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1.
The southern end of the Upper Rhine Graben is one of the zones in Switzerland where recent crustal movements can be expected because of ongoing seismotectonic processes as witnessed by seismicity clusters occurring in this region. Therefore, in 1973 a control network with levelling profiles across the eastern Rhine Graben fault was installed and measured in the vicinity of the city of Basel in order to measure relative vertical movements and investigate their relationship with seismic events. As a contribution to EUCOR-URGENT, the profiles were observed a third time in the years 2002 and 2003 and connected to the Swiss national levelling network. The results of these local measurements are discussed in terms of accuracy and significance. Furthermore, they are combined and interpreted together with the extensive data set of recent vertical movements in Switzerland (Jura Mountains, Central Plateau and the Alps). In order to be able to prove height changes with precise levelling, their values should amount to at least 3–4 mm (1). The present investigations, however, have not shown any significant vertical movements over the past 30 years. 相似文献
2.
Through recent developments in absolute and relative techniques, gravimetry has reached an accuracy of a few hundredths to a few tenths of μm s −2 *in small or large-scale networks, respectively. Consequently, gravimetric techniques can now be employed as one efficient tool for detecting vertical crustal movements. Gravity data are necessary for converting the results of geometric levelling to heights defined in the gravity field, and—by repeated surveys—to control time variations of the height-reference surface. More important is the use of repeated gravity surveys for strengthening and partly replacing levelling, being a time-consuming procedure with unfavourable error propagation over larger distances. The successful application of observed gravity variations with time in the detection of vertical crustal movements depends on the reliability of the conversion factor between gravity and height changes, and on the accuracy of the gravity measurements. The conversion factor should be determined through simultaneous levelling and gravimetry, in representative parts of the survey region. Strategies for establishing gravimetric control are changing now with the availability of transportable absolute gravity meters, and the possibility of accurately calibrating relative instruments and observing small gravity differences with feed-back-systems. Consequently, more attention has to be given now to disturbing effects of environmental character, such as microseismics, atmospheric pressure and groundwater table variations, and to periodic effects such as gravimetric earth tides and polar motion. 相似文献
3.
基于中荷合作项目"建立关于荒漠化和粮食保障的中国能量与水平衡监测系统"(CEWBMS),在国家卫星气象中心和国家林业总局的支持下,乾安大孔径闪烁仪于1999年10月安装并正式运行.利用2000-2005年5～9月大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)观测的大气折射指数的结构参数Cn2,采用独立性检验,证实了Cn2的高低与未来32h是否出现降雨(晴雨)存在显著相关关系.结合乾安气象站的有关气象观测数据,初步选择Cn2白天值以及夜间值以Cn2的24 h变量作为预报依据,建立基于Cn2预报未来32h晴雨的预报流程;并利用2006年Cn2的观测数据,依照预报流程对2006年进行了回报预报试验,正确率为42/47. 相似文献
4.
The main purpose of this article is to discuss the use of GPS positioning together with a gravimetrically determined geoid, for deriving orthometric heights in the North of Algeria, for which a limited number of GPS stations with known orthometric heights are available, and to check, by the same opportunity, the possibility of substituting the classical spirit levelling. For this work, 247 GPS stations which are homogeneously distributed and collected from the international TYRGEONET project, as well as the local GPS/Levelling surveys, have been used. The GPS/Levelling geoidal heights are obtained by connecting the points to the levelling network while gravimetric geoidal heights were interpolated from the geoid model computed by the Geodetic Laboratory of the National Centre of Spatial Techniques from gravity data supplied by BGI. However, and in order to minimise the discordances, systematic errors and datum inconsistencies between the available height data sets, we have tested two parametric models of corrector surface: a four parameter transformation and a third polynomial model are used to find the adequate functional representation of the correction that should be applied to the gravimetric geoid. The comparisons based on these GPS campaigns prove that a good fit between the geoid model and GPS/levelling data has been reached when the third order polynomial was used as corrector surface and that the orthometric heights can be deducted from GPS observations with an accuracy acceptable for the low order levelling network densification. In addition, the adopted methodology has been also applied for the altimetric auscultation of a storage reservoir situated at 40 km from the town of Oran. The comparison between the computed orthometric heights and observed ones allowed us to affirm that the alternative of levelling by GPS is attractive for this auscultation. 相似文献
5.
Two trial motorway embankments built on a landfill consisting of clayey lumps were monitored over the period of 3 and 5 years, respectively. The subsoil of the embankment was instrumented by hydrostatic levelling profiles, pore pressure transducers and depth reference points installed in boreholes. An advanced constitutive model for clays (hypoplastic model for clays with meta‐stable structure) was used for numerical modelling of both case histories. Basic hypoplastic model for clays was calibrated using isotropic compression tests and triaxial compression tests on reconstituted clay. Three additional model parameters describing the effects of lumpy structure were calibrated using oedometer tests on specimens prepared from scaled‐down lumpy material (material with smaller size of clay lumps). The performance of the model was evaluated by comparison with the results of the centrifuge model of self‐weight consolidated landfill. Finally, the hypoplastic model was used for simulation of both trial embankments and the results were compared with in situ measurements. The degradation of the lumpy structure of the upper layer of the in situ landfill due to weathering was back analysed using monitoring data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
In situ experiments carried out by ANDRA in a deep and homogeneous salt layer of a French mine (Amélie mine — Alsace Potash Mines S.A.) tested the behavior of the different components of a multibarrier system, designed for high-level waste disposal and particularly for heat-generating wastes. Canisters were placed in blind boreholes. The experimental field is located at a depth of 520 m where two major tests have been carried out since 1987. The first test (1987–1989) tested the backfilling by heating different types of crushed salt (max. 130°C) emplaced in large-diameter boreholes. One hole remained empty as a control. The second experiment started in 1989 with the opening of a gallery and the boring of three different boreholes (7 m depth, 250 mm diameter) where the annulus between the cylindrical heating cell and the salt mass differs fundamentally in configuration: as tight as possible, empty, or backfilled with crushed salt. The first configuration was tested at the end of 1991. In both test fields, a complete series of measurements has been carried out to record temperatures, pressures and deformations on the heating devices, as well as in the surrounding media. Backfill and host rock are monitored with sensors placed in different boreholes. High-resolution tiltmeters and accurate levelling complete the field of investigations. Thermo-mechanical behavior and the properties of the materials have been considered in detail using laboratory test results. Calculations showed how thermo-mechanical interactions behave and generally agreed in a satisfactory manner with the measurements of the test field. Finally, after cooling and dismantling of the experiment, the microscopic change of the different crushed salts used for the backfilling is analysed. 相似文献
7.
玄武岩封存CO 2为碳捕集与封存（CCS）提供了一种新的具有潜在意义的选择。当今世界上已有三个示范工程案例,即日本Nagaoka、美国Wallula和冰岛Carbfix,这些实例初步证实了CO 2玄武岩封存的技术和经济可行性。玄武岩封存CO 2相关技术研究进展包括:（1）Carbfix项目采用水溶液替代胺溶剂来捕集烟气中的CO 2气体,以便同时对CO 2和其他可溶于水的气体进行捕获,而在排放点源只需简单加装水洗塔等设备作为气体分离装置;（2）冰岛提出了适用于CO 2饱和溶液注入与封存的Carbfix方法,设计出能分别注入气体和水溶液的专用系统;（3）Carbfix在注入与封存CO 2过程中首次采用示踪元素监测方法,并通过质量平衡方法定量估算注入CO 2发生碳酸盐化的百分比,发现往玄武岩里注入CO 2不到2年就有95%被完全矿化。今后仍需进一步研究的技术问题包括:（1）CO 2饱和溶液与超临界CO 2两种注入形式如何选择;（2）能否用海水替代淡水溶解CO 2;（3）如何提高地球化学模拟的准确性;（4）如何降低碳捕集、分离和运输环节成本。相关探讨对我国利用基性超基性岩进行CO 2封存具有一定借鉴意义。 相似文献
8.
Some recent Chinese observations on precursory crustal movements detected by geodetic measurements such as short-range levelling or base-line survey across the active fault corroborate the three gamma phases model of Fujita and Fujii: Gamma 1 phase is pre-slip along the imminent faulting, gamma 2 is coseismic slip and gamma 3 is post-slip along the main or subsidiary faulting after an earthquake. Typical of these are the results of short-range levelling across the earthquake fault that ruptured during the 1976 Tangshan earthquake (M s= 7.8). Associated with the occurrence of the Tangshan earthquake or the subsequent Ninghe earthquake (M s= 6.9), remarkable gamma 2 phases were observed. At this same location abnormal gamma 1 or gamma 3 phases were detected from the Lulong 1982 earthquake (M s= 6.2) that originated from the north end of the Tangshan Fault and was one of the aftershocks of the Tangshan earthquake. These phases are interpreted by analogy with the recent experimental results of stick-slip motion of the frictional sliding of rock. 相似文献
9.
This paper describes the application of the SRC rockmass classification system to tunnels under high horizontal tectonic stress excavated in weak rocks. The analysis was performed on 25 tunnels in Spain and Italy, for which it was found that much heavier supports than those estimated by the RMR index were required. SRC and RMR indices and other relevant geomechanical data were obtained during the site investigation and construction stages. Data corresponding to in situ stress measurements, analysis of tectonic structures and instability problems arising during construction were used to asses the state of stress. The relationship between tunnel section convergence and the SRC and RMR indices was also analysed. Support measurements based on SRC and RMR classification were compared with those actually used during construction. These analyses indicate that for most of the tunnels examined, supports estimated using the SRC were much closer to those actually installed than those predicted by the RMR index. Based on the case histories presented, the factors mainly contributing to deformability and consequently to assessing support measurements were: high horizontal tectonic stress, low strength of rocks, overburden thickness and structural anisotropy related to tunnel axis orientation. According to these factors, the tunnels investigated were classified as three types. Tunnels classed as type I were those of low overburden thickness under high horizontal tectonic stress excavated in low strength rocks. The supports installed for these tunnels were much heavier than those predicted by the RMR index, being more in line with those indicated by the SRC index. The type II tunnels had thick overburdens and showed similar stress and strength conditions to the former. The supports installed were practically those foreseen by the SRC index, appreciably differing with respect to the RMR index. Finally, tunnels included in the type III class were those under low to moderate tectonics stress, irrespective of overburden thickness. These tunnels gave rise to RMR and SRC indices that provided acceptable results. 相似文献
10.
An improved hybrid gravimetric geoid model for Egypt, EGY-HGM2016, has been recently computed implementing the least-squares collocation (LSC) method through the remove-compute-restore (RCR) procedure. The computation of EGY-HGM2016 involves different datasets in terms of gravity anomalies determined from the GOCE (gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer)-based global geopotential model (SPW-R4) up to d/o 200 and EGM2008 from d/o 201 to 720 combined with terrestrial gravity datasets in terms of 2140 gravity field anomalies and about 121,480 marine surface gravity anomalies. In addition, orthometric heights from 17 GPS/levelling measurements have been considered during the modelling process to improve the determination of the hybrid gravimetric geoid over the Egyptian region. The EGY-HGM2016 model estimated over Egypt provides geoid heights that are ranging from 7.677 to 21.095 m with a standard deviation (st. dev.) of about 2.534 m in the northwest of the country excluding the involvement of the orthometric heights from GPS/levelling measurements. When the later dataset is considered during the implementation of LSC process, hybrid residual height anomalies ranging from ?1.5 to +0.9 m, with a mean of 0.22 m and a st. dev. of 0.17 m, are obtained. Comparison of the predicted hybrid gravimetric geoid with the corresponding ones obtained from EGM2008, GOCE-based SPW R4 model, and GPS/levelling reveals considerable improvements of our EGY-HGM2016 model over Egypt. 相似文献
11.
Holocene lateral expansion and carbon accumulation within Luovuoma, a northern fen in Finnish Lapland, were examined utilizing stratigraphy, peat properties such as humification and macrofossil composition, 58 radiocarbon dates and the carbon content of 31 volumetric samples, in an attempt to understand variations in carbon accumulation over time. Paludification started about 9800 years ago. The lateral expansion of the mire was most rapid during phases subsequent to the first signs of paludification, with the result that by 5000 cal. yr BP 79% of the present area of Luovuoma supported mire vegetation. The mire initially expanded laterally at a relatively fast rate with an irregular outline, and only gradually attained its more regular existing form. This is corroborated by the amounts of carbon accumulated during different times: 58% of the carbon had formed before the time point of 5000 cal. yr BP. The long-term net carbon accumulation rate, based on the vertical and lateral growth of the peat deposit, was 11.8 g C/m 2/yr. Variations in carbon accumulation rates can be explained to a great extent by natural succession and variable local conditions, but the role of climate cannot be ignored. A marked decline in average carbon accumulation rates (from 26 to 9 g C/m 2/yr) during the period between 7800 and 4900 cal. yr BP may indicate a relatively dry and warm climate. The levelling out and subsequent increase in carbon accumulation rates after 4900 cal. yr BP, with special reference to the youngest areas of Luovuoma, indicates a change to a predominantly cooler and moister climate. The stratigraphy of Luovuoma suggests that carbon exchange and accumulation by the mire has always been sensitive to climatic fluctuations, which have been characteristic of the entire Holocene. 相似文献
12.
A number of flat hollow cylinders equal in weight to the replaced soil have been installed at different depths below the surface of a 47% slope. The slope was developed over Maestrichtian chalk overlain by a poorly sorted but rather homogeneous Upper Pleistocene cover. The displacements of the cylinders have been recorded for three years. The design of the geodetical method of measurement and the results are discussed. The estimated error (twice the standard deviation) of the measurements regarding the horizontal component of the displacements appears to be less than 0.4 mm; the error regarding the vertical component less than 0.3 mm. Significant displacements have been recorded so far only from the upper 20 cm. The measured movements are spasmodic and parallel to the slope. The mean velocity of the top soil amounts to 1 mm/year. The collected data are insufficient to investigate the applicability of viscous creep models. 相似文献
13.
Mathematical models for forecasting landslides and mudflow movements triggered by heavy rainfalls are useful tools to develop warning systems and hazard mitigation strategy for loss reduction. In the present paper, an application of Forecasting of Landslides Induced by Rainfalls (FLaIR) hydrological model, correlating the rainfall amount and landslide or mudflow movement occurrences, will be performed. Model application presented here refers to the mudflows of Sarno, Southern Italy, and is based on hourly precipitation data available from a real-time rain gauge installed immediately after the catastrophic event that occurred on May 1998. The application is extended from October 1998 to May 2002. The main objective is to perform a backanalysis in order to verify the reliability of the proposed scheme for use in a warning system. Among the most interesting results of the application, the relatively few false alarms for populations given by the model may be highlighted. The FLaIR model is more useful when it is integrated with a probabilistic model for forecasting precipitation depths during a storm event at an hourly scale. By stochastic modelling of hourly precipitation, it is possible to estimate the probability of reaching the alarm threshold before allowing civil protection actions. 相似文献
14.
A covering system is described that is to be installed at a domestic waste landfill to reduce the generation of leachate. The covering system consists of three parts: 1.5 m top- and subsoil, 0.5 m barrier layer and 0.3 m gas drainage layer. The waterbalance of the covering system is measured by two large-scale lysimeters (9.5 X 16.5 m) and soil moisture measurements with neutron moisture probe. 相似文献
15.
公路施工前和施工过程中,对控制点进行复测,做好公路中线放样和水准测量、做好施工放样的质量控制非常重要,这项工作涉及很多方面、很多环节.本文简要介绍公路施工过程中中线放样和水准测量的方法、步骤及技巧,就实际工作中遇到的问题,提出一些解决的看法和见解. 相似文献
16.
We estimate current vertical movements along the Apennines (Italy) through repeatedly measured high precision levelling routes. In order to highlight regional crustal deformation the analysis of a geodetic database, with a minimum benchmark density of 0.7 bm/km (1943–2003 time period), is carried out. We evaluate systematic and random error and their propagation along the levelling routes. Tests on original raw height data have been carried out to define error propagation. The computed relative vertical rates stand significantly above error propagation. A series of traverses along and across the Apennines and a map of relative vertical velocities reveal a geodetic signal characterised by values up to 2.5–3.0 mm/a and by wavelengths up to 100 km. 相似文献
17.
The paper deals with the implementation of a levelling and Global Positioning System (GPS) network to control land subsidence
in the coastal area north of the Venice Lagoon. About 480 km of levelling lines with 527 benchmarks, 45 of which suited for
Differential GPS measurements, were established in 2004. A complete survey of the net was carried out in 2004 soon after its
establishment. The 2004 records have been compared with previous scattered data obtained by the use of levelling surveys,
DGPS and SAR interferometry. The results show a trend in land settlement that increases from the lagoon margin to the north
and jeopardize the Venice coastland. Groundwater withdrawals for domestic, agricultural, and health spas uses, peat oxidation
of reclaimed marshlands for farming, natural consolidation of the Holocene deposits, and tectonics of the pre-Quaternary basement
are the causes of land subsidence in the study area. Since most of the area lies below the mean sea level and on account of
the expected sea level rise due to global change, a detailed monitoring of land displacements in the near future will be of
paramount importance to plan necessary works for coastland protection. 相似文献
18.
Attewell, P.B. and Farmer, I.W., 1974. Ground disturbance caused by shield tunnelling in a stiff, overconsolidated clay. Eng. Geol., 8: 361–381. Some of the factors affecting ground deformation around shield tunnelling excavations in stiff clays are considered. There is particular reference throughout the paper to an analysis and interpretation of measured ground deformation around a 4.146-m diameter, hand-excavated, shield-driven tunnel at a nominal axis depth of 29.3 m in the overconsolidated London Clay. The maximum surface settlement was found, by precise levelling, to be 6.1 mm but the shape of the transverse surface settlement profile conformed to a normal probability curve only up to the time of shield passage. Of the contributory ground losses at the tunnel, yield of the clay at the tunnel face appears to dominate to the extent of generating up to 50% of the eventual surface settlement. Measurement evidence suggests a rate of yield at the face that is 2 to 3 times the radial yield over the shield and implies that up to about one-fifth of the surface settlement could be attributed to radial yield into the grouted sections of the erected tunnel lining. 相似文献
19.
2009年9月对祁连山冷龙岭宁缠河3号冰川外围建立控制网, 于冰川表面布设了13根标志杆, 随后分别于2010年7月、2010年9月再次对设立在冰川表面的花杆点进行测量, 获取2009/2010年度、2009年9月-2010年7月与2010年7-9月3个时段宁缠河3号冰川表面流速.结果显示: 2009/2010年度宁缠河3号冰川最大流速出现在海拔4 430 m附近, 为3.76 m·a -1;2009年9月-2010年7月表面流速最大值出现在海拔4 430 m附近, 为0.32 m·月 -1;2010年7-9月最大流速出现在海拔4 380 m附近, 为0.47 m·月 -1.总体来看, 2009/2010年度宁缠河3号冰川纵剖面上流速变化较为缓和, 显示出流速随海拔变化而变化的规律. 但不同季节表面流速在纵剖面上的分布情况不同, 横剖面上主流线附近流速最大, 向冰川两边逐渐递减, 各观测点均平行于主流线方向向冰川末端运动, 表现出冰川运动一般规律. 在冰川表面运动速度观测区域内东南边缘流速略大于西北边缘, 同时与规模相近的冰川运动速度相比, 宁缠河3号冰川运动速度较大. 相似文献
20.
Geodetic measurements in the Rhinegraben area are discussed. Repeated levellings, together with horizontal control data, torsion-balance measurements, very dense gravity coverage, tiltmeter observations and a high-precision gravity test net were available in order to test present concepts of the Rhinegraben structure and sources of recent crustal movements. The ambiguities of levelling data are stressed, but investigations of high-precision levelling data clearly indicate subsidence of several centimetres in the graben area, whereas multivariate studies of the data available on the graben shoulders do not indicate any significant movement on the shoulders themselves. 相似文献
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