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1.
雷电水平电场是计算电力架空线雷电感应过电压的重要参数,为了准确获得该参数值,本文利用时域有限差分方法(FDTD)对不同地面电导率情况以及距雷电回击通道不同距离处的雷电水平电场进行了计算和分析,结果表明:(1)地面电导率均匀情况下,地面电导率越大,计算距离越近,雷电水平电场波形愈加接近模式输入的电流波形,这与雷电水平电场中的辐射场分量较小有关,而增大地面电导率或者增加计算距离都会导致计算结果变小甚至波形出现双极性的特征;(2)地面电导率水平分层情况下,计算得到的雷电水平电场受上层土壤的电导率影响更大,但是下层不同电导率的土壤一定程度上改变了土壤整体的等效电导率,使得计算结果与均匀电导率情况下有所差别。 相似文献
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Fine-resolution simulation of cloud-to-ground lightning and thundercloud charge transfer 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2-D 12.5 m-resolution simulations of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharge processes have been performed using an improved stochastic lightning model for different types of cloud charge distributions, such as dipole, tripole, bi-dipole and multi-layer charge structures produced from the numerical simulation of thundercloud electrification. The modelling produced the fine branched channel structure of CG lightning and the results illustrate the relations between CG lightning channel propagation and cloud charge distribution. The simulated features of CG lightning are associated with the observed results. The simulation studies are essential in our understanding of complex charge transfer processes caused by CG lightning discharges in thunderclouds. The induced charges of opposite polarity are deposited or embedded in the local volumes where the bidirectional leaders passed during a CG lightning discharge. Although the embedding affects charge structure only in a pair of significant positive and negative charge regions closest to the ground, the electric field strength acutely weakens and electrostatic energy in thunderclouds is significantly consumed when the discharge terminates. In addition to simulating the upward and downward breakdown of the initial leader to ground and the ensuing return stroke (RS), the simulation assumes that current continues to flow in the channel to ground and determines the upward breakdown until the end of the discharge. For the subsequent discharge sub-process, the upward leader channel tends to transfer the charges with the same polarity as the RS, while the downward leader channel favors transfer of opposite charge to ground. In the sub-processes of a few CG flash simulations, the magnitude of the opposite charges from the downward leader exceeds that of charges with the same polarity from the upward leader so that the net charges transferred to the ground have a reversed polarity to the RS. The simulation presents similar features of CG lightning as those observed in realistic bipolar CG lightning. 相似文献
3.
Leandro Z.S. Campos Marcelo M.F. Saba Osmar Pinto Jr. Maurício G. Ballarotti 《Atmospheric Research》2007,84(4):302-310
Continuing current is a continuous mode of charge transfer to ground in a lightning flash. The extent to which the continuing current contributes to the total negative charge lowered to earth is large. In order to study the waveshape of the continuing currents of natural flashes, we developed a computational algorithm that analyzes the pixels of the images obtained by a high-speed camera and plots luminosity-versus-time. Tower measurements have shown that during the continuing current phase of the flash the luminosity of the channel is directly proportional to the current that flows through it. Using this information it was possible to infer the continuing current waveshape for 63 natural discharges and classify them into six different types. Statistics on some characteristics of 345 M-components (that occurred during the same 63 events) are also presented. As far as we know, this is the first study on waveshapes of continuing currents for natural lightning. 相似文献
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分析了2019年夏季在广州从化人工引雷试验场获取的14次人工触发闪电通道底部电流数据,以有无回击(RS)和初始连续电流(ICC)持续时间长短2个标准对数据进行分类,研究不同触发闪电和不同放电阶段的差异和规律。研究表明:相比无回击的触发闪电,产生回击的触发闪电具有更大的先驱放电脉冲(PCP)及初始先驱放电脉冲(IPCP)的平均峰值电流、更多的IPCP总体转移电荷量、更大的ICC平均电流和总体转移电荷量以及更长的ICC持续时间;初始连续电流持续时间是回击平均峰值电流大小、首次继后回击转移电荷量大小和首次继后回击峰值电流大小的重要影响因素,且长初始连续电流的触发闪电对应的PCP及IPCP平均峰值电流也更大、平均转移电荷量也更多;PCP和IPCP平均峰值电流与ICC持续时间相关性最强,是决定ICC放电持续时间的重要因素,未能产生初始连续电流的PCP脉冲簇其平均转移电荷量小于初始先驱放电脉冲簇,其转化的关键阈值之一是平均转移电荷量大于25.91 μC。 相似文献
6.
雷暴下近地面电特性及其对人工引雷的影响 总被引：2，自引：5，他引：2
利用已建立的一维时变模式，对雷暴下近地面的电特性进行了计算。计算结果表明：由于地面的不规则性所产生的电晕电流密度可达２．０ｎＡ／ｍ＾２，由此而形成的空间电荷密度在１００ｍ密度以下可达１．１ｎＣ／ｍ＾３，传导电流可达３．５ｎＡ／ｍ＾２，并可延伸到１０００ｍ高度，形成０．１ｎＣ／ｍ＾３和１．０ｎＡ／ｍ＾２的电荷密度和电流密度。 相似文献
7.
中国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电电特性对比分析 总被引：13，自引：17，他引：13
通过对我国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电电特性的对比分析，发现南北方雷暴及人工触发闪是电特性有很大差异。北方雷暴电荷结构呈三极性，人工触发闪电是在地面电场为正的情况下成功的。主要由连续电流和双极性电流脉冲组成，最大放电电流为１ｋＡ，中和电葆量只有几库仑；南方雷暴则为偶极性，触发闪电由连续电流和我次回击组成，电流峰值在于１０ｋＡ。触发闪电时地面电场均为负极性，其中在４ｋＶ／ｍ以上；触发高度在北方最低为２６ 相似文献
8.
将雷电水平电场Cooray-Rubinstein(C-R)算法推广应用于地表电导率垂直分层的情况,并利用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法对不同地表情况下C-R算法的精度进行检验。结果表明,C-R算法的适用条件为:距离回击通道为100~1 000 m、地表电导率介于0.001~0.01 S/m,最大误差小于10%。当土壤电导率均匀分布时,C-R算法的精度最好;对电导率水平分层的情况,当上层电导率小于下层电导率时,C-R算法的精度较优;当电导率垂直分层时,若观测点处的土壤电导率小于闪击点处的电导率时,C-R算法的计算精度较高,反之,精度较低;对任何光滑有耗地表而言,利用C-R算法计算的首次回击水平电场的精度优于继后回击。 相似文献
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在广州野外雷电试验基地,对2008年和2011年夏季人工触发闪电回击之后的14个连续电流过程和43个M分量的通道底部电流、电场变化和通道亮度进行了同步测量和分析。结果表明:M分量的电流、快慢电场变化和亮度变化波形均近似对称;触发闪电连续电流过程的持续时间、转移电荷量、电流平均值的几何平均值分别为22 ms,6.0 C和273 A;M分量的幅度、转移电荷量、半峰值宽度、上升时间、持续时间的几何平均值分别为409 A,205 mC,520 μs,305 μs和1.6 ms;连续电流持续时间与M分量的个数、相邻M分量之间的时间间隔均存在显著的正相关关系。 相似文献
10.
Yu. P. Mikhailovskii A. A. Sin’kevich S. D. Pawar V. Gopalakrishnan Yu. A. Dovgalyuk N. E. Veremei E. V. Bogdanov A. B. Kurov A. Kh. Adzhiev A. M. Malkarova A. M. Abshaev 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2017,42(6):377-387
The results of observation of the development of a high-depth thunder-hail storm is presented. The measurements were carried out with the MRL-5 weather radar and LS8000 lightning detection system. The electrical parameters of the investigated cloud obtained with LS8000 as well as their relations to radar-derived cloud characteristics and to the indirect criteria of electrical conditions computed on their basis are analyzed. The possibility to forecast thunderstorm based on different thermodynamic criteria is investigated. The high correlation was revealed between the total lightning current in the LF range and the lightning flash rate in the LF and VHF ranges. The total charge transferred by negative lightnings from this cloud to the ground is equal to 387 C; the average value of charge per one lightning is 0.44 C. Regression equations linking the radar criteria of lightnings and the lightning flash rate are presented. 相似文献
11.
Aircraft observations of electrical conductivity and cloud microphsical, dynamical and other electrical parameters were made in warm stratocumulus and cumulus clouds forming during the summer monsoon seasons (June-September) of 1983 and 1985 in the Deccan Plateau region, India. A Gerdien type cylindrical condenser was used for the measurement of electrical conductivity. The variations in the electrical conductivity are observed to be closely associated with the updrafts and downdrafts in the cloud, liquid water content, cloud droplet charge and coro-na discharge current. The value of electrical conductivity in warm clouds is found to be in the order of 10-12 ohm-1 m-1 which is two orders higher than that observed in clear-air at cloud-base levels in some regions by other investigators.Classical static electricity concepts predict reduced conductivity values inside clouds. Cloud electrical conductivi-ty measurements, particularly in warm clouds are few and the results are contradictory. The recently identified mech-anism of vertical mixing in clouds lends support to coovective charge separation mechanism with inherent larger than clear-air values for cloud electrical conductivity and therefore consistent with the measurements reported herein. 相似文献
12.
雷暴下的电流密度测量和准稳态特性讨论 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
利用电场和麦克斯韦电流密度的同时测量，对雷暴下闪电间的麦克斯韦电流密度的准稳态特性进行了验证，并利用实验观测和模式计算相结合的方法，对传导电流、位移电流和电晕电流的相对重要性作了估计。 相似文献
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Intracloud (IC) and cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes produce transient changes in the electric field (E) above a thundercloud which drive transient currents in the global electric circuit (GEC). Using in-cloud and above-cloud E data from balloons, ground-based E data, and Lightning Mapping Array data, the above-cloud charge transfers due to lightning transients are estimated for five IC and five CG flashes from four thunderstorms that occurred above the mountains in New Mexico, USA, in 1999. For the five CG flashes (which transferred − 4 to − 13 C to the ground), the transient currents moved + 1 to + 5 C of charge upward from cloudtop toward the ionosphere, with an average transient charge transfer of about 35% of the charge transferred to ground. For the five IC flashes (which neutralized 6 to 21 C inside the cloud), the transient currents moved − 0.7 to − 3 C upward, with an average transient charge transfer of about 12% of the lightning charge. Estimates for three thunderstorms indicate that the transient currents made only a small GEC contribution compared to the quasi-stationary Wilson currents because of the offsetting effects of IC and CG flashes in these storms. However, storms with extreme characteristics, such as high flash rates or predominance of one flash type, may make a significant GEC contribution via lightning transients. 相似文献
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Ahmed Abdel-Latif 《Climate Policy》2015,15(1):103-126
The role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in the development and transfer of climate change technologies has been a contentious issue in negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Irreconcilable differences seem to oppose those who believe IPRs are an inherent barrier to the transfer of climate change technologies and those who argue they are an essential incentive to innovation. After providing an overview of the polarized debate on this issue, this article reviews the existing literature and empirical evidence and looks into some practical initiatives and recent developments. Finally, it seeks to identify a way forward that could help overcome the current stalemate in international deliberations by suggesting a number of parameters to structure the discussion on this complex issue. 相似文献
15.
R.G. Barry 《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):771-807
Abstract The current status and history of observing systems for snow cover, sea and freshwater ice, glaciers, ice caps, ground ice and permafrost in Canada are reviewed as part of a contribution to the WMO's Global Climate Observing System program. The data requirements that have been identified by previous discussion groups for different research, change detection and monitoring purposes are summarized. Problem areas in data collection and processing, as well as gaps in the observing/data systems, are illustrated and the status of cryospheric data archives relating to Canada, and data distribution, are discussed. The present status is considered to be unsatisfactory in a number of respects for the different cryospheric variables important for global change research. 相似文献
16.
本文用一个全球大气电导率模式和一个全球大气电路模式,计算了地形、大气气溶胶及太阳活动对大气电参量的影响,并估算了它们对地面电流密度和电场的分布影响。结果表明:地形的存在使电离层电势增加,雷暴分布的改变对大气电参量平均值无影响;气溶胶浓度与电离层电势及晴天电阻成正相关。宇宙射线与电离层电势及气—地电流成正相关;气溶胶浓度和宇宙射线的变化也会影响到晴天区电场以及雷暴区地面电流密度和电场;太阳质子流的注入使全球地面电场和电流密度增大,电离层电势不变。 相似文献
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The convective charging mechanism of thunderclouds is based on the vertical transport of space charge generated by corona from ground irregularities under the influence of the surface electric field. The present work estimates the amount of charge which is expected to reach cloud base by conduction and convection processes during the lifetime of a thunderstorm. This estimate is made using the numerical model PICASSO, previously designed to characterize the evolution of this corona space charge between ground level and cloud base. Experimentally determined values of surface electric field are introduced into the model in order to initiate the computation. These values are based on six events documented during four different field experiments carried out in Florida and in France. As an upper limit, the convective transport is uniformly applied as a linearly increasing vertical air speed profile and competes with the conductive transport. The fraction of the positive charge generated at the surface by corona which finally reaches the upper limit of the layer varies between 26 and 86%, essentially depending on the electric field evolution at altitude. Assuming that the vertical transport conditions remain the same over an area of 10 km×10 km, the overall charge amount can be roughly estimated. It ranges between about 63 and over 300 C. Because the present assumptions probably lead to an overestimate of these amounts, such a range suggests that the convective charging mechanism is unlikely to be able to account for the major electrification process of the thundercloud. However, it could be considered as a relevant mechanism contributing to the lower positive charge center of the thundercloud, often observed close to cloud base. 相似文献
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W. David Rust Donald R. MacGorman Eric C. Bruning Stephanie A. Weiss Paul R. Krehbiel Ronald J. Thomas William Rison Timothy Hamlin Jeremiah Harlin 《Atmospheric Research》2005,76(1-4):247
Balloon-borne electric field soundings and lightning mapping data have been analyzed for three of the storms that occurred in the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study field program in 2000 to determine if the storms had inverted-polarity electrical structures. The polarities of all or some of the vertically stacked charge regions in such storms are opposite to the polarities observed at comparable heights in normal storms. Analyses compared the charge structures inferred from electric field soundings in the storms with charges inferred from three-dimensional lightning mapping data. Charge structures were inferred from electric field profiles by combining the one-dimensional approximation of Gauss's law with additional information from three-dimensional patterns in the electric field vectors. The three different ways of inferring the charge structure in the storms were found to complement each other and to be consistent overall. Charge deposition by lightning possibly occurred and increased the charge complexity of one of the storms.Many of the cloud flashes in each case were inverted-polarity flashes. Two storms produced ground flash activity comprised predominantly of positive ground flashes. One storm, which was an isolated thunderstorm, produced inverted-polarity cloud flashes, but no flashes to ground. The positive and negative thunderstorm charge regions were found at altitudes where, respectively, negative and positive charge would be found in normal-polarity storms. Thus, we conclude that these storms had anomalous and inverted-polarity electrical structures. Collectively, these three cases (along with the limited cases in the refereed literature) provide additional evidence that thunderstorms can have inverted-polarity electrical structures. 相似文献
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Numerical studies have been made of the importance of cloud saturation to the sign of charge transfer during graupel/ice crystal interactions in thunderstorms. Previous laboratory studies led to the idea that the diffusional growth rates of the interacting ice surfaces may influence the sign of the charge transferred during brief collisional contact. The ice crystals grow by vapour diffusion in a supersaturated environment while the graupel surface grows by diffusion under low accretion rate conditions, but will sublimate when heated sufficiently by riming. The graupel surface is also influenced, even under net sublimation conditions, by the vapour released to it from droplets freezing on its surface. In a cloud, the diffusional growth rates are also affected by ventilation when the supercooled droplets and their local environment flow past the riming surface.The diffusional growth rates of ice crystals and riming graupel particles are calculated for various cloud saturation ratios, then the sign of electric charge transferred during crystal/graupel collisions is determined according to the concept of the relative vapour diffusional growth rates, according to Baker et al., 1987 [Baker, B., Baker, M.B., Jayaratne, E.J., Latham, J., Saunders, C.P.R., 1987. The influence of diffusional growth rates on the charge transfer accompanying rebounding collisions between ice crystals and soft hailstones. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 113, 1193–1215]. It is found necessary, in order to account for the observation of positive charging of riming graupel at high accretion rates, to modify the assumptions of Baker et al. in order to increase the flux of vapour to the graupel surface. The variable growth parameters available may be adjusted to represent the environmental saturation conditions in various laboratory experiments, including the mixing of clouds from regions having different growth conditions, and are used to determine charge sign sensitivity to cloud saturation ratio, temperature and accretion as measured by the cloud effective liquid water content. 相似文献