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1.
The World Atlas of Snow and Ice Resources, scheduled for publication in the late 1980s, is an extensive cartographic summary of current knowledge about snow and ice. Roughly 750 maps organized under 17 broad themes cover topics such as glacier morphology, temperature and precipitation conditions in glacier formation, avalanches, meltwater runoff, sea ice, and past glaciation. The organization of the project is described along with the contents of major thematic sections, and examples of the use of basic initial maps to validate information used in more complex derivative maps are provided. Translated from: Materialy glyatsiologicheskikh issledovaniy, USSR Geophysical Committee Publication No. 51. Moscow: Mezhvedomstvenniy geofizicheskiy komitet, 1984, pp. 89-95. 相似文献
2.
Basic principles of compilation and utilization of a multiscale series of evaluative-forecast maps depicting procedures for mitigating the negative environmental impacts of chemical pollution from pesticides are outlined. The accuracy of forecasts of the natural capacity of ecosystems in agricultural regions to purify themselves of pesticide residues can be checked using maps depicting different aspects of chemical pollution across different natural elements of the landscape. Translated from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya geograficheskaya, 1994, No. 3, pp. 137-146. 相似文献
3.
Dark maps, which are also called dark modes or dark themes, have gained popularity, but their usability has not been experimentally evaluated. This article presents a user experiment that uses eye-tracking to assess the usability of dark and light maps. Here, two widely used web maps, Google Maps and Gaode Maps, are selected at the street and city scales. Eight map-use tasks are designed and cover four operations (identify, compare, rank, and associate) with space-alone and attributes-in-space distinctions. Four pairs of map-use tasks (light-during-the-day, dark-during-the-day, dark-at-night, and light-at-night) are examined from three aspects: effectiveness, efficiency, and cognitive load. The results provide preliminary evidence that the light-during-the-day performance is generally the best in most cases, followed by the dark-at-night performance; the dark-during-the-day performance is the worst in all cases, followed by the light-at-night performance, which suggests that aligning the map design with the environment (i.e., lighting environment) is critical for better communication. The light-during-the-day performance is the best for space-alone tasks, and the dark-at-night performance is the best for attributes-in-space tasks. Our investigation also indicates that dark maps are far less favored in practice, which suggests that users' preference for using the dark mode of public-facing web maps needs to be shaped. Since light and dark maps are associated with photopic and scotopic vision, respectively, the results indicate the need for future studies on how to leverage scotopic vision to design better dark maps. 相似文献
4.
Efforts to reforest parts of the Kordofan Province of Sudan are receiving support from international development agencies. These efforts include planning and implementing reforestation activities that require the collection of natural resources and socioeconomic data, and the preparation of base maps. A combination of remote sensing, geographic information system and global positioning systems procedures are used in this study to meet these requirements. Remote sensing techniques were used to provide base maps and to guide the compilation of vegetation resources maps. These techniques provided a rapid and efficient method for documenting available resources. Pocket‐sized global positioning system units were used to establish the location of field data collected for mapping and resource analysis. A microcomputer data management system tabulated and displayed the field data. The resulting system for data analysis, management, and planning has been adopted for the mapping and inventory of the Gum Belt of Sudan. 相似文献
5.
V. L. Gross 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(2):166-171
The author outlines a series of recommendations for the compilation of land-use maps used for regional economic planning, based on experience gained in a portion of southwestern Siberia. These recommendations include: (a) selection of an intermediate scale for mapping, suitable for the portrayal of both moderate detail and broad regional patterns, (b) compilation of a series of related environmental-economic maps on a common base, to facilitate comparisons, and (c) portraying on a final map not only land use per se, but incorporating natural limitations and resulting land improvement measures into ratings of existing and potential productivity. An example of the latter is provided, with the map legend organized according to a matrix format. Incorporation of productivity ratings is believed to reduce subjectivity involved in the formulation of planning recommendations. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1985, No. 2, pp. 92-97. 相似文献
6.
The need to accelerate the development of map reading and interpretation skills by increasing the exposure of school-age children to maps and other cartographic images is now widely recognized. Two Soviet authors advocate a broader approach; namely, the expansion of decorative-commercial applications of cartography. Maps, in aesthetic and simplified form, should be used more widely as motifs for toys and household goods, articles of clothing, and displays of events and places of popular interest. The most basic properties of the earth (shape, natural colors, etc.) should be retained whenever possible, even when the maps themselves are highly abstract. Translated from: Geodezlya i kartografiya, 1984, No. 12, pp. 26-27. 相似文献
7.
K. S. Lazarevich 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(2):163-171
In a critique of maps used for geomorphological research (too cluttered to be read effectively, too general in respect to contour positioning), the author describes: (a) a methodology whereby conventional hypsometric maps can be corrected through the use of air photos, (b) outlines principles for symbol generalization and selection whereby the amount of geomorphological information perceived on hypsometric maps is increased, and (c) recommends the joint use of hypsometric, topographic photo-, and general geomorphological maps as the most effective means of terrain analysis. Translated by Larry Richardson, Glendale, CA 91202 from: Geomorfologiya, 1991, No. 2, pp. 38–45. 相似文献
8.
A. M. Berlyant 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(3):246-254
The author outlines a structured approach to the use of maps in monitoring environmental change and natural hazards. Four levels of mapping are identified, corresponding to the activities of initial information gathering, preliminary forecasting, operational forecasting and control, and impact assessment. Cartographic monitoring of forest fires provides an example of the procedure. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1982, No. 6, pp. 79-84. 相似文献
9.
V. Ya. Sharova 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(4):280-294
Procedures for the compilation of new maps showing the quantity and intensity of precipitation, which take into account its frequency, are outlined. The maps were prepared for the atlas The Natural Environment and Natural Resources of the World. A comparison is made with earlier published maps compiled by other methods. Translated by Jay K. Mitchell, PlanEcon, Inc., Washington, DC from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1990, No. 2, pp. 5–16. 相似文献
10.
The authors describe how remote sensing imagery may be employed in the zonation and mapping of the alluvial fans of the Fergana Basin, USSR. Settlement patterns depicted on these maps can then be analyzed by planners and civil defense personnel with a view toward minimizing risks posed by natural hazards endemic to alluvial fans: mudflows and other seismically triggered mass movements. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1987, No. 3, pp. 50-55. 相似文献
11.
K. A. Salishchev 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(4):267-275
The chairman of Moscow University's Cartography Department addresses questions about cartography's place in the system of scientific knowledge, qualifications as a science, subject matter, and methods of analysis. Critiques of recent theoretical works both within and outside the USSR lay the groundwork for the author's view of cartography: a multifaceted, interdisciplinary field of knowledge using maps for the presentation and investigation of natural and socioeconomic phenomena. Although few if any strictly cartographic laws exist at present, map use methods are applied widely for the discovery and analysis of laws in other disciplines. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1984, No. 6, pp. 3-10. 相似文献
12.
Joel L. Morrison 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(2):125-127
A method is described for the mapping of exogenous geomorphologic hazards (mass movements, frost heaving, suffosion, melting of permafrost) in the Lake Baykal area using space imagery. Black-and-white photography from the Salyut-4 space station (1:2,100,000 scale) was used as a base for the preparation of a series of maps depicting natural conditions (morphotectonic and physical geographic regions, faults, climate, dominant exogenous processes) used as a base for compiling a map of planning and engineering measures for the prevention and amelioration of geomorphologic hazards. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1985, No. 2, pp. 59-67. 相似文献
13.
Ye. V. Mel'nikov 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(4):312-316
The author outlines, in diagrammatic form, a procedure for the joint use of old maps (topographic, land survey, etc.) and current space imagery to compile maps of environmental change. The ancient maps reveal land use and physical conditions which serve as a benchmark for evaluation of subsequent change. Space imagery is useful both in updating the current state of the environment and providing a cartographic base for the preparation of final maps. Selected areas of Moscow Oblast are used as test sites. Translated from: Izvestiya vuzov, Geodeziya i aerofotos' yem-ka, 1985, No. 1, pp. 104-109. 相似文献
14.
Ye. V. Glushko 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(4):253-261
Space photography at 1:2,400,000 scale from the “Salyut-6” space station was used to compile maps on the evolution of arid landscapes in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene in western Iraq. The imagery made it possible to trace the development of many ancient natural features and to formulate an interpretation key of landscape elements—formed under a variety of past climatic environments, but subsequently evolving under common, somewhat similar natural conditions. This provides a basis for improved understanding the present state, history of formation, and future transformations of arid landscapes. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, 1990, No. 3, pp. 255–260. 相似文献
15.
V. V. Vorob'yev A. V. Belov B. A. Bogoyavlenskiy V. S. Mikheyev Yu. S. Nikul'nikov 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(3):235-245
A review of basic theoretical principles of “ecological” mapping and types of maps of the environment sets the stage for a more detailed treatment of ecological-geographic maps—maps portraying a wide range of nature-society and nature-nature relationships—as they are used in support of economic development and environmental monitoring in Siberia. Particular attention is devoted to the compilation of map series, which include ecological-geographical maps, for the Lake Baykal area, BAM service zone, West Siberia, and specific territorial production complexes (e.g., Kansk-Achinsk TPC). Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1987, No. 3, pp. 10-18. 相似文献
16.
R. P. Vedeneyeva 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(1):79-83
Measures to improve the effectiveness and informational content of general reference maps and other materials in atlases designed for the general public are outlined. Emphasis is placed upon (a) enhancing the readability and visual appeal of color “landscape” maps, providing a generalized, small-scale aerial view of the region(s) of interest–this through the application of principles of perception and colorimetry–and (b) developing larger-scale “reference” maps maximizing levels of graphic detail without jeopardizing ease of perception–this based on a careful study of general reference maps in atlases worldwide and broadly based testing of users with various levels of map reading skills. Translated from: Izvestiya vysshykh uchebnykh zavedeniy: Geodeziya i aerofotos'yemka, 1985, No. 6, pp. 111-115. 相似文献
17.
Two general approaches for compiling maps of components of the water-ice budget in regions of glacier nourishment are compared and the resulting maps are analyzed. The compilation of raw data is based on field measurements rather than remote sensing information. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Materialy glyatsiologicheskikh issledovaniy, 1991, No. 72, pp. 94-102. 相似文献
18.
N. V. Alisov E. B. Valev Yu. V. Ilinich V. T. Zhukov N. S. Mironenko 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2013,50(2):161-165
General problems of complex atlas mapping—selection of scales and indices for mapping, standardization of legends, establishment of appropriate levels of generalization, etc.—are addressed using the first comprehensive economic atlas of CMEA member countries as an example. The Atlas itself contains general overview maps of economic linkages of CMEA member nationa with the world economy, maps devoted to economic transactions and patterns within the CMEA as a whole, and general economic maps of the individual member nations. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1985, No. 4, pp. 3-6. 相似文献
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20.
Anabella Medina Machín Javier Marcello Antonio I. Hernández-Cordero Javier Martín Abasolo Francisco Eugenio 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2019,56(2):210-232
Vegetation mapping is a priority when managing natural protected areas. In this context, very high resolution satellite remote sensing data can be fundamental in providing accurate vegetation cartography at species level. In this work, a complete processing methodology has been developed and validated in a complex vulnerable coastal-dune ecosystem. Specifically, the analysis has been carried out using WorldView-2 imagery, which offers spatial and spectral resolutions. A thorough assessment of 5 atmospheric correction models has been performed using real reflectance measures from a field radiometry campaign. To select the classification methodology, different strategies have been evaluated, including additional spectral (23 vegetation indices) and spatial (4 texture parameters) information to the multispectral bands. Likewise, the application of linear unmixing techniques has been tested and abundance maps of each plant species have been generated using the library of spectral signatures recorded during the campaign. After the analysis conducted, a new methodology has been proposed based on the use of the 6S atmospheric model and the Support Vector Machine classification algorithm applied to a combination of different spectral and spatial input data. Specifically, an overall accuracy of 88,03% was achieved combining the corrected multispectral bands plus a vegetation index (MSAVI2) and texture information (variance of the first principal component). Furthermore, the methodology has been validated by photointerpretation and 3 plant species achieve significant accuracy: Tamarix canariensis (94,9%), Juncus acutus (85,7%) and Launaea arborescens (62,4%). Finally, the classified procedure comparing maps for different seasons has also shown robustness to changes in the phenological state of the vegetation. 相似文献