共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(4):202-211
Karlsen, A. & Nordhus, M. 2011. Between close and distanced links: Firm internationalization in a subsea cluster in Western Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography Vol. 65, 202–211. ISSN 0029-1951. The cluster concept has attracted attention from scholars and become increasingly popular in regional politics, as exemplified by The Norwegian Centres of Expertise programme. External linkages of cluster firms have become a concern inspired by the notions ‘local buzz’ and ‘global pipelines’. Viable clusters are dependent on the quality of both internal industrial environment and external linkages. The article focuses on internationalization of SMEs from a cluster perspective and discusses how cluster firms take advantage of different dimensions of proximity in their internationalization endeavours. By applying the industrial network approach, firms’ strategies and positions at different stages of internationalization are integrated in the analysis. The cases are four SMEs located in a ‘subsea cluster’ close to Bergen, Norway. Data were collected through interviews with top managers and observations during cluster-related meetings. The cases differ with regard to size and international experiences. Firms that are highly internationalized rely on cognitive or organizational proximity when they internationalize further. Such firms provide opportunities for other cluster firms. In contrast, less internationalized firms rely on social and institutional types of proximity. As they collaborate with larger and more experienced cluster firms they can skip some of the resource-demanding steps in the internationalizing process. 相似文献
2.
产业集群对技术创新的影响——以电子信息产业为例 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
国内外理论界对产业集群和技术创新的关系存在重要争议。以电子信息产业为例,采用统计年鉴、企业调查问卷和深度访谈的数据,运用定量和定性相结合的方法,探索电子信息产业集群对技术创新的推动作用。研究表明,在中国目前的社会经济背景下,单纯的产业集聚对技术创新的推动作用尚不明显。案例研究显示,地理邻近性和企业之间频繁的联系并没有促进相互信任和技术创新。由于知识盗取的现象严重,很多企业并不愿意与本地其他企业建立基于知识和技术方面的联系。大多数被调查的企业都只涉及并不需要复杂知识的"边缘"创新,缺乏寻求外部合作的动力。因此,需要超越目前的集群理论,把更多的研究重点放在特定区域和制度环境下的"企业"个体上,而非企业之间的联系。 相似文献
3.
产业集群的非正式联系及其对技术创新的影响——以顺德家电产业集群为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
产业集群企业之间建立在各种正式与非正式联系上的技术交流与合作是集群企业技术创新的重要基础。然而,长久以来产业集群的非正式联系在西方主流的技术创新的研究文献中一直被忽视。本文通过对顺德家电产业集群30家企业的问卷调查和深度访谈,总结了产业集群的非正式联系的三种类型,即企业衍生形成的非正式联系、人才流动形成的非正式联系、长期合作建立在信任基础上的非正式联系。通过进一步研究发现,不同类型的非正式联系对于集群企业技术创新有着不同的影响。前两者对技术创新的影响主要体现在技术信息与知识的传递,而后者主要体现在使企业之间产生了一种技术上的共同理解和认识,能够提高企业之间技术合作的成功率。 相似文献
4.
在辨析地方创业概念和内涵的基础上,分析地方创业在集群发展不同阶段的作用和方式,并借鉴演化经济地理中最新的复杂理论,重点辨析在集群非线性发展过程中地方创业主体与集群结构的反馈过程,其中通过整合经济地理学中制度和关系转向的研究进展,提出必须特别关注在集群转型阶段地方创业主体的能动性,把地方创业过程看作创业家与集群内其他主体之间关系网络的制度-权力实践过程,这个实践过程的目的是为了使得新产业的技术范式和组织范式获得社会合理性,从而提高集群弹性,并促进集群转型和更新。 相似文献
5.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(3):156-167
ABSTRACTThe purpose of the article is to assess the impact of concentrations of state employees on local growth and development. Local multiplier effect theory suggests that the increased local demand for state employees, especially highly skilled employees, would stimulate the local supply of goods and services, and hence local development. However, other theories of regional development have shown that factors such as having a university or city size may also explain why some municipalities with a high percentage of state employees grow faster than others. Following a multilevel panel data analysis of Norwegian municipalities, the author found that the percentage of state employees did not have any effect on local development, measured in terms of the relative number of start-up firms or population growth. While there was a small positive effect of state employees in the bivariate model, state employees did not have a significant effect on local development when controlling for relevant factors such as municipality size or the presence of universities. The author concludes that the relocation of state employees may be a rather limited tool for stimulating local and regional growth and, if applied, policymakers should consider how the relocation could stimulate place-sensitive development in individual municipalities. 相似文献
6.
产业集群韧性：技术创新、关系治理与市场多元化 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
区域经济如何抵御外部冲击并实现再发展是近年经济地理学的研究热点。以产业集群为切入点,批判基于演化经济地理学的区域韧性理解方法,并提出“技术-关系-市场”三位一体的集群韧性理解框架。以中国S省D市石油钻采设备集群为案例,研究该集群在先后两次遭受外部冲击后集群韧性反馈过程。通过访谈D市相关政府部门、集群关键企业和分析多种文本资料后发现,集群韧性通过技术创新、关系治理、市场多元化三种途径表达。研究结论对以外部技术创新为核心的区域韧性理解方法构成挑战,认为内部技术创新也是区域韧性的重要来源,同时更不能忽视关系治理、市场多元化对区域韧性的重要作用。研究结论对地方政府如何应对区域外部冲击具有一定启示意义。 相似文献
7.
8.
Tomasz Opach Sabrina Scherzer Päivi Lujala Jan Ketil Rød 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2020,74(3):181-199
ABSTRACT The aim of the study on which the article is based was to identify groups of communities with similar resilience profiles, using Norwegian municipalities as a case. The authors used a set of socioeconomic and environmental indicators as measures of municipalities’ resilience and performed a cluster analysis to divide the municipalities into groups with similar multivariate resilience signatures. The results revealed six groups of municipalities that, apart from their unique combinations of indicator scores, featured certain spatial patterns, such as an “urban cluster” with urbanized municipalities and a “suburban cluster” with municipalities concentrated around major cities. The authors conclude that municipalities in each of the groups shared aspects that made them either more or less resilient to natural hazards, which could make them potential targets for shared interventions. Additionally, the authors conclude that clustering can be used to identify municipalities with similar resilience features and that could benefit from networking and sharing operational planning as a way to improve their respective communities' resilience to natural hazards. 相似文献
9.
Meifang Li Jianfeng He Tao Liu 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(11):2125-2152
ABSTRACTThe spatial scan statistic method has been widely used for detecting disease clusters. Its results may be affected by scales, including the aggregation level of the input data and the population threshold used in the detection. Previous studies offered inconsistent findings, and few had considered both types of scales at the same time. Using 24 simulated datasets and two real disease datasets, we investigated the method’s sensitivity to the two types of scales. We aggregated the individual-level data into areal units of three levels, including county, town, and a 900 m grid. We detected clusters with three population thresholds, including 10%, 25%, and 50%. We used two measurements, distance between cluster centres and the Jaccard index, to quantify the consistency of clusters detected with different scale settings. We find: (1) the method is not greatly sensitive to the data aggregation level when the cluster is strong and in a place with high population density; (2) the method’s sensitivity to the population threshold is determined by the actual size of the true cluster; and (3) a regular grid with fine resolution is advantageous over the subjectively defined areal units. The process and findings may have broader meanings to similar spatial analyses. 相似文献
10.
This article provides new empirical evidence on the patterns of firm entry across sectors and space. Based on Pavitt’s four manufacturing industry categories—supplier-dominated, scale-intensive, specialized suppliers, and knowledge-based—we use China’s firm-level database, covering all manufacturing firms with sales above 5 million RMB from 1998 to 2008, to investigate the relation between spatial patterns of new entry firms and industrial structure change and firm heterogeneity. Based on our analysis, there are three key findings. First, industrial structure change plays an important role in influencing the sectoral pattern of new firm entry. Second, the transformation from a supplier-dominated industry to a scale-intensive industry from 1998 to 2008 in China has largely influenced spatial patterns of new entry firms (mainly spatial agglomeration and entry similarity between regions). Third, the heterogeneity of firms (mainly firm ownership, firm size, and technological relatedness) affected the location choice of new entry firms. Based on our findings, we conclude that the importance of industrial structure change and the heterogeneity of firms in revealing the spatial pattern of new entry firms should receive more attention. Key Words: China, firm entry, firm heterogeneity, industrial structure change, sectoral and spatial pattern. 相似文献
11.
WILLIAM G. CAMPBELL M. ROBBINS CHURCH GARY D. BISHOP DOROTHY C MORTENSON SUZANNE M. PIERSON 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(4):349-362
Abstract A geographical information system (GIS) has proved to be a valuable tool in the Direct/Delayed Response Project—a comprehensive examination of the future, long-term chemical response of surface waters to acidic deposition. The role of the GIS within the project includes aggregation, analysis and display of various forms, scales and projections of environmental data related to acidic deposition. The GIS is particularly valuable for effectively communicating key scientific findings and results of regional, national and international importance to a diverse audience. 相似文献
12.
Nina Kyllingstad Jan Ole Rypestøl 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2019,73(1):29-38
ABSTRACTDue to increased attention on environmental issues, industrial sustainable restructuring is high on the research agenda. The article adds to the literature through an analysis of a restructuring process within a Norwegian process industry cluster. By introducing an analytical framework combining the concepts of entrepreneurial discovery process and path dependency theory, the article offers a deeper understanding of the role of various types of actors in processes of restructuring. The authors categorise the actors as either firm-level entrepreneurs or system-level entrepreneurs on the basis of their motivation. While the former are motivated mainly by firm success, the latter find their motivation mainly in developing systemic factors. The analytical framework suggests a stepwise analysis of the restructuring, and in each step, the significance and interplay between the two types of entrepreneurs are discussed. Finally, the authors discuss the potential for new path development following from this process. The case study illustrates the important role of system-level entrepreneurs as facilitators and of firm-level entrepreneurs as utilisers of opportunities. The empirical case demonstrates that the two types of entrepreneurs are highly interactive throughout the restructuring process. The article contributes to existing literature by advancing the actor perspective in new path development. 相似文献
13.
Giuseppe Calignano Rune Dahl Fitjar Nina Hjertvikrem 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2019,73(1):65-78
ABSTRACTWith combined insights from evolutionary economic geography and transition studies, the article examines the engagement of different regions in Norway in the innovation networks created within the European Union’s environmental programmes. The aim is to explore the programmes’ potential for supporting green economy and economic restructuring through branching and new path creation. The authors assess which regions participate in the programmes, which international networks they build, and which organisations participate in different regions. They compare three regions with different restructuring needs and research capacity – the counties of Rogaland, Hordaland, and Sør-Trøndelag (now part of the county of Trøndelag). They find that overall, Norwegian organisations participate relatively frequently in the programmes, but private firms play a marginal role. Their partners are mainly in core EU regions. Regional participation in the programmes is a function of research capacity as well as oil dependence. The authors conclude that in research-oriented regions, research establishments tend to dominate participation, creating potential for restructuring mainly through path creation. In oil-dependent regions, private firms account for a higher share of participants, enhancing the potential for branching. As the former regions participate more, the programme can mainly stimulate path creation. 相似文献
14.
Samson Afewerki Asbjørn Karlsen Danny MacKinnon 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2019,73(1):4-15
ABSTRACTThe authors employ the global production network (GPN) approach to analyse the development of the renewable energy sector. Through a case study of the development of a Hywind floating offshore wind project (Hywind) across two oil and gas economies, namely Norway and Scotland, the paper sheds light on the key drivers and role of core GPN actors. Methodologically, the authors investigate the process from both ‘inside-out’ and ‘outside-in’ perspectives, referring to the efforts of firms expanding into overseas markets and the efforts of host countries to attract investment from outside their territories. The analysis shows how the configuration of extractive production networks is shaped by the interactions between the network development practices of firms and the market development strategies of host states. The authors conclude that the distinct materiality of floating wind power technology shapes the territorial configuration of the production network by enabling its spatial extension across a range of locations. By contrast, existing research on other extractive sectors has emphasized the spatially constraining effects of materiality (Bridge 2008). 相似文献
15.
Qiliang Liu Wenkai Liu Min Deng Yaolin Liu 《International journal of geographical information science》2019,33(9):1718-1738
The discovery of spatial clusters formed by proximal spatial units with similar non-spatial attribute values plays an important role in spatial data analysis. Although several spatial contiguity-constrained clustering methods are currently available, almost all of them discover clusters in a geographical dataset, even though the dataset has no natural clustering structure. Statistically evaluating the significance of the degree of homogeneity within a single spatial cluster is difficult. To overcome this limitation, this study develops a permutation test approach Specifically, the homogeneity of a spatial cluster is measured based on the local variance and cluster member permutation, and two-stage permutation tests are developed to determine the significance of the degree of homogeneity within each spatial cluster. The proposed permutation tests can be integrated into the existing spatial clustering algorithms to detect homogeneous spatial clusters. The proposed tests are compared with four existing tests (i.e., Park’s test, the contiguity-constrained nonparametric analysis of variance (COCOPAN) method, spatial scan statistic, and q-statistic) using two simulated and two meteorological datasets. The comparison shows that the proposed two-stage permutation tests are more effective to identify homogeneous spatial clusters and to determine homogeneous clustering structures in practical applications. 相似文献
16.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(6):268-269
Abstract College enrollment and Association of American Geographers membership data reveal a significant deficit in minority participation in geography and environmental science. The author asserts that this dearth may have its origin at the K-12 level, where science subjects are presented in a manner that alienates socioeconomically disadvantaged pupils. With recent research indicating that low-income and nonwhite communities are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation, it is pertinent that methods be developed to increase the number of minority students choosing to pursue environmental careers. Involving students directly in projects investigating the pollution in their communities aids in enhancing student interest. By participating in a lead (Pb) contamination study, students are introduced to several geographic subdisciplines including cartography, demography, and environmental geography. Students also acquire skills in spatial analysis, map interpretation, and graphic design. Complementing basic lead-soil field investigations with geographic information systems, spreadsheet, and/or computer mapping software, offers students a valuable high-tech learning experience. 相似文献
17.
ABSTRACTThe video game industry is often portrayed as a ‘footloose industry’ in which electronic goods can be produced and distributed from any location without positive or negative effects from factors such as resources or proximity to market. Hence, a conventional assumption is that the role of place is greatly diminished in the case of such industries. The author tests this assumption by analysing firms’ practice in a game developer community in Bergen, Norway, and the spatiality of linkages between the community and the environment. He proposes an alternative analytical framework for understanding practice in the industry, one that recognizes that a firm's practice is either embedded within or related to networks and institutional structures. The question of how contextual conditions, embeddedness and networks are treated in the literature on innovation is discussed, and the concept of community as an analytical concept is introduced and applied. After showing how practice in the case community has evolved within the cultural, social and territorial context, the author concludes that a portrayal of the game industry as a ‘footloose industry’ disembedded from its surroundings should be avoided, and instead the dynamic relationship between actors, context and practice should be heeded. 相似文献
18.
ABSTRACTIn recent years cleantech (clean technology) clusters have emerged in many industrialized regions. Cleantech clusters are heralded as a key solution in the transformation toward a greener economy, with the potential to foster regional economic growth while simultaneously mitigating environmental challenges. Despite witnessing a growing tendency for cleantech activities to be organized in clusters, the research literature remains rather vague on what cleantech clusters are and how they emerge. The author therefore explores these questions with the use of empirical data from three internationally recognized cleantech clusters: (1) Cleantech San Diego, in Southern California, USA, (2) Green Tech Valley, located in the province of Styria, Austria, and (3) Sustainable Nation Ireland, located in the Dublin region, Ireland. The data and information used in the article were derived from empirical accounts sourced from existing literature, secondary data sources, on-site observations, and face-to-face interviews carried out between October 2015 and June 2016. The findings show that the cleantech clusters can be perceived as knowledge, innovation, and collaboration clusters that span industrial and institutional boundaries. The formation of the cleantech clusters is largely the outcome of strategic leadership on the one hand, and place-specific conditions and local capabilities on the other hand. 相似文献
19.
This paper broadly sketches the initiation of a biomedical industry cluster in Singapore and how it is driven in a knowledge-based economy. Specifically, we reprise the role of the developmental state in spearheading cluster development, and by so doing critique the prevailing view that rejects the involvement of industrial policy and the state beyond that of just a facilitator in cluster development. Drawing from a modest survey and interview sampling supplemented with secondary data we illustrate how the Singapore city-state is not passive but instead plays an active role as a cluster creator in moving towards a knowledge-based economy. 相似文献
20.
基于演化经济地理学视角,运用实地调研获得的第一手数据,构建由核心网络－支持网络－环境网络构成的创新网络结构模型,提出网络演化的分析框架,并对广州新塘牛仔服装制造产业集群创新网络演化过程、特征及动因进行实证研究。结果表明：1）新塘牛仔服装制造产业集群创新网络经历了萌芽（1980—1990年）、结网（1990—2000年）、成长（2000—2012年）和发展（2012—2018年）4个阶段。在萌芽期,企业间的生产和创新联系开始出现,集群创新网络初步建立;在结网期,大批量企业衍生加深了企业间的非正式联系,创新核心网络稳固发展;在成长期,政策及规划定位的调整重塑产业发展策略,创新联系增强,创新网络规模扩大;在发展期,政府与高校、研究机构和企业间的合作加强,龙头企业在牛仔服装生产上的技术创新能力得到提升,线上线下相结合的商业模式创新突显,创新网络规模稳定。2）不同子网络在推动整体网络演化过程中发挥不同作用。在萌芽期,创新环境子网络直接诱发创新网络的形成;在结网期,创新环境网络与创新核心网络共同推动创新网络的进一步发展;在成长期,创新支持网络是加速创新网络成长的主要因素。在发展期,创新环境网络再次成为创新网络演化中的关键。3）从演化动力上看,内生和外生动力共同推动集群创新网络的发展。集群外向型的经济特征使得初期网络由全球力量主导,在本地形成规模后向国内扩张。核心网络、支持网络、环境网络作为集群创新网络的重要组成部分,三者之间互为因果、互相作用,共同推进整体网络的演化。 相似文献