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1.
The Chair of the Cartography Department at Moscow University describes the development of cartography as a scientific discipline in the USSR, a process accompanied by the formation of new theory, differentiation into subfields, and strengthening of linkages with other disciplines. Major emphasis is on cartography's incorporation of concepts and methods characterizing science in general–modeling, systems analysis, structure, function, information theory, quantification, automation, and “cosmologization.” Modern cartography represents both a manifestation and one of the causes of the trend toward integration of scientific disciplines. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1985, No. 1, pp. 3-9.  相似文献   

2.
The proceedings of the Eighth All-Union Conference on Thematic Mapping (Moscow, January 23-25, 1985), devoted to issues of automation in cartography, are described by two of the more active delegates. Basic problems include establishing a theoretical basis for automation in cartography, identifying means and principles for creating cartographic data bases, supplying these data bases with the requisite information, devising methods for thematic map compilation, and automating methods of map use and cartographic research. Most urgent is the need to increase domestic production of automated mapping and data storage equipment and accelerate the transition from experimental research to practical applications. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1985, No. 7, pp. 38-42.  相似文献   

3.
The author raises several questions about the use of systems and quantitative approaches as a basis for a universal theory of cartography. In particular, he emphasizes that reliance on these approaches does not substitute for knowledge of specific properties of the objects of mapping (derived from the methods of the individual sciences) or of fundamental principles of map design. Mathematical-cartographic modeling, which uses draft maps as a means of comparing mathematical models with reality and thus for evaluating each stage in the modeling procedure, is advocated as a means for integrating diverse approaches in thematic cartography. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1987, No. 2, pp. 147-152.  相似文献   

4.
现代地图学理论对地图学的影响   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  
张国坤  张洪岩  徐艳艳  张丽 《测绘科学》2007,32(2):26-28,20
现代地图学理论的研究,不仅使我们对地图及地图学的内涵有了更深入的认识,而且使地图学基础理论及地图学体系得到完善和充实。现代地图学理论的提出,对进一步阐述地图学的研究对象和理论建设,认识地图学与地理学、测绘学、计算机科学、遥感、地理信息系统的统一关系,理解现代地图制作与应用的特点,揭示现代地图学发展的规律和趋势都具有指导作用。现代地图学理论促进了地图学的发展,尤其是促进了计算机地图制图的发展,使建立在计算机地图制图基础上的地理信息系统日益完善和快速发展。现代地图学理论对地图学的影响意义深刻而久远。  相似文献   

5.
The author, in response to a critical review of his book on automation in cartography by K. A. Salishchev (see preceding article), defends his ideas on “raster digitizing” (proposed as only one of several approaches to cartographic automation) by documenting the need for a certain level of uniformity in the storage and presentation of information. In the process he continues a debate on the theoretical basis that should govern the development of automated cartography that occupied the entire “Cartography” section of the May 1986 issue of Geodeziya i kartografiya. In a preface to the section, the editorial board of the Soviet journal emphasized that there is no single, universally accepted position on standards for automating cartography or on the ultimate role automation should play in the discipline as a whole. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1986, No. 5, pp. 38–43.  相似文献   

6.
The current generation of US students engaging with cartography has always had some form of access to computing technologies. Further, this generation has always known a world with networked computer capabilities – the Internet and World Wide Web. Their experience of cartography is largely through fleeting representations shown on a variety of display screens, thereby encountering information differently than most of their instructors. Teaching cartography to these “digital natives” consequently challenges teachers to engage increasing levels of experience and knowledge of technology while assuring fundamental understanding of cartographic concepts and analysis techniques.

Although GIS is used in a vast range of fields, we believe many students are discouraged from programs and courses oriented towards educating cartographic specialists. However, general interest in mapping has never been as significant a part of American culture as it is today. In spite of accessible modes of digital mapping now widely available, introducing cartographic fundamentals retains great significance for undergraduate cartography education. In this paper we present a new pedagogical model for undergraduate cartography education that introduces students finding curiousity in mapping, but lacking desire to become cartographic specialists, to mapping. This model enables undergraduate students to learn fundamentals and begin to reflect critically on the concepts and techniques of modern cartography. Our example stems from a class that systematically addresses barriers to learning and mapping through active-learning based approaches in an interactive classroom. The active-learning approach involves significant engagements with the potentials and challenges of modern cartography in the information age by embracing inquiry-based pedagogical methods and learning with and about mapping.  相似文献   

7.
This paper reviews the recent development of web cartography based on Plewe's 2007 short paper in the U.S. National Report to the ICA, titled Web Cartography in the United States. By identifying major changes and recent research trends in web cartography, this paper provides an overview about what the web means to cartography, and suggests two major research directions for web cartography in the future: 1) the rise of user-centered design, including design of user interfaces, dynamic map content and mapping functions; 2) the release of the power of map-making to the public and amateur cartographers. I also present web cartography concepts in this paper to challenge the traditional research agenda in cartography.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

In an introductory theoretical way, the authors attempt to place cartography into the general context of sciences. Based on the traditional definition describing cartography as a science, technique and art, its defined scientific role in the development of geographic thinking is analysed. This approach corresponds to the procedural method in epistemology. Cartography is, according to a general model in science, classified considering the fact whether its sources of origin of the concepts, its principles and postulates are genuine or derivatives from other disciplines. After comparative statements between Cartography and Geography, an analysis of all environmental sciences with reference to the use of technologies is carried out.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

Colour is considered a key means of expression for use in cartographic works. This is because colours and the relations among them influence not only the aesthetic impression a map creates but also its overall utility. In addition to Newton’s spectral colour theory, today theories with origins in artistic technique are gaining ground in cartography. This article introduces J. Itten’s colour theory (first published in 1961 in The Art of Colour [Kunst der Farbe]) with special attention given to his concept of seven colour contrasts. The article also discusses the suitability and unsuitability of their application in practical cartography, and it contributes original examples employing thematic maps, a discipline with broad possibilities for the application of these inventive methods by today’s mapmakers.  相似文献   

10.
《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(3):250-256
Abstract

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Lenticular visualisation methods are innovative advancements of modern presentation media in cartography. Owing to the mainly three-dimensional perception of people, this technique, in print as well as on screen, offers the possibility to introduce autostereoscopic, i.e. three-dimensional views in cartography. On the basis of true 3D, it has already found its way into the visualisation of relief relations. Moreover, it also opens perspectives for the more widespread products of thematic cartography (thematic maps). Multi-layered representation becomes possible on the basis of three-dimensional or sequentially differentiated depictions of spatial phenomena. Thus, several parameters or dimensions of cartographic content can be displayed at the same time. This essay discusses some potential applications of the lenticular foil technique for thematic cartography on a theoretical basis.  相似文献   

11.
The author, in a review of papers presented at the First All-Union Conference on the Geography and Mapping of the Oceans, outlines the present status and current trends of marine cartography in the USSR. Issues warranting increased attention include development of a systems approach for the mapping of marine ecosystems; improvement of methods and principles for the mapping of coastal zones, bottom relief, and shelf topography; and accelerated production of economic/resource maps of the oceans. Work now underway on a comprehensive, multi-volume A tlas of the Oceans reflects a Soviet concern with these issues. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1984, No. 12, pp. 38-42.  相似文献   

12.
Pedestrian navigation has become an important theoretical and practical research topic in many disciplines such as cartography, geographical information science, global and indoor positioning, spatial behavior, psychology, sociology, and neuroscience. Many research studies view pedestrian navigation using process-oriented and goal-directed approaches. However, this paper revisits people’s needs in pedestrian navigation and classifies their needs as three layers: physical sense layer, physiological safety layer, and mental satisfaction layer according to Maslow’s theory. This paper introduces a people-centric framework for pedestrian navigation theory based on these three layers and discusses theoretical challenges for meeting each layer of people’s needs. These challenging theories may represent promising and valuable research and promote usage of pedestrian navigation systems or devices in the future.  相似文献   

13.
泛地图学理论研究框架   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
信息与通信技术的快速发展带动人类进入地理空间、人文社会空间和信息空间相融合的三元空间。地图制图的目的、人员、对象和环境等均发生巨大变化,地图的类型、空间对象、表达维度、地图角色等呈现出显著泛化特征,现有地图学理论无法引领和指导当代的地图实践。地图学理论亟待"突围"。从地图学研究的角度出发,重新梳理泛地图的对象空间理论、表达维度模型,以及表达机制与方法,构建适应新环境背景,满足地图新视角、新思维、新制图需求的泛地图学理论框架,以适应地图学在新时期发展的需要。  相似文献   

14.
The basic principles behind a theory of scaling in cartography are outlined and illustrated with a large number of examples. The following levels of scaling are used in the transformation of “(objective) empirical systems of relationships” to “abstract systems of relationships” for the purpose of their graphic representation: nominal, ordinal, interval, proportional or ratio, and absolute. While the first four levels (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) are similar to those widely identified in the West, the absolute level represents what would be considered a special type of ratio scaling in Western practice. The paper includes criticism of certain graphic methods supposedly used by Western cartographers on maps employing the different levels of scaling (use of symbols differentiated by variations in internal structure, failure to correctly differentiate between interval, ratio, and absolute scaling, etc.). Measurement for mapping purposes should be based on careful analysis of the structure of relationships among the objects of mapping and on their preservation during numerical data transformations and graphic representation. Translated from: Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, seriya geograficheskaya, geologicheskaya, 1986, No. 3, pp. 57-62.  相似文献   

15.
The author continues development of his concept of cartography as the “language of the map,” an earlier paper of this subject appearing in translation in M.S.R.S., 1985, No. 1. Although the term language has been widely used to describe cartographic communication, current theory fails to incorporate aspects of the language which provide for a comprehensive understanding of its structure and function. In particular, the language of the map and its symbolic elements cannot be explained reflexively by methods and rules of symbol and map design, since these elements were developed not before but after the existence of the language. The language of the map thus is proposed as the mechanism which provides for replicability or duplication in the way a system of mapmaking-map use functions (under diverse conditions, purposes, historical periods, and levels of training of users) through its different methods, models, and norms. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1985, No. 3, pp. 142-151.  相似文献   

16.
Contemporary methods for depicting the earth and its cultural and natural attributes use graphic and non-graphic formats, maps and map-related artefacts, for visualizing geography and building virtual landscapes and environments. The discipline area of cartography, traditionally, has applied art (design), science and technology to map making to design and realise these products. Prior to the mid-1950s, cartographic artefacts were built under the theoretical and practical ‘umbrella’ of this partnership of art, science and technology. However, since then, the theory and methodology associated with visualizing geography has focused on Science and Technology, and away from Art. This ‘move’ away from art was accelerated by: (1) computing, computers and complete automated systems; and (2) the ‘quest’ to gain ‘scientific legitimacy’ by using scientific visualization as a lodestone for gauging the ‘quality’ of theories and applications.Science and Technology has been embraced by cartography as a means to ensure that what is presented is scientifically ‘correct’ — products are considered to ‘work’ if they are scientifically ‘elegant’, ‘technologically’ ‘buildable’ and ‘deliverable’ using contemporary communication systems. But, it is argued, science or technology, need not always take on primary roles, and there now is a need to address the role that design should take to facilitate the further development of contemporary cartography, especially in the areas where new media has been applied to facilitate the building of geographical visualization tools.This paper will address how, by incorporating art elements into the design criteria of geographical visualization artefacts, ‘different’ visualization tools might be provided using all three elements of cartography: art, science and technology.  相似文献   

17.
The author, in a review of Ye. Ye. Shiryayev's book, Cartographic Presentation, Transformation, and Analysis of Geoinformation, addresses several issues in the automation of cartography—in particular what he perceives as a growing tendency to underestimate the importance of understanding the information being portrayed on maps. A formalistic (strictly quantitative) view of generalization that focuses on preservation or minimization of the loss of information on an initial map ignores the potential for the creation of new knowledge through the abstraction and elimination of information about lower-order systems. Salishchev criticizes Shiryayev's method of “raster digitizing” on such formalistic grounds, and because of its lack of visual quality and purported indiscriminate application within cartography. Shiryayev's reply to Salishchev's comments appears in the following paper of this issue. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1985, No. 11, pp. 59–61.  相似文献   

18.
廖克 《测绘科学》2007,32(5):5-8
系统分析和阐明了中国现代地图学发展的成功经验,主要包括:地图事业的发展必须适应国家经济建设和社会发展的需要;重视和积极培养各层次的地图学专业人才;重视地图学的理论研究,不断提高地图编制技术水平,实现由传统工艺向数字化与自动化的根本变革。  相似文献   

19.
Cognitive map-design research has the goal of understanding human cognition in order to improve the design and use of maps. As a systematic sub-discipline of cartography, cognitive map-design research is a phenomenon of the twentieth century, specifically the latter half. Robinson's The Look of Maps, published in 1952, played a seminal role in the genesis of cognitive map-design research in several countries, but it had interesting precursors. Empirical work that followed from The Look of Maps included psychophysical studies of graduated circles and studies of eye movements during map reading. Theoretical work that followed included a variety of cognitive theories but especially the development of the communication model as a comprehensive framework foi˙ scientific cartography. I chart the changing fortunes of cognitive map-design research after The Look of Maps and offer explanations for these changes. I also consider the legacy of cognitive map-design research—ways in which it has or has not mattered. I conclude with a list of questions suggested, but not decisively answered, by this exploratory essay.  相似文献   

20.
The author, seeking to demonstrate that cartography can make significant contributions to the space-time paradigm in geography, outlines principles for the compilation of “map-movies,” i.e., the photographing of maps depicting the same area for different, sequential points in time, onto the frames of motion picture film. In particular, the experience accumulated during the compilation of a map-movie depicting the dynamics of the condition of landscapes in the Georgian SSR from January 1 to April 8, 1986 is described, as are the general findings of tests designed to determine how map readers perceive such motion picture images. Translated from: Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, 1987, No. 1, pp. 28-32.  相似文献   

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