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The Siluro-Ordovician Loch Borralan (c. 430 Ma) and Loch Ailsh Complexes (c. 439 Ma) comprise a suite of intrusive rocks ranging in composition from clinopyroxenites, through potassic melasyenites to quartz syenites. The rock suite at Loch Borralan also includes nepheline syenite. Geochemical data in the literature indicate that the intrusions are alkaline, with pronounced enrichments in LILE and LREE relative to contemporaneous calc-alkaline magmatic centres further to the south-east, although they share similar high LILE/Nb, subduction-related characteristics. The Loch Borralan Complex is associated with marginal gravity and magnetic anomalies which can be interpreted in terms of a shallow body less than 400 m thick. Analysis of rocks and drill core revealed widespread elevated Pt and Pd values in pyroxenites and syenites in both complexes. The highest concentrations, up to about 900 ppb Pt+Pd, occur in pyroxenites in the Loch Borralan Complex. Extensive archived drill core provides an excellent section through the marginal pyroxenites, which host the PGE at Loch Borralan. The pyroxenites show unusual petrological features; early clinopyroxene is followed by biotite, apatite, magnetite, sphene and plagioclase with later garnet, which might be metasomatic in origin. Sulphides occur in minor amounts. High-temperature shearing produced local granulation and mylonitisation. Later brittle deformation caused extensive micro-fracturing and the introduction of minor carbonate veining. Platinum-group minerals (PGM) were located in a number of samples with high PGE assay values. These occur as clusters of grains around 1–2 m in diameter, and are difficult to identify uniquely. A few grains appear to be magmatic; these are Pt and PtPd sulphides that occur enclosed in clinopyroxene or garnet. All other grains occur in late fractures or along grain boundaries. These include sperrylite (PtAs2), Pd antimonides and PdBi tellurides, along with hessite (Ag2Te). They occur in microfractures accompanied by carbonate and barite and fine-grained sulphides and are probably of secondary origin. The PGE in the pyroxenites may have been introduced during the magmatic phase of the intrusion but the observed distribution of PGM results from low-temperature, hydrothermal remobilisation following brittle deformation and introduction of fluids.
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| Michael T. StylesEmail: Phone: +44-115-9363414Fax: +44-115-9363352 |
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Cores recovered from the Witch Ground Basin (central North Sea) and the northern Rockall Trough, near the Wyville-Thomson Ridge have been found to contain volcanic glass shards. These have been correlated with the Vedde Ash Bed of western Norway, which has an age of 10600± 60yr BP, and with North Atlantic ash zone 1. This is the first time that this important chronostratigraphic marker has been identified on the UK continental shelf and it is suggested that it might also be present in northern Scotland. If so, it would be a useful tool in the correlation of terrestrial, lacustrine and marine sequences of the Loch Lomond Stadial. 相似文献
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《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1986,50(9):2059-2067
Concentrations of arsenic in surface or near-surface sediment in 12 of 13 cores from the three major basins of Loch Lomond are substantially enhanced, up to 675 mg/kg compared with background values of 15–50 mg/kg. Sedimentary As profiles are attributed to post-depositional enrichment processes since there are no recent significant sources of environmental As contamination, anthropogenic or natural, in the Loch Lomond area. The enrichments can be interpreted in terms of post-depositional diagenetic remobilization processes in sediment reducing zones, followed by upward migration of As through interstitial waters and oxidation/adsorption/precipitation reactions in near-surface oxidizing layers. Confirmation of the diagenetic/adsorption hypothesis is provided directly by the analysis of As species (1.5–81 μg/l) in pore water and indirectly via comparison with sedimentary phosphorus. 相似文献
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Greigite has been identified in the sediments of Loch Lomond using X-ray diffraction. Greigite is the dominant magnetic mineral in the oldest sediments recovered, while magnetite predominates in the younger sediments which had previously been used for palaeomagnetic secular variation studies. A layer of sediment in between these two magnetic mineral regimes has very low magnetic concentrations, probably as a consequence of magnetite dissolution associated with sulphide rich pore-waters produced at the time of a marine incursion. The greigite largely oxidises once the sediment is exposed to air, but if freeze dried the greigite becomes surprisingly stable. Following freeze drying the greigite can be heated to 280°C in air before it alters and loses its strong ferrimagnetic properties. 相似文献
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Manganese nodules and manganese carbonate concretions occur in the upper 10–15 cm of the Recent sediments of Loch Fyne, Argyllshire in water depths of 180–200 m. The nodules are spherical, a few mm to 3 cm in diameter, and consist of a black, Mn-rich core and a thin, red, Fe-rich rim. The carbonate occurs as irregular concretions, 0.5–8 cm in size, and as a cement in irregular nodule and shell fragment aggregates. It partially replaces some nodule material and clastic silicate inclusions, but does not affect aragonitic and calcitic shell fragments.The nodules are approximately 75% pure oxides and contain 30% Mn and 4% Fe. In the cores, the principal mineral phase is todorokite, with a Mn/Fe ratio of 17. The rim consists of X-ray amorphous Fe and Mn oxides with a Mn/Fe ratio of 0.66. The cores are enriched, relative to Al, in K, Ba, Co, Mo, Ni and Sr while the rims contain more P, Ti, As, Pb, Y and Zn.The manganese carbonate has the composition (Mn47.7 Ca45.1 Mg7.2) CO3. Apart from Cu, all minor elements are excluded from significant substitution in the carbonate lattice.Manganese nodules and carbonates form diagenetically within the Recent sediments of Loch Fyne. This accounts for the high Mn/Fe ratios in the oxide phases and the abundance of manganese carbonate concretions. Mn concentrations in the interstitial waters of sediment cores are high (ca. 10 ppm) as also, by inference, are the dissolved carbonate concentrations. 相似文献
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Solvus curves under both ‘dry’ and ‘hydrothermal’ (PH2O = 1 kbar) conditions have been determined for two microperthitic alkali feldspar starting materials from the Loch Ailsh syenite complex, Assynt, Scotland. One sample (Ab74 Or24 An2) possessed a K-phase showing dominant monoclinic symmetry to both powder and single-crystal X-ray methods, the other (Ab88Or30An2) had maximum microcline as K-phase. These materials gave essentially identical solvi for both types of experiment, interpreted as indicating similar degrees of local order in the K-phase, but with differing domain size, leading to the different X-ray properties. The ‘dry’ solvus curves confirm the determination of the microcline-low albite solvus of Bachinski & Müller. The hydrothermal curves are used to estimate PH1O <3.5 kbars, T > 755 °C for emplacement of the Loch Ailsh syenites. 相似文献
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T. M. Williams 《Environmental Geology》1992,20(2):117-123
Integrated total elemental, phase-specific, and pore-water analyses of sediment cores from Loch Ba, Scotland, show that early diagenetic processes have promoted extensive metal enrichment immediately beneath the sediment-water interface. The accumulation of Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Co in sedimentary solids upward of 3 cm depth is accompanied by an increasing residence of these elements in adsorbed and hydrous oxide phases. Such phases are formed through oxidative precipitation from the interstitial pore fluids, following the upward migration of metals from more deeply buried, anaerobic sectors of the sediment pile. There is good evidence that Fe and Ni are subject to similar influences, although their total abundances near the sediment surface are less conspicuously modified. In the Loch Ba sediments, the oxic conditions promoting metal precipitation are entirely confined to strata of postindustrial age. In the absence of fully diagnostic pore-water and sequential chemical data, similar diagenetic profiles could plausibly be misinterpreted as the product of anthropogenic contamination. 相似文献
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Morphological mapping and stratigraphical investigations have identified surface and buried relict marine features in the inner Moray Firth area. The features consist of a buried gravel layer formed during the Loch Lomond Stadial, a buried beach of early Flandrian age, and surface beaches and estuarine flats of mid-late Flandrian age. Analysis of the altitudes of morphological features has identified two buried and five (possibly six) surface glacio-isostatically tilted raised shorelines. The steepest shoreline is associated with the buried gravel layer and slopes down towards N20°E at a gradient of 0.20m/km. Younger shorelines have lower gradients between 0.16–0.03m/km. The shoreline sequence combined with published data defines relative sea-level movements in the area during the last 11000 years. The inner Moray Firth shorelines are correlated with similar features in other areas of Scotland which include the Main Lateglacial, Main Buried and Main Postglacial Shorelines. 相似文献
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Ian Boomer Ulrich von Grafenstein Andy Moss 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2012,123(1):109-116
A core, recovered from a water depth of 53 m in Loch Assynt, North-West Scotland, has yielded a 9 m sequence comprising two distinct units, an upper, organic-rich unit (Unit I, ca. 6 m) overlying a sequence of laminated clays, silts and sands (Unit II, ca. 3 m). The upper unit is essentially Holocene in age based upon three bulk AMS radiocarbon dates while a fourth radiocarbon date from Unit II confirms a late-glacial age for that interval and supports a broadly linear age–depth relationship. Distinct variations in the magnetic susceptibility record of the lower unit can be visually correlated to major changes in the Greenland ice core (GISP2), this together with pollen evidence supports the radiocarbon dating suggesting an age of approximately 11,000 to around 17,000 cal. BP for Unit II, with evidence for the Younger Dryas (Loch Lomond) stadial and the Bolling–Allerød climatic phases. Variations in the magnetic susceptibility record of the late-glacial sediments are thought to relate to climatically driven changes in soil cover and erosion rates. The multiproxy record from Loch Assynt indicates relatively continuous, sub-aqueous sedimentation during the last ～17,000 years, providing an approximate age for the initiation of modern Loch Assynt and supporting recent dates of moraine retreat lines in the Loanan Valley from about 14–15 ka BP. Pollen and chironomid sampling provides further insights to the history of this relatively deep water body and compliment existing high-resolution palaeo-precipitation records for the mid to late Holocene interval from speleothem archives within the loch catchment. 相似文献
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The highly feldspathic syenites are divided on field evidenceinto three phases, S1, S2, and S3. S3 overlies S1 and S2, andencloses xenoliths and xenocrysts from the underlying and earliersyenites. The feldspars show a range of forms and coarseness of perthite,and show enrichment in potassium from Or20 to Or40, and increasein 2V, in successive syenites. X-ray diffractometer and single-crystalmethods show that SI has a dominantly monoclinic K-phase, S2a microcline with some monoclinic material, and S3 a highlyoblique microcline, exclusively. The earlier feldspars preservethese features even when enclosed by later S3 material. Thereis a suggestion of systematic regional distribution of obliquityvalues. The compositional range of the feldspars is related to the experimentallydetermined minimum in the Ab-Or-An system. The feldspars crystallizedas sodium-rich sanidines. Temperature-pressure limits are deduced,and the unmixing history of the perthites discussed. A mechanismfor the preservation of orthoclase in S1 and S2 is suggested. 相似文献
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Colin K. Ballantyne 《第四纪科学杂志》2007,22(4):343-359
Geomorphological mapping of northern Arran provides evidence for two advances of locally nourished glaciers, the younger being attributable to the Loch Lomond Stade (LLS) of ca. 12.9–11.5 k yr BP, primarily through the mutually exclusive relationship between glacial limits and Lateglacial periglacial features. The age of the earlier advance is unknown. Inferred LLS glacier cover comprised two small icefields and eight small corrie or valley glaciers and totalled 11.1 km2. ELAs reconstructed using area–altitude balance ratio methods range from 268 m to 631 m for individual glaciers, with an area‐weighted mean ELA of 371 m. ELAs of individual glaciers are strongly related to snow‐contributing areas. The area‐weighted mean ELA is consistent with a north–south decline in LLS ELAs along the west coast of Great Britain. This decline has an average latitudinal gradient of 70 m 100 km?1, equivalent to a mean southwards ablation‐season temperature increase of ca. 0.42°C 100 km?1. Mean June–August temperatures at the regional climatic ELA, estimated from chironomid assemblages in SE Scotland, lay between 5.7 ± 0.1°C and 4.1 ± 0.2°C. Empirical relationships between temperature and precipitation at modern glacier ELAs indicate equivalent mean annual precipitation at the ELA lay between 2002 ± 490 mm and 2615 ± 449 mm. These figures suggest that stadial precipitation on Arran fell within a range between +8% and ?33% of present mean annual precipitation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The extent of a large mountain icefield that existed in the western Grampians during the Loch Lomond stade has been mapped. The main types of evidence used in establishing the limits comprise moraines, thick drift, fluvioglacial landforms, erratics, ice-smoothed bedrock, striae, friction cracks and relict periglacial forms. Trimlines on 198 spurs, and various forms of glacial and periglacial evidence on 73 cols and in c . 200 cirques, enable the upper limits and morphology of the icefield to be reconstructed. Abundant striae and friction cracks in many areas enable ice-flow directions and the surface form of the icefield to be inferred in some detail. The icefield had ice-shed altitudes of c . 750 m, a maximum width of 80 km and an area over 2,000 km2 . At least 60 nunataks stood above the icefield, and on its western side outlet glaciers reached the sea and flowed for as much as 28 km along major tidal water lochs. 相似文献
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P. E. Brown 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1966,14(1):1-26
Analyses of Moine metasediments and migmatites in the Loch Coire area of northern Scotland are used to delineate the fields of composition of the major rock groups. An assessment is made of the relative merits of the hypotheses of isochemical metamorphism and metasomatism in the genesis of the migmatites. Within the migmatites the Fe/Fe ratio is constant, a feature not shown by the metasediments. This is interpreted as evidence of permeation of the migmatites by metasomatising fluids. Granitic sheets which are common in the migmatites have a very variable and predominantly sodium-rich composition more easily reconciled with metasomatism than a simple magmatic or anatectic origin. Attention is also drawn to the sodic nature of the large mass of Loch Coire granite which occurs in the centre of the migmatite area and the possibility is considered that the uprise of sodic magma provided sodium-rich fluids for permeation of the rest of the complex. 相似文献
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Robert W.H. Butler 《Journal of Structural Geology》1982,4(1):19-29
The northern part of the Moine Thrust Zone as exposed around the valley of Srath Beag, Sutherland was developed by thrusts propagating in the tectonic transport direction. Deformation on any particular thrust surface evolved from dominantly ductile to dominantly brittle with time.The foreland has been progressively accreted onto the overriding Moine thrust sheet by duplex formation, a process which has continuously folded the roof thrust and the rocks above its hanging-wall. Fold culminations and depression can be related to lateral ramps which may give the rocks above the hanging-wall a complex history of extensional and compressional strains normal to the transport direction.Folds within the thrust zone are laterally independent because they are controlled by short lived variations in deformation style on an evolving thrust footwall topography. Therefore there may be no correlation between structures across or along the thrust zone. This variation limits the construction of balanced cross sections as structure cannot be projected onto particular section lines. 相似文献
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Philip D. Hughes 《Geological Journal》2002,37(1):9-15
Geomorphological evidence for four former local glaciers has been mapped in the Aran and Arenig Mountains, North Wales. Former glacial extent was deduced from the distribution and assemblage of end and lateral moraines, hummocky moraine, boulder limits, drift limits and periglacial trimlines. Comparison of infilled lake sediment stratigraphies inside and outside of the former glacier limits suggests a Loch Lomond Stadial (Late Devensian) age of the former glaciers (c. 12.9–11.5 cal. ka BP ). This finding is also supported by periglacial–landform contrasts between the land inside and outside of the glacier limits. Reconstruction of the four glaciers illustrates a mean equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of c. 504 m. From the reconstructed ELAs and the combination of precipitation and snowblow input for total accumulation, by analogy with Norwegian glaciers, a mean sea‐level July temperature is calculated at 8.4°C. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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N.E. Odling 《Journal of Structural Geology》1984,6(5):543-562
A quantitative structural analysis is presented for the Loch Tullie gneisses of the Lewisian complex outcropping at Gairloch. The gneisses and the dykes they contain are folded into a large antiformal structure known as the Tollic Antiform. Quartz aggregates in quartzo-feldspathic gneisses have been used as finite strain markers in eleven specimens across the antiform. Two models, using rotational strain (simple shear) and irrotational strain (pure shear), are used to reconstruct the strain path. Results show that only the rotational strain model satisfies the strain data and the field evidence, and indicates a steeply northeast (75°) dipping shear plane and moderately northwest (55°) plunging shear direction, with a southwest-side-down sense of shear. A strain profile is constructed for the Tollie gneisses using the model and the attitude of gneissose layering. This shows increasing shear strain to the southwest to a maximum gamma value of approximately 8. The strain profile indicates a horizontal dextral displacement of 4.7 km and a vertical displacement of 6.8 km for the Tollie gneisses. The Tollie Antiform thus lies on the northeast margin of a large-scale shear zone, the main zone of deformation of which can be traced southwestwards some 4 km. Such a shear zone presents a major tectonic boundary within the Lewisian of northwest Scotland. 相似文献
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《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2017,128(1):125-135
This paper presents the results of an investigation of early Holocene cryptotephra layers recovered from sediments in two kettle-hole basins at Inverlair (Glen Spean) and Loch Etteridge (Glen Fernisdale). Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) of shards from two cryptotephra layers revealed that the uppermost layer in both sequences has a composition similar to the An Druim tephra, first reported from a site in Northern Scotland. We present evidence that distinguishes the An Druim from the chemically very similar early Holocene Ashik tephra. The lowermost layer at Inverlair matches the composition of the Askja-S tephra found in the Faroe Islands, Ireland, Sweden, Germany and Switzerland. This is the first published record of the Askja-S tephra from mainland Scotland. As at other sites, the Askja-S seems to mark a short-lived climatic deterioration, most likely the Pre-Boreal Oscillation: at Inverlair it occurs just above an oscillation represented by a reduction in LOI values and in the abundance of Betula pollen, and by a peak in Juniperus pollen. The lowermost layer at Loch Etteridge has a Katla-type chemistry and extends through the upper part of the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas/GS-1) Stadial to the Stadial/Holocene transition; it may represent a composite layer which merges the Vedde and Abernethy tephras. One of the key conclusions is that the glacial-melt deposits in the vicinity of Inverlair (kames and kame terraces) were ice-free by c. 10.83 ka (the age of the Askja-S), providing a limiting age on the disappearance of LLR ice in Glen Spean. 相似文献