosted in ultramafic rocks and carbonatites, i.e., rocks petrochemically similar to magnesian skarns. It is demonstrated that the occurrence of hydroxisulfides in the ores is a significant geochemical and technological problem during the exploration for sulfide ores and their mining and processing. The magnesian skarn ores of the deposits discussed in this publication were determined to be a significant source of both primary and placer gold and, perhaps, PGE also. The materials presented in the paper characterize the behavior of gold in the endogenic and supergene processes at magnesian skarn deposits.  相似文献   

19.
In the Great Dyke mafic/ultramafic layered intrusion of Zimbabwe, economic concentrations of platinum-group elements (PGE) are restricted to sulfide disseminations in pyroxenites of the Main Sulfide Zone (MSZ). Oxidized ores near the surface constitute a resource of ca. 400 Mt. Mining of this ore type has so far been hampered due to insufficient recovery rates. During the oxidation/weathering of the pristine ores, most notably, S and Pd are depleted, whereas Cu and Au are enriched. The concentrations of most other elements (including the other PGE) remain quite constant. In the oxidized MSZ, PGE occur in different modes: (1) as relict primary PGM (mainly sperrylite, cooperite, and braggite), (2) in solid solution in relict sulfides (dominantly Pd in pentlandite, up to 6,500 ppm Pd and 450 ppm Pt), (3) as secondary PGM neoformations (i.e., Pt–Fe alloy and zvyagintsevite), (4) as PGE oxides/hydroxides that replace primary PGM as the result of oxidation, (5) hosted in weathering products, i.e., iron oxides/hydroxides (up to 3,600 ppm Pt and 3,100 ppm Pd), manganese oxides/hydroxides (up to 1.6 wt.% Pt and 1,150 ppm Pd), and in secondary phyllosilicates (up to a few hundred ppm Pt and Pd). In the oxidized MSZ, most of the Pt and Pd are hosted by relict primary and secondary PGM; subordinate amounts are found in iron and manganese oxides/hydroxides. The amount of PGE hosted in solid solution in sulfides is negligible. Considerable local variations in the distribution of PGE in the oxidized ores complicate a mineralogical balance. Experiments to evaluate the PGE recovery from oxidized MSZ ore show that using physical concentration techniques (i.e., electric pulse disaggregation, hydroseparation, and magnetic separation), the PGE are preferentially concentrated into smaller grain size fractions by a factor of 2. Highest PGE concentrations occur in the volumetrically insignificant magnetic fraction. This indicates that a physical preconcentration of PGE is not feasible and that chemical, bulk-leaching methods need to be developed in order to successfully recover PGE from oxidized MSZ ore.  相似文献   

20.
Summary The Aguablanca Ni-Cu-(PGE) magmatic sulphide deposit is associated with a magmatic breccia located in the northern part of the Aguablanca gabbro (SW, Iberia). Three types of ores are present: semi-massive, disseminated, and chalcopyrite-rich veined ore. The principal ore minerals are pyrrhotite, pentlandite and chalcopyrite. A relatively abundant platinum-group mineral (PGM) assemblage is present and includes merenskyite, melonite, michenerite, moncheite and sperrylite. Moreover, concentrations of base and precious metals and micro-PIXE analyses were obtained for the three ore-types. The mineralogy and the mantle-normalised chalcophile element profiles strongly suggest that semi-massive ore represents mss crystallisation, whereas the disseminated ore represents an unfractionated sulphide liquid and the chalcopyrite-rich veined ore a Cu-rich sulphide liquid. Palladium-bearing minerals occur commonly enclosed within sulphides, indicating a magmatic origin rather than hydrothermal. The occurrences and the composition of these minerals suggest that Pd was initially dissolved in the sulphides and subsequently exsolved at low temperatures to form bismutotellurides. Negative Pt and Au anomalies in the mantle-normalised chalcophile element profiles, a lack of Cu-S correlation and textural observations (such as sperrylite losing its euhedral shape when in contact with altered minerals) suggest partial remobilisation of Pt, Au and Cu by postmagmatic hydrothermal fluids after the sulphide crystallisation. Authors’ addresses: R. Pi?a, L. Ortega, R. Lunar, Departamento de Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Facultad de Geología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, ES-28040 Madrid, Spain; F. Gervilla, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Granada-CSIC, Avda. Fuentenueva, s/n, ES-18002 Granada, Spain  相似文献   

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