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1.
《测量评论》2013,45(62):300-311
AbstractChesterton did not, of course, intend this gibe to be taken literally. But the more we consider what he would doubtless have called the “Higher Geodetics”, the more we must conclude that there is some literal justification for it. Not only are straight lines straight. A sufficiently short part of a curved line may also be considered straight, provided that it is continuous (i.e. does not contain a sudden break or sharp corner), and provided we are not concerned with a measure of its curvature. Similarly a square mile or so on the curved surface of the conventionally spheroidal earth is to all intents and purposes flat. We shall achieve a considerable simplification, without any approximation, in the treatment of the present subject by getting back to these fundamental glimpses of the obvious, whether the formalists and conformalists accept them or not. 相似文献
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AbstractThat admirable annual, The Surveyor (Ceylon), was generously forwarded to us some months ago. In this issue, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 93, there is given the solution of a question on resection in an examination paper. Since the solution appears rather laboured and the problem is interesting in itself and by no means valueless, it seems not out of place to attempt a simpler and more obvious answer. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(78):366-368
AbstractThe method of reducing circummeridian altitudes or zenith distances to the meridian, using the factors m and n as tabulated by Chauvenet, is well known. The following method, which does not use these factars, has been faund both more convenient and more accurate in practice. The formula can be easily obtained by expanding m and n in powers of t, but far the sake af campleteness the derivatian is here given from the beginning. 相似文献
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V. V. Vorob'yev A. V. Belov B. A. Bogoyavlenskiy V. S. Mikheyev Yu. S. Nikul'nikov 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(3):235-245
A review of basic theoretical principles of “ecological” mapping and types of maps of the environment sets the stage for a more detailed treatment of ecological-geographic maps—maps portraying a wide range of nature-society and nature-nature relationships—as they are used in support of economic development and environmental monitoring in Siberia. Particular attention is devoted to the compilation of map series, which include ecological-geographical maps, for the Lake Baykal area, BAM service zone, West Siberia, and specific territorial production complexes (e.g., Kansk-Achinsk TPC). Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1987, No. 3, pp. 10-18. 相似文献
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AbstractFor the sake of the junior reader we may repeat an old and simple investigation. Let us suppose that the paper on which a map is printed undergoes a regular expansion p in one direction, say the X direction, and another regular expansion q in the Y direction, perpendicular to the former; it is required to know the effect of these expansions on the area of any parcel on the map. Note that, so far as the mathematics are affected, X and Y are not necessarily parallel to the margins of the sheet; we shall take them here as axes of any rectangular coordinate system. The symbols p and q are regarded as ratios, so that 100p and 100p represent the percentage expansions; if the paper contracts instead of expanding, no more is necessary than to change the sign. 相似文献
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V. R. Yashchenko 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(1):3-8
The Director of the Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography describes the history and recent developments of a program for topographic coverage of the entire country at 1:25,000 scale. Most noteworthy are the start of surveying at this scale before 1940, its temporary suspension during World War II, and acceleration of the work since the 1950s with the more widespread use of stereophotogrammetric methods. Considerable attention is paid to improvements in aerial photographic, photogrammetric, and geodetic technologies in support of more effective cartographic work. A concluding section describes the properties of the new maps and their applications. Translated by Larry Richardson, Los Angeles, CA 90039 from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1989, No. 8, pp. 1–5. 相似文献
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The mathematical basis for analyzing the dimensional stability of cartographic drafting surfaces, and more specifically paper, is presented in the form of a simple mechanical model. Deduction from a universal equation incorporating such factors as elasticity, viscosity, and relaxation time yields less general but more applicable equations once assumptions are made about which factors are dominant and, on the other hand, insignificant. Translated from: Izvestiya vysshykh uchebnykh zavedeniy, Geodeziya i aerofotos” yemka, 1986, No. 4, pp. 106-111. 相似文献
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Ye. A. Vostokova 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(2):136-140
Applications of remote sensing, in particular space imagery, in the study of the physical structure of landscapes are described. Special attention is paid to space imagery's capacity for instantaneous analysis of extensive areas, its potential for combined use with more traditional methods, and the multiscalar quality of the data obtained. Joint use of a variety of image products and imaging sequences provides diverse information which can be integrated for a more comprehensive understanding of landscape structure in a variety of physical environments. Translated from: Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo geograficheskogo obshchestva, 1985, No. 3, pp. 266-270. 相似文献
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L. K. Zatonskiy 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(2):148-153
A brief review paper focuses on Soviet strategies for the use of space imagery, particularly photographic products (1:2,000,000 to 1:4,200,000 scale) from manned spaceflights, in the revision of small-scale general reference maps. Principles for the interpretation and mapping of basic map elements appearing on space photographs are outlined. Space photographs provide for reduction in time spent in map editing and the more correct analysis of the reliability of information and its generalization. A technology of map revision based on the joint use of original photographs and photomaps, with the transfer of revisions from photomaps to map originals, is proposed. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1986, No. 8, pp. 29-33. 相似文献
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Abstract Air.—Any good Guest Night tune which happens to fit to a first order, and remains more or less in tune after subsequent orders. “Coming down the Mountain” and “Kabul River” would do. 相似文献
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Ye. I. Nesmelova 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(4):286-293
A method is proposed for analyzing properties of solar radiation at the earth's surface based on satellite observations of cloud cover. It is shown that the amount of incident solar radiation is clearly governed by type of weather conditions and, more specifically, by the quantity and types of clouds. This affords a basis for predicting solar radiation receipt at the earth's surface. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1989, No. 2, pp. 83–85. 相似文献
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M. M. Romanovskaya 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(4):331-337
General principles underlying the study of spatial inequality are outlined from a Soviet perspective before more specific coverage of guidelines for its portrayal in cartographic form. Questions addressed in the development of a center-periphery model for isarithmic mapping of socioeconomic differences in Hungary include selection of appropriate indices and samplings of data points for mapping, and methods for data normalization and comparison. Examples of both aggregate and more narrowly focused maps of living conditions are included. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1985, No. 4, pp. 68-74. 相似文献
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Spectral reflectances of artificial pastures are examined at various wavelengths and stages in the grazing/field work cycle to identify inadequately drained, marginally productive sites. Mesophytic pasture grasses and crops on well-drained sites are replaced by more hygrophytic species on poorly drained sites (each group with distinctive brightness values). This relationship, plus less significant spectral differences reflecting grazing intensity and soil moisture content at particular points in time, provided a methodological basis for the study. Poorly drained pastures are most reliably identified in the infrared and visible green portions of the spectrum during the middle of the grazing season. Translated from: Geografiya I prirodnyye resursy, 1988, No. 1, pp. 134-139. 相似文献
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K. A. Salishchev 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(2):89-97
The author's observations on the proceedings of the 1984 IGU Congress in Paris and 1984 ICA Conference in Perth, Australia provide a framework for a commentary on the current state of relations between geography and cartography. In order for ties between the two fields to be strengthened, maps must serve as more than spatial illustrations–they must be further developed, based on advances in automation and remote sensing methods, as a research tool for the elucidation of new geographical laws. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1985, No. 2, pp. 5-13. 相似文献
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Abstract Introductory.—From time to time the question of the relation between the metre and the foot is raised, most frequently perhaps from Africa. Had there been no more than a single metre to consider the question would no doubt arise but seldom: the most recent authoritative comparsion would be generally accepted. But actually it is the existence of two metres—the “ legal” and the “international”—which complicates the question, so much indeed that there is no metrological factor which has influenced survey, British and foreign, more than the relation between these two metres. The question was discussed in this Review (I, 6, 277, 1932), but memories grow shorter, attention is more diffused, and besides there is required a more explicit statement of the situation as it affects British surveyors, especially in Africa, whence the question has been raised anew. To illuminate it, unfortunately the need recurs to repeat some well-known facts. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(25):136-140
AbstractIn a previous article on this subject (Empire Survey Review, January 1937) the writer sought to show that for trigonometrical observations of vertical angles made near noon in the Tropics the coefficient of refraction depends chiefly on height above ground level in the case of stations sited within a few hundred feet above the general level of the ground surface. Indeed, the computed values of the coefficient K show a definite and appreciable increase with “h”, the height of the observing station above ground level; it is usually assumed that K decreases with increase in height above the Mean-Sea-Level surface. From analysis of the results obtained by varying h but holding the heights above Mean Sea Level fixed the writer came to the conclusion that the variations in K could only be due to abnormal values of dt/dh and d2t/dh2, “t” denoting the air temperature. Now it is generally recognized by meteorologists that abnormal lapse-rates of temperature do frequently occur in the lower air layers in the Tropics; but up to the present time no temperature soundings in Nigeria are available. Recently, however, the writer came across the results of the aerological soundings made by an expedition in East Africa during the year 1908. The results of many of the soundings were of no use for the purpose of this paper; many of the observations were not taken at or near noon, and in others counterlapses of temperature in the lower layers indicated that conditions were not normal. A set of observations taken at Mombasa between 10 and 11 a.m. were eventually chosen as offering an example of what might reasonably occur in the lower layers of the atmosphere. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(45):388-392
AbstractI suppose most of you look at a map nearly every day and I expect you know a good deal more about them after following the blitzkriege of armies in Europe—and Africa. My advice is, go on learning, for a map has become the means of picturing allsorts of things closely connected with our lives ; modern methods of reproduction have made maps so picturesque and useful that they should be companions to all those who take the trouble to understand them. 相似文献
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The World Atlas of Snow and Ice Resources, scheduled for publication in the late 1980s, is an extensive cartographic summary of current knowledge about snow and ice. Roughly 750 maps organized under 17 broad themes cover topics such as glacier morphology, temperature and precipitation conditions in glacier formation, avalanches, meltwater runoff, sea ice, and past glaciation. The organization of the project is described along with the contents of major thematic sections, and examples of the use of basic initial maps to validate information used in more complex derivative maps are provided. Translated from: Materialy glyatsiologicheskikh issledovaniy, USSR Geophysical Committee Publication No. 51. Moscow: Mezhvedomstvenniy geofizicheskiy komitet, 1984, pp. 89-95. 相似文献